独立する
独立する in 30 Seconds
- To become independent from a person, company, or nation.
- Commonly used when moving out or starting a new business.
- Formed by 'doku' (alone) and 'ritsu' (stand).
- Focuses on the act of separating from a source of support.
The Japanese verb 独立する (dokuritsu suru) is a cornerstone of Japanese vocabulary, particularly for learners reaching the intermediate (B1) level. At its core, it combines two powerful kanji: 独 (doku), meaning 'alone' or 'single,' and 立 (ritsu), meaning 'to stand.' Together, they create the image of 'standing alone' or 'standing on one's own feet.' This term is used across a broad spectrum of contexts, from the deeply personal to the geopolitical.
- Personal Autonomy
- In everyday life, it refers to an individual becoming financially or emotionally independent from their parents (親から独立する). It signifies the transition into adulthood where one manages their own household and finances.
大学を卒業して、ついに親から独立することになった。
(After graduating university, I finally decided to become independent from my parents.)
- Professional Independence
- In the business world, 独立する is the standard term for leaving a company to start one's own business or to become a freelancer. It carries a nuance of bravery and self-reliance.
Furthermore, the word is used in political science to describe a nation gaining sovereignty. For example, the United States gaining independence from Britain is described as 独立. Unlike the English word 'independent' which can be an adjective, 独立する is a dynamic verb, emphasizing the *action* of achieving that state. It is not just a status; it is a movement away from a previous state of reliance.
その国は長い闘争の末に独立した。
(That country became independent after a long struggle.)
Grammatically, 独立する functions as a 'suru-verb' (noun + suru). Its most common grammatical partner is the particle から (kara), which marks the entity or group from which independence is being sought. When you want to say 'independent of' or 'independent from,' you use [Entity] から独立する.
- The Particle 'Kara'
- This indicates the source of previous dependence. Examples include: 会社から独立する (to leave a company to start a business), 親から独立する (to move out/be financially independent from parents).
彼は10年間勤めた会社から独立して、自分の店を持った。
(He became independent from the company he worked at for 10 years and opened his own shop.)
You can also use it with the particle して (shite) to describe a state. For example, '独立して生きる' (to live independently). In more formal or written Japanese, 独立 is often used as a noun in compound words like 独立記念日 (dokuritsu kinenbi - Independence Day) or 独立心 (dokuritsushin - spirit of independence).
経済的に独立することは、大人の第一歩だ。
(Becoming economically independent is the first step toward being an adult.)
You will encounter 独立する in several distinct environments in Japan. Understanding these will help you grasp the cultural weight of the term. In Japan, the 'salaryman' culture is still prevalent, so when someone decides to 'dokuritsu,' it is a major life event that is often discussed with a mix of respect and concern.
- In Business News
- Financial news often reports on subsidiaries that become independent from their parent companies (親会社から独立する). This is a formal, high-level usage.
その子会社は来月、グループから独立する予定だ。
(That subsidiary is scheduled to become independent from the group next month.)
- In Career Counseling
- Career advisors use this word when discussing 'stepping up' from being an employee to an employer. It is synonymous with 'going solo' (フリーになる).
いつか独立して、自分のデザイン事務所を作りたい。
(Someday I want to become independent and open my own design office.)
The most common mistake learners make with 独立する is confusing it with its close cousin, 自立する (jiritsu suru). While both mean 'independence' in English, their nuances in Japanese are distinct and using the wrong one can sound unnatural.
- Dokuritsu vs. Jiritsu
- 独立 (Dokuritsu) emphasizes the act of separating or breaking away from a larger entity (like a company or a country). 自立 (Jiritsu) emphasizes the internal state of self-reliance and being able to handle things without help.
❌ 精神的に独立する (Sounds like you are physically separating your mind).
✅ 精神的に自立する (To be mentally self-reliant).
Another mistake is the particle usage. Learners often use に (ni) instead of から (kara). Remember that you are moving *away* from something, so 'kara' (from) is the logical choice. Additionally, using 独立 as a simple adjective (like 'I am independent') requires the verb form or a specific noun structure; you cannot simply say '私は独立だ'.
彼は親から独立したが、まだ自立はしていない。
(He became independent [moved out] from his parents, but he isn't self-reliant [can't cook/clean for himself] yet.)
Depending on the context, there are several words you might use instead of 独立する. Choosing the right one shows a higher level of fluency and awareness of social registers.
- 自立する (Jiritsu suru)
- Focuses on personal growth and the ability to support oneself. Used often in education and psychology.
- 独り立ちする (Hitoridachi suru)
- A more idiomatic, 'softer' way to say someone is finally standing on their own. Often used for young adults or apprentices finishing their training.
- 開業する (Kaigyou suru)
- Specifically refers to opening a business or practice (like a doctor or lawyer). Use this for professional settings.
彼は修行を終えて、ようやく独り立ちした。
(He finished his apprenticeship and finally stood on his own.)
In a political context, you might hear 主権 (shuken) for sovereignty or 分離 (bunri) for separation/secession. For casual conversation about freelancing, people often simply say フリーになる (furii ni naru).
How Formal Is It?
Fun Fact
While the concept of independence is ancient, the modern political usage of '独立' as a translation for the Western concept of 'Independence' became widespread during the Meiji Restoration (late 19th century) as Japan modernized its legal and political vocabulary.
Pronunciation Guide
- Pronouncing 'tsu' as 'su'.
- Over-emphasizing the 'u' at the end of 'suru' (it should be almost silent).
- Using a hard English 'r' instead of the Japanese flapped 'r'.
- Stressing the wrong syllable (Japanese is pitch-accented, not stress-accented).
- Mixing up the vowel length of 'o' and 'u'.
Difficulty Rating
The kanji are common but require intermediate knowledge. The context is usually clear.
Writing '独' can be tricky for beginners due to the number of strokes.
Easy to pronounce, but requires correct particle usage (kara).
Distinctive sound, usually easy to pick out in news or conversation.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Advanced
Grammar to Know
Suru-verbs
独立する、勉強する、練習する
Particle から (Origin/Source)
親から独立する
Te-form for succession
独立して、店を開く。
Tai-form for desire
早く独立したい。
Noun + 記念日
独立記念日、結婚記念日
Examples by Level
彼は独立しました。
He became independent.
Simple past tense of a suru-verb.
いつ独立しますか?
When will you become independent?
Question form using 'masu'.
独立はいいことです。
Independence is a good thing.
Using 'dokuritsu' as a noun.
私は独立したいです。
I want to be independent.
Tai-form (desire) of the verb.
アメリカの独立記念日です。
It is America's Independence Day.
Compound noun: 独立 + 記念日.
一人で独立する。
To become independent alone.
Adverbial use of 'hitori de'.
独立は難しいですか?
Is independence difficult?
Simple question with 'desu ka'.
もうすぐ独立する。
I will become independent soon.
Dictionary form for future intention.
彼は親から独立して、一人で住んでいます。
He became independent from his parents and lives alone.
Te-form used to connect two actions.
いつか自分の会社で独立したいです。
I want to become independent with my own company someday.
Using 'de' to indicate the means of independence.
彼女は20歳で独立しました。
She became independent at age 20.
Age marker 'de'.
独立するのは大変ですが、楽しいです。
Becoming independent is hard, but it is fun.
No-particle turning a verb into a noun phrase.
兄は去年、独立して店を出しました。
My older brother became independent last year and opened a shop.
Te-form for sequential actions.
独立するために、お金を貯めています。
I am saving money in order to become independent.
Tame ni (purpose).
彼は独立したあと、とても忙しくなりました。
After he became independent, he became very busy.
V-ta + ato (after doing...).
独立してからも、親と連絡を取っています。
Even after becoming independent, I stay in touch with my parents.
Te-kara (since/after).
十年間の修行の後、彼はついに独立した。
After ten years of training, he finally went independent.
Focus on the 'event' of separation.
経済的に独立するのは、簡単なことではない。
Becoming economically independent is not an easy thing.
Adverbial 'teki ni' modifying the noun.
会社から独立してフリーランスになった。
I became independent from my company and became a freelancer.
Te-form connecting change of status.
その国は19世紀に独立を果たした。
That country achieved independence in the 19th century.
Independent + hatasu (to achieve).
独立する前に、しっかりとした計画を立てるべきだ。
Before becoming independent, you should make a solid plan.
Bekki da (should).
彼は独立心が強く、誰の助けも借りない。
He has a strong spirit of independence and doesn't borrow help from anyone.
Compound noun: 独立心.
独立して成功するためには、運も必要だ。
To become independent and succeed, luck is also necessary.
Tame ni wa (in order to).
彼女は独立した女性として尊敬されている。
She is respected as an independent woman.
V-ta form used as an adjective modifying a noun.
このプロジェクトは、他の部署から独立して進められている。
This project is being carried out independently of other departments.
Te-form used adverbially to describe how an action is done.
中央銀行の独立性は、経済の安定に不可欠だ。
The independence of the central bank is essential for economic stability.
Noun form 独立性 (independence/autonomy).
彼は組織から独立することで、自由な表現を手に入れた。
By becoming independent from the organization, he gained free expression.
Koto de (by means of).
植民地支配から独立するための闘争が続いた。
The struggle to become independent from colonial rule continued.
Noun + kara (from) + 独立.
独立したばかりの会社なので、まだ体制が整っていない。
Since it is a company that has just become independent, the structure is not yet in place.
V-ta + bakari (just finished).
彼は独立独歩の精神で、新しい道を切り拓いた。
With a spirit of self-reliance, he blazed a new trail.
Four-kanji idiom: 独立独歩.
司法が政治から独立していることは、民主主義の基本だ。
The fact that the judiciary is independent of politics is the basis of democracy.
Sentence nominalization with 'koto'.
独立を宣言したものの、国際的な承認は得られていない。
Although they declared independence, international recognition has not been obtained.
Monono (although).
学問の独立を守ることは、大学の重要な責務である。
Protecting the independence of scholarship is an important duty of universities.
Formal 'dearu' style.
彼は特定の政党に属さず、独立した立場から発言している。
He does not belong to a specific political party and speaks from an independent standpoint.
Zuni (without doing) + standpoint.
このソフトウェアは、OSから独立して動作する。
This software operates independently of the OS.
Technical usage of independence.
独立国家としての地位を確立するためには、外交努力が欠かせない。
Diplomatic efforts are indispensable for establishing status as an independent nation.
Toshite no (as a...).
彼は親会社からの独立を画策している。
He is plotting independence from the parent company.
Kakusaku suru (to plot/scheme).
その地域は、歴史的に高い独立性を維持してきた。
That region has historically maintained a high degree of independence.
Maintaining independence (iji suru).
個人の尊厳は、他者からの独立によってのみ保たれるわけではない。
Personal dignity is not maintained solely through independence from others.
Wake dewa nai (it's not necessarily the case).
独立独行の彼が、まさかチームプレーを重視するようになるとは。
To think that he, who acts independently, would come to value team play.
Naru to wa (surprise at a change).
事象の独立性を仮定することは、統計モデルの構築において極めて重要である。
Assuming the independence of events is extremely important in constructing statistical models.
Academic/Scientific register.
彼は既存の文壇から独立した、独自の文学圏を築き上げた。
He built a unique literary sphere, independent of the existing literary establishment.
Kizukisageru (to build up).
自我の独立と社会への帰属意識の葛藤は、近代文学の普遍的なテーマだ。
The conflict between the independence of the ego and the sense of belonging to society is a universal theme of modern literature.
Philosophical/Literary register.
各機関が独立して機能することで、権力の集中を防ぐチェック・アンド・バランスが働く。
By having each institution function independently, checks and balances work to prevent the concentration of power.
Koto de (causality).
その条約は、植民地の独立を法的に担保するものであった。
That treaty was something that legally guaranteed the independence of the colonies.
Tanpo suru (to guarantee/collateralize).
真の独立とは、単なる分離ではなく、精神の自律を伴うものでなければならない。
True independence must not be mere separation, but must involve the autonomy of the spirit.
Philosophical definition.
彼は組織のしがらみを断ち切り、独立不羈の人生を歩んでいる。
He cut the ties of the organization and is walking a life of independent freedom.
Four-kanji idiom: 独立不羈 (dokuritsu fuki).
計算機科学において、データ独立性はデータベース設計の核心的原理である。
In computer science, data independence is a core principle of database design.
Highly technical register.
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
— Independence Day. Refers to national holidays like July 4th.
アメリカの独立記念日を祝う。
— Independence and self-respect. A famous motto by Fukuzawa Yukichi.
独立自尊の精神を養う。
— Walking one's own path. Going one's own way without depending on others.
彼は独立独歩の人生を送った。
— Self-supporting accounting. A department managing its own budget.
この部署は独立採算制だ。
— An independent nation/state.
新しい独立国家が誕生した。
— Independent variable (in mathematics and statistics).
独立変数をグラフにする。
— Independent Administrative Institution (a type of Japanese organization).
国立博物館は独立行政法人だ。
— A spirit of independence; the desire to be independent.
彼女は子供の頃から独立心が強かった。
— Independent league (often in baseball).
彼は独立リーグでプレーしている。
— Independent thought/opinion.
周囲に流されず、独立した考えを持つ。
Often Confused With
Jiritsu is mental/functional self-reliance; Dokuritsu is formal separation.
Dokugaku is self-study; Dokuritsu is independence.
Kodoku is loneliness; Dokuritsu is the act of being independent.
Idioms & Expressions
— To stand on one's own two feet; to become an adult.
もうすぐ二十歳だし、独り立ちしなさい。
Informal— To become fully proficient and independent in a trade.
修行を終えて一本立ちする。
Professional/Craft— To open one's own shop or business (literally 'to raise the sign').
独立して看板を上げる。
Business— To set out to make a name for oneself or start a venture.
都会で一旗揚げるつもりだ。
Ambitious— To spread one's wings; to start acting freely.
独立してようやく羽を広げられた。
Poetic— Leaving the nest (moving out from parents).
子供の巣立ちを祝う。
Warm/Family— Rehabilitation through one's own efforts.
自力更生して独立する。
Formal— Walking alone; being unmatched.
業界を独歩する存在だ。
Formal— Free and independent; at will.
独立して自由自在に働く。
Neutral— A decisive moment (like when deciding to go independent).
独立するかどうか、天下分け目の決断だ。
DramaticEasily Confused
Both translate to 'independence'.
Dokuritsu is about breaking away from a group; Jiritsu is about being able to do things on your own without help.
He became independent (dokuritsu) from his company, but he still isn't self-reliant (jiritsu) because his wife does all the paperwork.
Similar kanji (独/孤) and sound.
Koritsu means 'isolation' or being cut off (negative), while Dokuritsu is 'independence' (usually neutral/positive).
The village was isolated (koritsu) by the snow.
Similar meaning.
Hitoridachi is more idiomatic and often used for young people maturing; Dokuritsu is used for formal business or national contexts.
The apprentice finally stood on his own (hitoridachi).
Both involve moving out.
Bekkyo specifically means living apart (often used for married couples), while Dokuritsu implies financial and social independence.
They are living separately (bekkyo) but not divorced.
Independence brings freedom.
Jiyuu is 'freedom/liberty' (a state of being), while Dokuritsu is the 'independence' (a structural or formal status).
Independence (dokuritsu) gave him the freedom (jiyuu) to travel.
Sentence Patterns
~から独立する
親から独立する。
いつか独立したい
いつか独立して自分の店を持ちたい。
独立して~になる
独立してフリーランスになる。
経済的に独立する
早く経済的に独立したい。
独立を果たす
ついに念願の独立を果たした。
~からの独立を宣言する
他国からの独立を宣言した。
独立した立場から~
独立した立場から意見を述べる。
独立不羈の~
独立不羈の精神を持つ。
Word Family
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Related
How to Use It
Common in business, news, and discussions about life stages.
-
親に独立する
→
親から独立する
You become independent 'from' someone, so 'kara' is the correct particle, not 'ni'.
-
精神的独立
→
精神的自立
For mental self-reliance, 'jiritsu' is the standard term. 'Dokuritsu' sounds like physical separation.
-
独立だ
→
独立している / 独立する
Independence is usually treated as a verb (suru) or a state (shite iru) rather than a simple na-adjective.
-
独学する
→
独立する
Don't confuse 'dokugaku' (self-study) with 'dokuritsu' (independence) just because they share the 'doku' kanji.
-
独立の日
→
独立記念日
While 'Independence Day' is literally 'Dokuritsu no hi', the set phrase used by everyone is 'Dokuritsu Kinenbi'.
Tips
Use 'Kara'
Always remember to use 'から' (kara) when you mention the entity you are leaving. It makes your Japanese sound much more natural.
Dokuritsu vs Jiritsu
Use 'Dokuritsu' for the physical/formal act of separating. Use 'Jiritsu' for the mental capability of being on your own.
Learn the Noun
The noun '独立' is very useful for compound words. Memorize '独立記念日' and '独立心' early on.
Business Context
In Japan, 'dokuritsu' is a big deal. It often involves a formal greeting to former bosses to maintain good relations.
Kanji Breakdown
Focus on the left side of '独' (the dog radical) and the 'standing' person in '立'. It helps with memorization.
Sentence Endings
In interviews, saying 'いつか独立したいと考えています' (I am thinking of going independent someday) shows ambition.
Formal Reports
In formal writing, use '独立を果たす' instead of just '独立した' to sound more sophisticated.
News Keywords
When you hear 'dokuritsu' on the news, listen for 'sengen' (declaration) to understand if a country is mentioned.
One Stand
Think: One (独) Stand (立). Independence is standing as one.
Freelancing
If you are a freelancer, '独立して働いています' is a very clear way to explain your status.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'Doku' as 'Doctor' (who works alone) and 'Ritsu' as 'Roots' (standing firm). A Doctor with Roots stands independent.
Visual Association
Imagine a single tree standing in the middle of a vast field. It isn't part of a forest; it is 'standing alone' (独立).
Word Web
Challenge
Try to use '独立する' in a sentence about your own career or family goals today. For example: 'いつか独立して、日本に住みたいです。'
Word Origin
The word is composed of two Sinitic characters (kanji). '独' (doku) originates from a character representing a dog and a silkworm, originally meaning 'only' or 'single'. '立' (ritsu) is a pictograph of a person standing on the ground.
Original meaning: To stand alone; to not be part of a group.
Sino-Japanese (Kango).Cultural Context
Be careful when using it with countries; some historical contexts of independence are sensitive. In personal contexts, ensure you don't confuse it with 'loneliness' (kodoku).
In English, 'independent' is often an adjective. In Japanese, learners must remember to add 'suru' to make it an action.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Leaving a job to start a business.
- 独立して起業する
- フリーランスとして独立する
- 会社から独立する
- 独立の準備をする
Young adults moving out.
- 親から独立する
- 経済的に独立する
- 一人暮らしで独立する
- 二十歳で独立する
History and Politics.
- 独立を宣言する
- 独立戦争
- 植民地からの独立
- 独立記念日
Science and Math.
- 独立変数
- 事象の独立性
- 独立したデータ
- 互いに独立している
Software and Tech.
- プラットフォームに独立した
- 独立して動作する
- モジュールの独立性
- 独立したプロセス
Conversation Starters
"いつか仕事で独立したいと思っていますか? (Do you think you want to go independent in your work someday?)"
"あなたの国の独立記念日はいつですか? (When is your country's Independence Day?)"
"何歳ぐらいで親から独立するのが普通ですか? (At around what age is it normal to become independent from parents?)"
"独立して働くことのメリットは何だと思いますか? (What do you think are the merits of working independently?)"
"独立するのと、大きな会社で働くのと、どちらがいいですか? (Which is better: becoming independent or working for a large company?)"
Journal Prompts
もし明日、仕事から独立するとしたら、どんなビジネスを始めたいですか? (If you were to become independent from your job tomorrow, what kind of business would you want to start?)
あなたが「独立した」と感じた瞬間について書いてください。 (Write about a moment when you felt you had become 'independent.')
経済的な独立と精神的な自立、どちらが大切だと思いますか? (Which do you think is more important: economic independence or mental self-reliance?)
独立するために、今どのような準備をしていますか? (What kind of preparations are you making now in order to become independent?)
将来、自分の子供にはいつ独立してほしいですか? (When do you want your children to become independent in the future?)
Frequently Asked Questions
10 questionsYes, it is the standard term for becoming financially and socially independent from your parents. Example: '親から独立して一人暮らしを始める。'
独立 (Dokuritsu) is the act of becoming independent (leaving a company), whereas 起業 (Kigyou) is the specific act of starting a new business venture. You 'dokuritsu' in order to 'kigyou'.
It is generally positive or neutral. It implies strength, bravery, and maturity. However, in a collectivist context, it can sometimes imply a loss of support.
It is 独立記念日 (Dokuritsu Kinenbi). For example, 'アメリカの独立記念日' is July 4th.
No. For 'independent' in the sense of 'this is an independent issue,' use '別個の' (bekko no) or '無関係な' (mukankeina).
Both are used, but '独立して' is the te-form of the verb used adverbially (acting independently), while '独立に' is used more in technical contexts like math (independently of each other).
The most common particle is 'から' (kara) to show what you are separating from. You can also use 'で' (de) to show the method, like '経済的に独立する'.
No, that sounds like 'I am independence.' Use '私は独立している' (I am independent) or '私は独立した' (I became independent).
It is a four-kanji idiom (yojijukugo) meaning to go one's own way and maintain one's principles without being influenced by others.
Yes, it is the primary word for national independence. 'インドの独立' means India's independence.
Test Yourself 200 questions
Translate: 'I want to become independent from my parents.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'He became independent and opened a shop.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Independence Day is a holiday.'
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Translate: 'It is hard to be economically independent.'
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Translate: 'The country declared independence.'
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Write a sentence using 独立心.
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Translate: 'I am planning to go independent next year.'
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Translate: 'Independent variable.'
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Translate: 'Achieving independence.'
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Translate: 'Standing on one's own feet (idiom).'
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Translate: 'Independent Administrative Institution.'
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Translate: 'He is working independently.'
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Translate: 'From a standpoint of independence.'
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Translate: 'Struggle for independence.'
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Write 'Dokuritsu' in Kanji.
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Translate: 'She is an independent woman.'
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Translate: 'Independence of research.'
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Translate: 'Finally became independent.'
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Translate: 'Independence is necessary.'
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Translate: 'Independence and self-respect.'
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いつか独立したいですか?
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親から独立したのはいつですか?
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独立記念日はどうやって過ごしますか?
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独立するために一番大切なことは何ですか?
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自立と独立の違いは何だと思いますか?
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経済的に独立していますか?
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独立して働くメリットは何ですか?
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独立して働くデメリットは何ですか?
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あなたの国の独立記念日はいつですか?
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独立心を育てるにはどうすればいいですか?
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会社から独立する準備は何をしますか?
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独立した立場から意見を言えますか?
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独り立ちしたと感じたのはいつですか?
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独立独歩の生き方をどう思いますか?
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子供はいつ独立すべきだと思いますか?
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独立行政法人についてどう思いますか?
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司法の独立は守られていますか?
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独立変数の意味を説明してください。
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独立を宣言した国を一つ挙げてください。
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独立して成功する秘訣は何ですか?
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Transcribe: 彼は親から独立した。
Transcribe: 独立記念日おめでとう。
Transcribe: 経済的に独立したい。
Transcribe: 独立して自分の店を持つ。
Transcribe: 独立心を養うことが大切だ。
Transcribe: その国は1960年に独立した。
Transcribe: 司法の独立は重要だ。
Transcribe: 彼は独立独歩の男だ。
Transcribe: 独立を宣言する。
Transcribe: 独立変数はこれです。
Transcribe: 会社から独立しました。
Transcribe: ついに独立を果たした。
Transcribe: 独立した立場から話す。
Transcribe: 独立採算制を導入する。
Transcribe: 独立国家としての誇り。
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Summary
独立する (dokuritsu suru) is the essential verb for 'becoming independent.' Use it with the particle 'から' (kara) to indicate what you are becoming independent from, such as '親から独立する' (independent from parents).
- To become independent from a person, company, or nation.
- Commonly used when moving out or starting a new business.
- Formed by 'doku' (alone) and 'ritsu' (stand).
- Focuses on the act of separating from a source of support.
Use 'Kara'
Always remember to use 'から' (kara) when you mention the entity you are leaving. It makes your Japanese sound much more natural.
Dokuritsu vs Jiritsu
Use 'Dokuritsu' for the physical/formal act of separating. Use 'Jiritsu' for the mental capability of being on your own.
Learn the Noun
The noun '独立' is very useful for compound words. Memorize '独立記念日' and '独立心' early on.
Business Context
In Japan, 'dokuritsu' is a big deal. It often involves a formal greeting to former bosses to maintain good relations.
Related Content
More family words
還暦
B160th birthday (celebration of completing a 60-year cycle).
〜くらい
B1About; approximately; to the extent that.
認め合う
B1To recognize each other's worth; to acknowledge.
知人
B1Acquaintance.
顔見知り
A2Acquaintance; someone you know by sight.
甘える
B1To be spoiled, to fawn; to behave like a pampered child.
活発な
B1Active; lively; vigorous.
思春期
B1Adolescence; the period of transition from childhood to adulthood.
養子
B1Adopted child; a child taken into one's family by legal means.
養親
B2Adoptive parent.