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استقراض

B2 noun 7 min read

استقراض

esteghraz

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips استقراض in 30 Seconds

Explanation استقراض in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't really need to use the word 'استقراض' (esteqrāz) because it is very formal and difficult. Instead, you should learn the word 'قرض' (qarz), which means a loan. For example, if you want to say 'I need money', you might say 'Man qarz mikham'. The word 'esteqrāz' is like saying 'fiscal procurement of debt' instead of 'borrowing money'. It is better to focus on simple words like 'gereftan' (to take) and 'pool' (money) first. Just remember that 'esteqrāz' is a big, official word for borrowing money that you will see in the news when you get to a higher level of Persian.

At the A2 level, you might start to see the word 'استقراض' (esteqrāz) in simple news headlines or hear it on TV. It is a formal way to say 'borrowing money'. You should know that it comes from the word 'qarz' (loan). In A2, you usually talk about personal things, but if you are reading about the government or a big bank, this word might appear. You don't need to use it in your own speaking yet, but if you see it, just think: 'Okay, this is a very formal way of saying they are taking a loan.' It is often used with the verb 'kardan' (to do).

At the B1 level, you should be able to recognize 'استقراض' (esteqrāz) as the standard term for institutional borrowing. You are moving beyond daily conversation and starting to understand social and economic topics. You should understand that 'esteqrāz' is different from 'vām' (a bank loan for an individual). For example, if you read an article about a company's debt, they will use 'esteqrāz'. You should try to remember that it is a noun. You might use it in a sentence like: 'The company's borrowing increased this year.' It shows that you have a more professional vocabulary than a beginner.

At the B2 level, which is where this word is categorized, you are expected to use 'استقراض' (esteqrāz) correctly in formal contexts. You should be able to discuss economic issues, budget deficits, and international loans using this term. You should also know common collocations like 'esteqrāz-e khāreji' (foreign borrowing) and 'esteqrāz az bānk-e markazi' (borrowing from the central bank). At this level, you should understand the nuance: using 'qarz' for a government debt sounds too informal and slightly unprofessional. You should also be comfortable with the grammar, such as using it as a gerund or a subject in a sentence about finance.

At the C1 level, you should have a deep understanding of 'استقراض' (esteqrāz) and its historical and political implications in Persian discourse. You should be able to use it in complex sentences and understand its role in legal and economic texts. You should also be aware of related terms like 'esteqrāzi' (pertaining to borrowing) and how it fits into the broader field of 'eqtesād-e kalān' (macro-economics). You can use it to debate the pros and cons of debt-based growth or to analyze historical treaties where 'esteqrāz' was a tool of colonial influence. Your usage should be precise and fit the formal register perfectly.

At the C2 level, you use 'استقراض' (esteqrāz) with the same ease as a native economist or legal expert. You understand the subtle shades of meaning when it is used in different contexts—such as the difference between 'esteqrāz-e omumi' (public borrowing) and 'esteqrāz-e khosusi' (private borrowing). You can critique economic reports or legal contracts that utilize this term. You are also aware of the stylistic choices: when a writer chooses 'esteqrāz' over 'daryāft-e vām' to convey a specific level of formality or gravity. You can use the word in sophisticated rhetorical structures, such as in academic writing or high-level policy analysis.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

استقراض in 30 Seconds

A formal term for borrowing money at an institutional or governmental level.
Derived from the Arabic root for 'loan' with a prefix meaning 'seeking'.
Commonly used in economic news, legal documents, and political debates.
Higher register than 'qarz' or 'vām', used for macro-economic contexts.

The Persian word استقراض (esteqrāz) is a sophisticated term primarily used in the realms of finance, economics, and law. Rooted in the Arabic triliteral root q-r-ḍ (ق-ر-ض), which pertains to cutting or specifically 'cutting off' a portion of wealth as a loan, the addition of the istif'āl pattern transforms the meaning into 'the act of seeking or requesting a loan.' While the common word for borrowing in everyday Persian is قرض گرفتن (qarz gereftan), استقراض carries a weight of formality and institutional scale.

Economic Context: It refers to the systematic process of securing funds, such as a government issuing bonds to cover a budget deficit or a corporation seeking credit lines from international markets.

دولت برای جبران کسری بودجه به استقراض خارجی روی آورد.
(The government turned to foreign borrowing to compensate for the budget deficit.)

In modern Iranian discourse, this word often appears in headlines regarding the Central Bank (Bank-e Markazi). When the government 'borrows' from the central bank, it is almost exclusively described as استقراض از بانک مرکزی. This specific usage is often associated with inflationary pressures, making it a frequent topic of debate among economists and political analysts. Unlike simple personal loans, استقراض implies a contractual obligation, often involving interest (bahreh) or specific repayment terms in a macro-economic framework.

Historical Usage: Historically, 'esteqrāz' was a sensitive political term during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, referring to controversial loans taken from Russia or Britain that often resulted in the loss of national sovereignty or concessions.

این شرکت برای توسعه پروژه‌های خود نیاز به استقراض از بانک‌های بین‌المللی دارد.
(This company needs to borrow from international banks to develop its projects.)

Furthermore, the word is used in legal documents and academic papers. If you are reading a contract about debt restructuring, you will likely encounter استقراض rather than vām (loan). It encapsulates the entire mechanism of debt acquisition, from the negotiation phase to the actual receipt of assets. It is a 'high-register' word, meaning it elevates the tone of your speech or writing to a professional level.

Register and Tone: Formal, Academic, Financial, and Legal. It is rarely used in casual conversation unless the topic is specifically about the economy.

Using استقراض requires understanding its grammatical behavior as a noun that often combines with the verb kardan (to do) or gereftan (to take/receive), though kardan is more common in formal writing to denote the act of borrowing. It is frequently followed by the preposition az (from) to indicate the source of the loan.

او از بانک برای خرید خانه استقراض کرد.
(He borrowed from the bank to buy a house.) - Note: This is very formal; in daily life, one would say 'vām gereft'.

Common Collocation: Government Debt: The phrase استقراض دولتی (government borrowing) is a standard term in political science. It describes the state's action of obtaining money to fund public services or infrastructure.

Another important pattern is the use of adjectives to specify the type of borrowing. For instance, استقراض بلندمدت (long-term borrowing) and استقراض کوتاه‌مدت (short-term borrowing) are essential for financial reporting. When a country borrows from another country, it is called استقراض خارجی (foreign borrowing), a term that often carries heavy political connotations in Iran due to historical sensitivities regarding national independence.

سیاست‌های استقراض باید با دقت مدیریت شوند تا از تورم جلوگیری شود.
(Borrowing policies must be managed carefully to prevent inflation.)

In legal contexts, استقراض may be used in the passive voice or as a gerund. For example, mizān-e esteqrāz (the amount of borrowing) is a common metric. It is also used in the context of 'borrowing' assets other than money, such as securities or commodities in specialized financial markets, though this is less common for general learners.

بانک‌ها شرایط سختی برای استقراض وضع کرده‌اند.
(Banks have set difficult conditions for borrowing.)

Negation and Limits: To express the inability to borrow, use adam-e tavānāyi dar esteqrāz. To express a limit, use saqf-e esteqrāz (borrowing ceiling).

You are most likely to encounter استقراض in formal media and professional environments. If you watch the 9:00 PM news on IRIB (Iran's national broadcaster) or read the economic section of newspapers like Donya-e-Eqtesad, this word will appear frequently. It is the 'serious' way to talk about debt.

در گزارش سالانه، میزان استقراض دولت از سیستم بانکی مشخص شده است.
(In the annual report, the amount of government borrowing from the banking system is specified.)

News Headlines: Common headlines include: 'Esteqrāz-e dowlat az bānk-e markazi mamnu' shod' (Government borrowing from the central bank was prohibited) or 'Afzāyesh-e esteqrāz-e khāreji' (Increase in foreign borrowing).

In university lectures, especially in economics, finance, or political science departments, professors use استقراض to discuss fiscal policy. It is also a staple in the Iranian Parliament (Majlis) during budget debates. When MPs argue about how to fund the country's infrastructure, they discuss the risks and benefits of esteqrāz.

تحلیلگران معتقدند استقراض بیش از حد می‌تواند به بحران مالی منجر شود.
(Analysts believe that excessive borrowing can lead to a financial crisis.)

In a corporate boardroom in Tehran, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO) might present a slide titled Barnāmeh-ye Esteqrāz (Borrowing Plan). This signifies a structured approach to raising capital through debt instruments, contrasting with sarmāyeh-gozāri (investment) or equity. Using this word in such a setting demonstrates professional competence and a grasp of formal terminology.

The most frequent mistake learners make with استقراض is using it in the wrong social register. Because it is a highly formal term, using it in casual settings can make you sound like a textbook or a politician, which might be perceived as strange or even humorous by native speakers.

Register Mismatch: Mistake: Asking a friend, 'Mishavad panj hezār tomān az shomā esteqrāz konam?' (May I borrow 5,000 tomans from you?).
Correction: Use 'qarz gereftan' instead: 'Mishavad panj hezār tomān qarz begiram?'

Another common error is confusing استقراض (borrowing) with e'terāz (protest) or eqterāz (a rare word for cutting). While they sound somewhat similar to a non-native ear, their meanings and spellings are entirely different. Always remember the 'q-r-d' root which connects it to 'qarz' (loan).

اشتباه: دولت به استقراض مردم گوش نمی‌دهد.
(Incorrect: The government doesn't listen to the people's borrowing.) - Here the speaker likely meant 'e'terāz' (protest).

Learners also sometimes forget that استقراض is the noun form. While you can say esteqrāz kardan, the word itself is often used alone as a subject or object. Don't confuse it with moteghārez (borrower) or moqrez (lender), though these are much rarer and more technical terms.

Preposition Errors: Always use 'az' (from) for the source. Some learners mistakenly use 'be' (to), which would imply lending, but 'esteqrāz' specifically means the *act of receiving* a loan.

Understanding the nuances between استقراض and its synonyms is key to mastering Persian financial vocabulary. While they all relate to debt, they are not always interchangeable.

استقراض vs. وام (Vām): وام is the most common word for 'loan'. It is used for bank loans, car loans, or student loans. استقراض is more formal and usually refers to the macro-economic process or the act of borrowing on a larger scale.
استقراض vs. قرض (Qarz): قرض is general. It can be a formal debt or a casual favor. استقراض is strictly formal and implies a structured financial transaction.
استقراض vs. اعتبار (E'tebār): اعتبار means 'credit'. While borrowing involves credit, 'esteqrāz' is the act of taking the loan, whereas 'e'tebār' is the facility or the trust that allows the borrowing to happen.

تفاوت اصلی در این است که استقراض معمولاً برای مبالغ کلان و در سطح کلان اقتصادی به کار می‌رود.
(The main difference is that borrowing is usually used for large sums and at a macro-economic level.)

When choosing which word to use, consider your audience. If you are writing a report on Iran's national budget, use استقراض. If you are telling a story about a neighbor who owes you money, use qarz. If you are talking about the mortgage you got from the bank, use vām.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

The root 'q-r-d' is also related to the word 'meqrāz' (scissors), because scissors 'cut'. A loan is seen as 'cutting' a part of the capital for temporary use.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /es.teɢ.rɒːz/

US /es.tekrɑːz/

The stress is on the final syllable: es-teq-RĀZ.

Rhymes With

اعتراض (e'terāz) انقراض (enqerāz) اعراض (e'rāz) امراض (amrāz) اغراض (aghrāz) مقراض (meqrāz) بیاض (bayāz) ریاض (riyāz)

Common Errors

Pronouncing the 'q' (ق) as a simple 'k'. It should be a voiced uvular stop.
Using a 's' sound for the final 'z' (ض).
Putting the stress on the first syllable.
Confusing the spelling with 'استغراض' (which is not a common word).
Misreading the 'st' as 'ts'.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 4/5

Common in newspapers but requires understanding of formal roots.

Writing 5/5

Requires correct spelling of 'Zād' (ض) and proper register usage.

Speaking 5/5

Rarely used in speech unless in a professional presentation.

Listening 4/5

Easy to recognize if you know 'qarz', but sounds like other words.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

قرض وام پول بانک گرفتن

Learn Next

تورم بودجه نقدینگی تراز تجاری بهره

Advanced

استهلاک اوراق مشارکت سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم کسری بودجه

Grammar to Know

The 'Istif'āl' Pattern

استخراج (extracting), استخدام (hiring), استقراض (borrowing).

Ezafe Construction in Finance

نرخِ استقراض (The rate of borrowing).

Compound Verbs with 'Kardan'

دولت استقراض کرد (The government borrowed).

Preposition 'Az' for Source

استقراض از بانک (Borrowing from the bank).

Adjectival Suffix '-i'

سیاست‌های استقراضی (Borrowing policies).

Examples by Level

او به پول نیاز دارد و قرض می‌خواهد.

He needs money and wants a loan.

Using 'qarz' instead of 'esteqrāz' for A1 level.

آیا می‌توانم از تو پول قرض بگیرم؟

Can I borrow money from you?

The verb 'qarz gereftan' is the simple version.

پدرم از بانک وام گرفت.

My father took a loan from the bank.

Using 'vām' for a bank loan.

قرض گرفتن خوب نیست.

Borrowing is not good.

Simple sentence structure.

او پول را پس داد.

He gave the money back.

Returning a loan.

من وام ندارم.

I don't have a loan.

Negative sentence.

بانک به مردم پول می‌دهد.

The bank gives money to people.

Simple present tense.

این پول برای قرض است.

This money is for a loan.

Preposition 'barāye'.

دولت برای پروژه‌ها به استقراض نیاز دارد.

The government needs borrowing for projects.

Introducing 'esteqrāz' in a simple context.

استقراض از بانک‌های خارجی سخت است.

Borrowing from foreign banks is hard.

Using an adjective 'sakht' (hard).

او درباره استقراض در اخبار شنید.

He heard about borrowing in the news.

Preposition 'darbāre-ye' (about).

شرکت‌های بزرگ استقراض می‌کنند.

Big companies borrow.

Simple plural subject.

میزان استقراض زیاد شد.

The amount of borrowing increased.

Using 'mizān' (amount).

آنها برای خرید ماشین استقراض نکردند.

They did not borrow to buy a car.

Negative past tense.

استقراض راهی برای حل مشکل است.

Borrowing is a way to solve the problem.

Noun as a subject.

بانک مرکزی شرایط استقراض را گفت.

The central bank told the conditions of borrowing.

Direct object with 'rā'.

بسیاری از کشورها برای توسعه به استقراض روی می‌آورند.

Many countries turn to borrowing for development.

Compound verb 'ruy āvardan' (to turn to).

استقراض بلندمدت برای شرکت‌ها بهتر است.

Long-term borrowing is better for companies.

Compound adjective 'boland-moddat'.

او مقاله‌ای درباره خطرات استقراض نوشت.

He wrote an article about the dangers of borrowing.

Indefinite noun 'maghāle-i'.

دولت باید استقراض از بانک مرکزی را متوقف کند.

The government must stop borrowing from the central bank.

Modal verb 'bāyad' (must).

بدون استقراض، نمی‌توانیم این پروژه را تمام کنیم.

Without borrowing, we cannot finish this project.

Preposition 'bedun-e' (without).

میزان استقراض خارجی در سال گذشته کاهش یافت.

The amount of foreign borrowing decreased last year.

Formal verb 'kāhesh yāftan'.

آیا استقراض همیشه به معنای بدهی است؟

Does borrowing always mean debt?

Question structure.

ما باید شرایط استقراض را بررسی کنیم.

We must investigate the conditions of borrowing.

Compound verb 'barresi kardan'.

استقراض بی‌رویه دولت موجب افزایش نرخ تورم شده است.

The government's excessive borrowing has caused an increase in the inflation rate.

Use of 'bi-roviyeh' (excessive/uncontrolled).

بانک مرکزی محدودیت‌های جدیدی برای استقراض بانک‌ها وضع کرد.

The Central Bank imposed new restrictions on bank borrowing.

Formal verb 'vaz' kardan' (to impose/enact).

تحلیلگران نگران پایداری استقراض‌های خارجی هستند.

Analysts are concerned about the sustainability of foreign borrowings.

Noun 'pāydāri' (sustainability).

این قرارداد شامل بندهایی درباره نحوه استقراض است.

This contract includes clauses about the method of borrowing.

Technical term 'band' (clause).

استقراض از بازارهای سرمایه راهکاری برای تامین مالی است.

Borrowing from capital markets is a solution for financing.

Technical term 'tamin-e māli' (financing).

بدهی ناشی از استقراض می‌تواند فشار زیادی بر بودجه وارد کند.

Debt resulting from borrowing can put a lot of pressure on the budget.

Phrase 'nāshi az' (resulting from).

سیاست استقراض باید با اهداف اقتصادی هماهنگ باشد.

Borrowing policy must be coordinated with economic goals.

Formal adjective 'hamāhang' (coordinated).

آنها به دنبال منابع جدید برای استقراض هستند.

They are looking for new sources for borrowing.

Progressive aspect 'be donbāl-e ... hastand'.

تکیه بیش از حد بر استقراض می‌تواند حاکمیت اقتصادی کشور را به خطر اندازد.

Over-reliance on borrowing can jeopardize the country's economic sovereignty.

Sophisticated verb 'be khatar andākhtan'.

استقراض از نهادهای بین‌المللی نیازمند اصلاحات ساختاری است.

Borrowing from international institutions requires structural reforms.

Technical phrase 'eslāhāt-e sākhtāri'.

در دوران قاجار، استقراض‌های خارجی پیامدهای سیاسی ناگواری داشت.

During the Qajar era, foreign borrowings had unfortunate political consequences.

Historical context usage.

شفافیت در فرآیند استقراض برای جلب اعتماد عمومی ضروری است.

Transparency in the borrowing process is essential to gain public trust.

Abstract noun 'shaffāfiyat' (transparency).

مدیریت ریسک در استقراض‌های ارزی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است.

Risk management in foreign currency borrowings is of high importance.

Formal expression 'az ahammiyat-e bālāyi barkhordār ast'.

استقراض دولت از بانک مرکزی به طور مستقیم بر پایه پولی اثر می‌گذارد.

Government borrowing from the central bank directly affects the monetary base.

Macroeconomic term 'pāye-ye puli'.

برخی اقتصاددانان استقراض را ابزاری برای تحریک تقاضا می‌دانند.

Some economists consider borrowing a tool to stimulate demand.

Sophisticated verb 'dānestan' (to consider/know as).

عدم تعادل در تراز پرداخت‌ها منجر به نیاز به استقراض شد.

Imbalance in the balance of payments led to the need for borrowing.

Technical term 'tarāz-e pardākht-hā'.

پارادایم‌های نوین اقتصادی، استقراض را نه یک معضل، بلکه یک ابزار استراتژیک تلقی می‌کنند.

Modern economic paradigms view borrowing not as a dilemma, but as a strategic tool.

Use of 'talaghi kardan' (to view/consider).

پیچیدگی‌های حقوقی استقراض در سطح بین‌الملل نیازمند تخصص بالایی است.

The legal complexities of borrowing at the international level require high expertise.

Plural abstract noun 'pichidegi-hā'.

استقراض انباشته‌شده می‌تواند پویایی‌های رشد اقتصادی را در بلندمدت فلج کند.

Accumulated borrowing can paralyze the dynamics of economic growth in the long run.

Metaphorical use of 'falaj kardan' (to paralyze).

تحلیل تطبیقی سیاست‌های استقراض در کشورهای در حال توسعه نشان‌دهنده الگوهای متفاوتی است.

A comparative analysis of borrowing policies in developing countries shows different patterns.

Academic phrase 'tahlil-e tatbiqi'.

تقابل میان استقراض و انضباط مالی یکی از چالش‌های اصلی حکمرانی است.

The confrontation between borrowing and fiscal discipline is one of the main challenges of governance.

Abstract term 'enzebāt-e māli'.

نرخ بهره واقعی بر تمایل بنگاه‌های اقتصادی به استقراض تاثیرگذار است.

The real interest rate is influential on the inclination of economic enterprises to borrow.

Technical term 'bongāh-e eqtesādi'.

استقراض دولتی نباید به قیمت تحمیل بار مالی بر نسل‌های آینده تمام شود.

Government borrowing should not come at the cost of imposing a financial burden on future generations.

Complex conditional structure 'nabāyad be gheymat-e ... tamām shavad'.

سازوکارهای نظارتی بر استقراض‌های فرامرزی باید تقویت شوند.

Regulatory mechanisms for cross-border borrowings must be strengthened.

Technical term 'sāzokār-hā-ye nezārati'.

Common Collocations

استقراض خارجی

استقراض دولتی

استقراض از بانک مرکزی

سقف استقراض

استقراض کوتاه‌مدت

استقراض بلندمدت

شرایط استقراض

منابع استقراض

نرخ استقراض

قرارداد استقراض

Common Phrases

روی آوردن به استقراض

— To resort to borrowing. Used when other options are exhausted.

دولت ناچار به استقراض روی آورد.

منع استقراض

— Prohibition of borrowing. Used in legal or policy contexts.

قانون جدید شامل منع استقراض است.

وابستگی به استقراض

— Dependency on borrowing. Refers to a negative economic state.

وابستگی به استقراض خارجی خطرناک است.

توانایی استقراض

— Borrowing capacity. The ability of an entity to take on debt.

توانایی استقراض شرکت محدود است.

هزینه استقراض

— Cost of borrowing. Refers to interest and fees.

هزینه استقراض در سال جاری بالا رفت.

برنامه استقراض

— Borrowing plan. A structured schedule for taking loans.

برنامه استقراض دولت اعلام شد.

تاریخچه استقراض

— Borrowing history. Records of past debts.

تاریخچه استقراض این کشور طولانی است.

محدودیت استقراض

— Borrowing limit. A cap on how much can be borrowed.

محدودیت استقراض برای بانک‌ها وضع شد.

ابزار استقراض

— Borrowing instrument. Financial tools like bonds.

اوراق قرضه یک ابزار استقراض است.

فرآیند استقراض

— Borrowing process. The steps taken to secure a loan.

فرآیند استقراض بسیار طولانی بود.

Often Confused With

استقراض vs اعتراض

Means 'protest'. Sounds similar but starts with 'A' and has 'T'.

استقراض vs انقراض

Means 'extinction'. Shares the 'q-r-d' root structure but means something totally different.

استقراض vs استغراض

A common misspelling. 'Aghrāz' means motives/purposes, but 'esteqrāz' is borrowing.

Idioms & Expressions

"زیر بار استقراض رفتن"

— To shoulder the burden of debt. Implies taking a heavy or difficult loan.

او برای نجات کارخانه‌اش زیر بار استقراض رفت.

Neutral

"استقراض برای بقا"

— Borrowing just to survive. Used in dire economic straits.

بسیاری از شرکت‌ها به استقراض برای بقا روی آورده‌اند.

Journalistic

"چرخه استقراض"

— The cycle of borrowing. When one borrows to pay off previous debts.

کشور در چرخه استقراض گرفتار شده است.

Academic

"استقراض از آینده"

— Borrowing from the future. Spending now at the expense of future generations.

این بودجه در واقع استقراض از آینده است.

Political

"کمر خم کردن زیر استقراض"

— To bend under the weight of debt. Very descriptive of heavy debt.

اقتصاد کشور زیر بار استقراض کمر خم کرده است.

Literary/Journalistic

"گودال استقراض"

— The pit of borrowing. A situation where debt keeps getting deeper.

آنها در گودال استقراض فرو رفته‌اند.

Metaphorical

"فرار از استقراض"

— Escaping borrowing. Trying to avoid taking loans.

راهی برای فرار از استقراض وجود ندارد.

Neutral

"استقراض کورکورانه"

— Blind borrowing. Taking loans without a proper plan.

استقراض کورکورانه منجر به فاجعه می‌شود.

Critical

"معتاد به استقراض"

— Addicted to borrowing. When an entity cannot function without new loans.

دولت به استقراض معتاد شده است.

Informal/Critical

"استقراض با بهره سنگین"

— Borrowing with heavy interest. Taking very expensive loans.

استقراض با بهره سنگین اشتباه است.

Financial

Easily Confused

استقراض vs قرض

Both mean loan/borrowing.

Qarz is the general concept or an informal loan. Esteqrāz is the formal act of borrowing, usually on a large scale.

او از من صد تومان قرض گرفت، اما دولت از بانک جهانی استقراض کرد.

استقراض vs وام

Both refer to taking money.

Vām is specifically a structured loan (like a mortgage). Esteqrāz is the broader, more formal process of borrowing.

من وام مسکن گرفتم، اما شرکت استقراض کلانی انجام داد.

استقراض vs بدهی

Related to borrowing.

Bedahi is the 'debt' itself (the state of owing). Esteqrāz is the 'act' of taking the loan.

استقراض زیاد باعث ایجاد بدهی سنگین می‌شود.

استقراض vs اعتبار

Used in similar contexts.

E'tebār is credit or reputation. Esteqrāz is the actual drawing of funds.

او اعتبار خوبی دارد، پس می‌تواند استقراض کند.

استقراض vs ودیعه

Related to money/holding.

Vadi'eh is a deposit or security. Esteqrāz is a loan that must be returned with interest.

این پول ودیعه است، نه استقراض.

Sentence Patterns

[Subject] به منظور [Goal] اقدام به استقراض نمود.

دولت به منظور نوسازی جاده‌ها اقدام به استقراض نمود.

میزان استقراض [Entity] از [Source] افزایش یافته است.

میزان استقراض شرکت از بانک افزایش یافته است.

استقراض بی‌رویه از [Source] منجر به [Consequence] خواهد شد.

استقراض بی‌رویه از بانک مرکزی منجر به تورم شدید خواهد شد.

با توجه به شرایط، [Subject] ناگزیر به استقراض شد.

با توجه به تحریم‌ها، دولت ناگزیر به استقراض شد.

تبعات حقوقی و مالی استقراض‌های فرامرزی باید به دقت واکاوی شود.

آیا استقراض راه حل خوبی است؟

آیا استقراض راه حل خوبی برای ما است؟

شرایط استقراض برای همه یکسان نیست.

شرایط استقراض برای همه شرکت‌ها یکسان نیست.

سقف استقراض توسط مجلس تعیین می‌شود.

سقف استقراض سالانه توسط مجلس تعیین می‌شود.

Word Family

Nouns

قرض (loan)

قرضه (bond)

مقرض (lender)

مستقرض (borrower)

Verbs

قرض دادن (to lend)

قرض گرفتن (to borrow)

استقراض کردن (to borrow - formal)

Adjectives

استقراضی (pertaining to borrowing/debt-based)

مقروض (indebted)

بدهی (debt)

وام (loan)

اعتبار (credit)

بهره (interest)

سررسید (maturity/deadline)

How to Use It

frequency

High in economic/political domains, Low in daily life.

Common Mistakes

Using 'esteqrāz' to borrow a pen. → استفاده از 'قرض گرفتن' یا 'امانت گرفتن'
'Esteqrāz' is too formal and specifically for financial assets. Using it for a pen is like saying 'I wish to procure a loan of your writing instrument'.
Spelling it as 'استقراز'. → استقراض
The final letter must be 'Zād' (ض), not 'Ze' (ز). This is a common spelling error.
Using 'be' instead of 'az' for the source. → استقراض از بانک
In Persian, you borrow *from* (az) someone, not *to* (be) someone. 'Be' would imply lending.
Confusing it with 'e'terāz' (protest). → استقراض (borrowing)
Though they sound similar to beginners, 'esteqrāz' has a 'q' sound and 'e'terāz' has an 'e' (ayin) sound.
Using it as an adjective without '-i'. → سیاست‌های استقراضی
To make it an adjective (borrowing policies), you must add the 'i' suffix.

Tips

Professionalism

Use 'esteqrāz' in your business emails to sound more authoritative and knowledgeable about finance.

Prepositions

Always remember the preposition 'az' (from) when naming the lender.

Macro vs Micro

Think of 'esteqrāz' as macro-borrowing and 'qarz' as micro-borrowing.

The Letter Zād

The letter 'ض' is key. Associate it with 'qarz' (قرض) which also has it.

News Watching

Watch the economic news on Iranian channels; you will hear this word at least once per broadcast.

History

When reading about the 19th century in Iran, 'esteqrāz' is a key word for understanding political concessions.

Root Recognition

Learn the root 'q-r-d' to easily memorize other words like 'maghruz' (indebted).

Register Awareness

Don't use it with friends unless you are joking about being a 'government' that needs a loan.

Stress

Keep the stress on the last syllable to sound like a native speaker.

Ezafe

In phrases like 'esteqrāz-e dowlat', don't forget the ezafe (short 'e' sound) connecting the words.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'EST-EQRAZ'. 'EST' is like 'establish' and 'QRAZ' sounds like 'CARDS'. To *establish* a big business, you might need to use credit *cards* (borrowing).

Visual Association

Imagine a giant government building (like the Treasury) with a huge vacuum cleaner sucking up money from a bank. That formal, massive action is 'esteqrāz'.

Word Web

Bank Government Debt Interest Contract Economy Foreign Bonds

Challenge

Try to write a sentence using 'esteqrāz' and 'central bank' (bank-e markazi) to describe a news headline you might see.

Word Origin

Derived from the Arabic root Q-R-D (قرض), which means to cut or sever. In a financial context, it refers to cutting off a piece of one's wealth to give to another as a loan.

Original meaning: Seeking or requesting a loan (Istif'al pattern).

Semitic (Arabic) root, incorporated into Persian vocabulary.

Cultural Context

Be careful when discussing 'esteqrāz khāreji' (foreign borrowing) as it can be a politically sensitive topic regarding national independence.

Similar to 'procurement of debt' or 'sovereign borrowing' in English financial contexts.

The 'Reuter Concession' and associated foreign loans. Economic reports by the Central Bank of Iran. Speeches by Iranian ministers regarding the budget deficit.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Government Budgeting

جبران کسری بودجه از طریق استقراض
استقراض از بانک مرکزی
سیاست انقباضی و کاهش استقراض
لایحه استقراض دولتی

Corporate Finance

استقراض برای افزایش سرمایه
هزینه‌های ناشی از استقراض
نسبت استقراض به دارایی
تسهیلات استقراضی

International Relations

استقراض از بانک جهانی
بدهی‌های حاصل از استقراض خارجی
شرایط سیاسی استقراض
بازپرداخت استقراض‌های بین‌المللی

Economic History

تاریخچه استقراض در عصر قاجار
پیامدهای استقراض‌های استعماری
بحران استقراض
قراردادهای استقراض قدیمی

Legal Documents

طرفین قرارداد استقراض
موضوع استقراض
ضمانت‌های استقراض
فسخ قرارداد استقراض

Conversation Starters

"آیا فکر می‌کنید استقراض از کشورهای خارجی برای اقتصاد ما مفید است؟"

"به نظر شما چرا دولت‌ها همیشه به استقراض از بانک مرکزی تمایل دارند؟"

"تفاوت اصلی بین استقراض و جذب سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی در چیست؟"

"چگونه می‌توان میزان استقراض‌های بی‌رویه را در یک سازمان کنترل کرد؟"

"آیا در تاریخ ایران، استقراضی را می‌شناسید که باعث تغییرات بزرگ شده باشد؟"

Journal Prompts

درباره تاثیرات استقراض دولتی بر زندگی روزمره مردم و تورم یک مقاله کوتاه بنویسید.

اگر مدیر یک شرکت بزرگ بودید، در چه شرایطی استقراض را بر فروش سهام ترجیح می‌دادید؟

تحلیلی درباره خطرات وابستگی طولانی‌مدت یک کشور به استقراض خارجی ارائه دهید.

تخیل کنید که کشوری بدون هیچ‌گونه استقراض اداره می‌شود؛ مزایا و معایب آن چیست؟

تجربه خود یا اطرافیانتان را از گرفتن وام‌های بزرگ (استقراض شخصی رسمی) توصیف کنید.

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

No, 'esteqrāz' is almost exclusively for money or financial assets in a formal context. For a book, use 'amānat gereftan' or simply 'qarz gereftan'.

Yes, it is used, but often the term 'Qard al-Hasan' (interest-free loan) is preferred in religious discussions. 'Esteqrāz' is a neutral economic term.

'Vām' is what you get from a bank (like a car loan). 'Esteqrāz' is the formal act of a government or big entity borrowing money. It is more academic.

Both are used, but 'esteqrāz kardan' (to perform borrowing) is more common in formal writing. 'Esteqrāz gereftan' is also acceptable.

No, you won't hear it at the dinner table. You will hear it on the news or in a business meeting.

It is spelled with 'Alif-Sin-Te-Qaf-Re-Alef-Zād' (استقراض). Be careful with the 'Zād' (ض).

In a modern economic sense, yes, it usually involves interest, unless specified as 'bedun-e bahreh' (without interest).

It means 'foreign borrowing', referring to when a country takes a loan from another country or an international bank.

Technically yes, but only in very formal legal contexts. In normal speech, an individual would say 'vām gereftam'.

The word itself is a noun (masdar). It becomes a verb when combined with 'kardan'.