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〜に反して

B1 noun 10 min read

〜に反して

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 〜に反して in 30 Seconds

Explanation 〜に反して in your Level:

At the A1 level, '〜に反して' (ni hanshite) is too advanced. However, you can understand the basic idea of 'opposite' through the word '反対' (hantai), which means 'opposite' or 'no.' When you want to say something is different from what you thought, you usually use simple words like 'demo' (but) or 'chigaimasu' (it's different). For example, if you thought it would be sunny but it rained, you might say 'Hare da to omoimashita. Demo, ame desu.' (I thought it would be sunny. But, it's rain.) 'Ni hanshite' is the formal version of this 'but' logic. It is used when a plan or a rule is broken. Even though you won't use this phrase yet, remember the kanji '反' (anti/opposite) because you will see it in many words later. At this stage, focus on learning how to express simple differences before moving to this complex grammar.

At the A2 level, you might start seeing '〜に反して' in reading passages or news clips. It's a way to say 'contrary to' or 'against.' It always follows a noun. Think of it like a more formal version of '〜と違って' (to chigatte - different from). For example, 'Yosou ni hanshite' means 'Contrary to the prediction.' You would use this if you predicted a test would be easy, but it was actually very hard. At this level, you should focus on recognizing the pattern: [Noun] + に反して. You don't need to use it in your own speaking yet, but if you see it in a sentence, look for the noun before it. That noun is the 'expectation' that didn't come true. It's a very useful word for understanding why something surprising happened in a story or a news report.

At the B1 level, '〜に反して' is a key grammar point you are expected to master. It is used to describe results that go against expectations, predictions, intentions, or rules. The structure is strictly [Noun] + に反して. It is important to distinguish this from '〜に対して' (ni taishite), which means 'towards' or 'in contrast to.' 'Ni hanshite' implies a violation or a direct contradiction of a standard. For example, 'Kitai ni hanshite' (Contrary to expectations) is a very common set phrase. You should also learn the variation '〜に反する' (ni hansuru), which acts like an adjective to modify a noun, such as 'houritsu ni hansuru koui' (an act against the law). This grammar point is common in the JLPT N3 and N2 levels. Using it correctly makes your Japanese sound much more professional and precise, especially when writing reports or formal emails.

At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using '〜に反して' in both writing and formal speech. You should also be aware of its more literary variant, '〜に反し' (ni hanshi), which is often used in newspapers and academic journals to link two clauses. At this level, you should be able to choose between 'ni hanshite' and its synonyms like '〜とは裏腹に' (to wa urahara ni) based on nuance. 'Ni hanshite' is best for objective contradictions (rules, forecasts), while 'to wa urahara ni' is better for ironic or emotional paradoxes. You should also understand the legal and technical implications of the verb 'hansuru' (to violate/conflict with), such as in 'kenpou ni hansuru' (unconstitutional). Mastery at this level means using the phrase to create sophisticated contrasts in your arguments, showing how reality often differs from theoretical models or public expectations.

At the C1 level, you use '〜に反して' with a high degree of nuance and precision. You understand its place in the broader spectrum of Japanese 'contrast' expressions. You can use it to discuss complex abstract concepts, such as 'min-i ni hanshite' (contrary to the will of the people) or 'rinri ni hanshite' (contrary to ethics). You are also proficient in using the attributive form '〜に反する' to create complex noun phrases in academic or legal writing. At this level, you might use 'ni hanshite' to set up a rhetorical point, highlighting the discrepancy between 'tatemae' (public stance) and 'honne' (true feelings), or between theoretical predictions and empirical data. Your use of this phrase contributes to a formal, authoritative tone in your Japanese discourse, allowing you to navigate professional and intellectual environments with ease.

At the C2 level, '〜に反して' is a tool for stylistic precision. You can use it to evoke specific tones in literature or to provide airtight legal definitions. You understand the historical evolution of the phrase and can appreciate its use in classical-leaning modern prose. You might employ '〜に反し' in a long, complex sentence to maintain a specific rhythm or to balance multiple contrasting points. At this level, the distinction between 'ni hanshite,' 'ni motogitte' (straying from), and 'ni motoru' (to go against/conflict with - often used for morals) is clear and used intentionally. You can analyze how the use of 'ni hanshite' in a political speech might be used to frame an opponent's actions as a violation of trust. Mastery means the phrase is no longer a 'grammar point' but a natural element of your sophisticated linguistic repertoire, used to articulate the finest shades of contradiction and opposition.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

〜に反して in 30 Seconds

Used to express 'contrary to' or 'against' expectations, rules, or predictions in formal contexts.
Always follows a noun (e.g., 予想に反して) and leads into a contrasting result.
Commonly found in news reports, business documents, and academic writing to highlight discrepancies.
Distinguishable from 'ni taishite' (towards) and 'ni sakaratte' (physical defiance).

The Japanese grammar point 〜に反して (ni hanshite) is a sophisticated B1-level expression used to indicate that a result, action, or situation has occurred in a way that is direct opposition to an expectation, a rule, a prediction, or a desire. It is primarily composed of the particle 'ni' and the te-form of the verb 'hansuru' (to oppose/to be contrary to). When you use this expression, you are highlighting a contrast between a precursor (like a plan or a hope) and the actual reality that unfolded. It carries a slightly formal tone, making it very common in news reporting, academic writing, and professional business contexts, though it is also used in daily speech when one wants to emphasize the surprising nature of an outcome.

Core Concept: Opposition to a standard or expectation. It is the Japanese equivalent of 'contrary to' or 'against' in English.
Grammatical Connection: This structure follows a Noun. For example, 'Yosou' (prediction) becomes 'Yosou ni hanshite' (contrary to predictions).

The kanji used here is 反, which depicts a hand turning something over or a cliff edge where things are reversed. This visual history reinforces the meaning of 'turning against' or 'reversing' the expected flow. Unlike simple 'but' (demo) or 'however' (shikashi), 'ni hanshite' specifically targets the noun preceding it as the benchmark that was violated or contradicted. It is often used with words like 'kitai' (expectation), 'yosou' (prediction), 'yoi' (intention), and 'kisoku' (rules).

周囲の期待に反して、彼は大学を辞めてしまった。

Translation: Contrary to the expectations of those around him, he quit university.

In a professional setting, you might hear this when discussing market trends or legal compliance. For instance, if a company acts 'against the contract,' the phrase 'keiyaku ni hanshite' would be used. It implies a certain level of gravity or a significant deviation from what was established. In weather reports, you frequently hear 'yohou ni hanshite' when the rain unexpectedly stops or starts, emphasizing the failure of the forecast to match reality.

私の意図に反して、事態は悪化した。

Translation: Contrary to my intentions, the situation worsened.

Nuance Note: It often carries a sense of disappointment or surprise. When expectations are 'hanshite,' it suggests a gap between the human mind's projection and the world's reality.

Culturally, Japanese communication often relies on 'unspoken expectations' (kuuki wo yomu). Using 'ni hanshite' makes the breach of these expectations explicit. It is a powerful tool for narrative storytelling, allowing the speaker to set a scene of normalcy before delivering a plot twist. Whether you are reading a novel or listening to the news, this grammar point serves as a signal that the 'status quo' has been disrupted.

予報に反して、今日は快晴になった。

Translation: Contrary to the forecast, it became a clear day today.

Using 〜に反して correctly requires understanding its rigid grammatical structure. It almost exclusively follows a Noun. Unlike some other grammar points that can be preceded by verbs or adjectives in their dictionary forms, 'ni hanshite' acts as a post-positional phrase that attaches to a nominalized concept. The most common nouns used are those representing mental states, predictions, or established norms.

Basic Structure: [Noun] + に反して + [Resulting Clause]

When constructing a sentence, place the thing being contradicted at the beginning. If you want to say 'Contrary to my father's wishes,' you start with 'Chichi no negai' (Father's wish) followed by 'ni hanshite.' The second part of the sentence then describes what actually happened. It is important to note that the resulting clause often describes something that is the logical opposite of the noun. If the noun is 'expectation of victory,' the result should be 'defeat.'

大方の予想に反して、新人候補が当選した。

Translation: Contrary to most predictions, the new candidate was elected.

There is also a variation: 〜に反する (ni hansuru). This is the dictionary form of the verb and is used as an attributive clause to modify a noun that follows it. For example, 'rule-breaking behavior' would be 'kisoku ni hansuru koui.' Here, 'ni hansuru' functions like an adjective. Understanding the difference between 'ni hanshite' (adverbial) and 'ni hansuru' (adjectival) is key to mastering B1 level Japanese syntax.

In more formal or written Japanese, you might see 〜に反し (ni hanshi). This is the 'masu-stem' form used as a conjunction, which is even more literary than 'ni hanshite.' It serves the same purpose but creates a more rhythmic, high-level prose style often found in editorials or legal documents.

契約の条件に反して、無断でサブリースを行った。

Translation: Contrary to the terms of the contract, they subleased without permission.

Common Pairings: 1. 予想 (Yosou - Prediction)
2. 期待 (Kitai - Expectation)
3. 意図 (Ito - Intention)
4. 規則 (Kisoku - Rule)
5. 法律 (Houritsu - Law)

Finally, consider the emotional weight. While 'ni hanshite' is structurally neutral, the context often implies that the contradiction was either a pleasant surprise (like rain stopping) or a disappointing failure (like a plan going awry). The speaker's perspective is usually embedded in the choice of the noun and the following verb. If you use 'negai ni hanshite' (contrary to my wish), the tone is naturally regretful.

You will encounter 〜に反して in a variety of real-world scenarios, particularly where objective reporting meets unexpected subjective results. One of the most common places is the evening news. Journalists use it to describe everything from election upsets to economic downturns that defied expert analysis. For example, 'Senmonka no yosou ni hanshite...' (Contrary to experts' predictions...) is a standard opening for a segment about a sudden market crash or a surprise political victory.

市場の動向に反して、円安が進んでいる。

Translation: Contrary to market trends, the yen is continuing to weaken.

In Japanese literature and high-end drama (JDramas), this phrase is used to highlight internal conflict or the irony of fate. A protagonist might say, 'Kokoro no negai ni hanshite, karada ga ugokanai' (Contrary to my heart's desire, my body won't move). This usage adds a layer of literary depth, suggesting a struggle between the character's will and their reality. It’s much more formal and dramatic than saying 'but my body didn't move.'

Workplace Usage: In meetings, it’s used to report discrepancies. 'Keikaku ni hanshite, shincho ga okurete imasu' (Contrary to the plan, progress is delayed). It sounds more professional and objective than just saying 'we are late.'

Another frequent venue is the legal and academic world. Academic papers use 'ni hanshite' to contrast their findings with previous research or established theories. Legal documents use it to define violations. If you read the terms of service (TOS) for a Japanese app, you will likely see clauses starting with 'Hon kiyaku ni hanshite...' (In violation of these terms...). This highlights the 'against' meaning of the phrase, focusing on rules rather than expectations.

Sports commentary is another rich source. When an underdog team wins, the commentator will shout, 'Shimozono no yosou ni hanshite, kachidokidou desu!' (Contrary to everyone's expectations, it's a victory cry!). It builds tension and excitement by emphasizing how the reality has shattered the pre-game narrative. In all these cases, 'ni hanshite' serves as the bridge between what everyone thought would happen and what actually happened.

親の意向に反して、彼は芸術家を目指した。

Translation: Contrary to his parents' wishes, he aimed to become an artist.

One of the most frequent errors English speakers make with 〜に反して is confusing it with 〜に対して (ni taishite). While they look similar, their meanings are worlds apart. 'Ni taishite' means 'towards' or 'regarding' or 'in contrast to (comparing two things).' 'Ni hanshite' specifically means 'against' or 'contrary to (a single expectation or rule).' If you say 'Sensei ni hanshite shitsumon suru,' you are saying 'I ask a question against the teacher,' which sounds like you are attacking them. You should use 'Sensei ni taishite' (towards the teacher).

Confusion with 'Ni Taishite': Incorrect: 彼は彼女に反して親切だ (He is kind against her).
Correct: 彼は彼女に対して親切だ (He is kind towards her).

Another common mistake is trying to use 'ni hanshite' with a verb without nominalizing it. You cannot say 'Taberu ni hanshite.' You must say 'Taberu to iu keikaku ni hanshite' (Contrary to the plan to eat). The grammar strictly requires a noun. Learners often forget this and try to apply it like 'though' or 'although,' which are different grammatical categories in Japanese (like 'noni' or 'keredomo').

期待に反して、映画はつまらなかった。

Correct: Contrary to expectations, the movie was boring.

A subtle mistake involves the 'direction' of the opposition. 'Ni hanshite' is for things that *should* have happened or were *expected* to happen. It is not usually used for physical opposition like 'walking against the wind.' For physical opposition, 'ni sakaratte' (against the current/wind) is more appropriate. Using 'ni hanshite' for physical forces sounds unnatural and overly abstract.

Lastly, be careful with the formality level. Since 'ni hanshite' is a bit stiff, using it in a very casual conversation with close friends might make you sound like a news anchor. In casual speech, people often use 'nanoni' or 'yosou to chigatte' (different from the prediction). Save 'ni hanshite' for when you want to sound precise, serious, or when you are writing.

Mistake: Using it for physical forces: Avoid: 風に反して歩く (Walking against the wind).
Use: 風に逆らって歩く (Walking against/defying the wind).

To truly master 〜に反して, you must understand how it sits alongside similar expressions. The most direct synonym is 〜とは裏腹に (to wa urahara ni). While 'ni hanshite' focuses on the contradiction of a rule or expectation, 'to wa urahara ni' emphasizes a paradox or the 'flip side' of a situation, often involving emotions. For example, 'shinpai to wa urahara ni' (contrary to my worries - implying the result was surprisingly good) has a more personal, ironic nuance.

〜とは裏腹に (to wa urahara ni): Usage: Focuses on irony or the opposite side of a feeling. 'Contrary to his calm appearance, he was nervous.'
〜に逆らって (ni sakaratte): Usage: Used for physical resistance or actively defying authority. 'Swimming against the current' or 'defying the boss.'

Another alternative is 〜に拘わらず (ni kakawarazu), which means 'regardless of.' While 'ni hanshite' says the result was the *opposite* of the expectation, 'ni kakawarazu' says the expectation or condition *didn't matter* at all. For example, 'tenkou ni hanshite' implies the weather was the opposite of what was expected, while 'tenkou ni kakawarazu' means the event happens regardless of whether it rains or shines.

予想とは裏腹に、株価は上がった。

Comparison: Contrary to (the irony of) the prediction, stock prices rose.

For a more casual alternative, you can use 〜と違って (to chigatte), which simply means 'different from.' This is much more common in daily conversation. 'Yosou to chigatte' is the everyday version of 'Yosou ni hanshite.' It lacks the formal 'opposition' nuance but conveys the same basic fact that the result was not as expected.

In summary, while 'ni hanshite' is the standard for 'contrary to' in formal Japanese, choosing the right synonym depends on whether you want to emphasize irony (urahara ni), physical force (sakaratte), or just a simple difference (to chigatte). At the B1 level, being able to distinguish these nuances is a sign of advancing proficiency.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

The kanji '反' is also used in 'Hansei' (reflection). It implies 'turning your eyes back' onto your own actions. So while 'ni hanshite' is about opposing others, 'hansei' is about opposing your own past mistakes to improve!

Pronunciation Guide

UK ni haɴ.ɕi.te

US ni hɑn.ʃi.teɪ

Japanese is pitch-accented. In 'hanshite', the pitch generally stays relatively flat or drops slightly on 'shi'.

Rhymes With

Kanshite (regarding) Tanshite (shortening) Sanshite (referencing) Denshite (electronically) Junshite (conforming) Nenshite (burning) Honshite (essentially) Zenshite (entirely)

Common Errors

Pronouncing 'ni' like 'knee' (too long).
Making the 'n' sound like a hard English 'n' instead of a Japanese nasal 'n'.
Pronouncing 'shite' like the English vulgarity (should be 'she-teh').
Adding a heavy stress on one syllable (Japanese should be even).
Confusing the 'ha' with 'wa' if speaking too fast.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 3/5

Easy to recognize once the kanji '反' is known.

Writing 4/5

Requires remembering the 'ni' and the te-form.

Speaking 4/5

Slightly hard to fit into natural conversation without sounding stiff.

Listening 3/5

Clear pronunciation makes it easy to catch in news.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

反対 (Hantai) 違う (Chigau) 予想 (Yosou) 期待 (Kitai) 法律 (Houritsu)

Learn Next

〜に対して (ni taishite) 〜に際して (ni saishite) 〜に応えて (ni kotaete) 〜に反して (adjectival uses) 〜とは裏腹に (to wa urahara ni)

Advanced

〜に即して (ni sokushite) 〜に則って (ni nottotte) 〜に背いて (ni somoite) 〜をよそに (wo yosoni) 〜に拘わらず (ni kakawarazu)

Grammar to Know

Noun + に反して

期待に反して、彼は来なかった。

Noun + に反する + Noun

法律に反する行為はダメだ。

Noun + に反し (Literary conjunction)

兄は外向的なのに反し、弟は内気だ。

Noun + に反している (State)

その発言は事実に反している。

意に反して (Set phrase)

意に反して、涙が出てきた。

Examples by Level

予想に反して、雨が降りました。

Contrary to the prediction, it rained.

A1 students can learn 'Yosou' (prediction) as a vocabulary word.

私の期待に反して、テストは難しかった。

Contrary to my expectations, the test was difficult.

Simple Noun + ni hanshite structure.

計画に反して、時間がかかりました。

Contrary to the plan, it took time.

Focus on the noun 'Keikaku' (plan).

ルールに反して、彼は走りました。

Against the rules, he ran.

Using 'Rule' (katakana) makes it easier for A1.

みんなの願いに反して、負けてしまった。

Contrary to everyone's wishes, they lost.

Negai (wish) is a common noun pairing.

予報に反して、今日は寒いです。

Contrary to the forecast, it is cold today.

Yohou (forecast) is essential vocabulary.

父の意向に反して、私は留学した。

Contrary to my father's intentions, I studied abroad.

Ikou (intention) is a slightly more formal noun.

常識に反して、彼は帽子を脱がなかった。

Contrary to common sense, he didn't take off his hat.

Joushiki (common sense) is a useful concept.

周囲の期待に反して、彼は会社を辞めた。

Contrary to the expectations of those around him, he quit the company.

Shuui (surroundings/people around) adds context.

天気予報に反して、午後は晴天になった。

Contrary to the weather forecast, the afternoon became clear and sunny.

Seiten (clear sky) is a good A2 noun.

事前の予想に反して、その映画は大ヒットした。

Contrary to prior predictions, that movie became a big hit.

Jizen (prior/advance) clarifies the timing of the prediction.

親の教えに反して、彼は嘘をついた。

Against his parents' teachings, he told a lie.

Oshie (teachings) is a common noun for moral contexts.

健康への配慮に反して、彼は甘いものを食べすぎた。

Contrary to his concern for health, he ate too many sweets.

Hairyo (consideration/care) is a useful N3/A2 noun.

当初の目的に反して、話がそれてしまった。

Contrary to the original purpose, the conversation got off track.

Tousho (initial/original) is a formal time marker.

本人の希望に反して、転勤が決まった。

Contrary to the person's own wishes, a job transfer was decided.

Honnin (the person themselves) is common in business.

法律に反して、スピードを出しすぎた。

Against the law, they speeded too much.

Houritsu (law) is a standard pairing for 'ni hanshite'.

政府の意図に反して、物価は上昇し続けている。

Contrary to the government's intentions, prices continue to rise.

Focus on 'Seifu' (government) and 'Ito' (intention).

民意に反して、新しい法律が可決された。

Contrary to the will of the people, a new law was passed.

Min-i (will of the people) is a B1/N3 level political term.

本能に反して、彼は恐怖に立ち向かった。

Against his instincts, he faced his fear.

Hon-nou (instinct) adds a psychological layer.

期待に反して、新作ゲームの評判は良くなかった。

Contrary to expectations, the new game's reputation was not good.

Hyouban (reputation) is a key B1 noun.

契約に反して、代金が支払われていない。

Contrary to the contract, the payment has not been made.

Keiyaku (contract) is essential for business Japanese.

大方の予想に反して、円高が急激に進んだ。

Contrary to most predictions, the yen strengthened rapidly.

Ookata (most people/majority) is a formal quantifier.

道徳に反して、彼は友人を裏切った。

Against morality, he betrayed his friend.

Doutoku (morality) and uragiru (betray) are B1 vocabulary.

事実力に反して、彼は試合で実力を発揮できなかった。

Contrary to his actual ability, he couldn't demonstrate his skills in the match.

Jitsuryoku (actual ability) is a common B1 noun.

株主の期待に反して、配当金が減らされた。

Contrary to the shareholders' expectations, the dividends were reduced.

Kabunushi (shareholder) and haitoukin (dividend) are N2/B2 terms.

社会の慣習に反して、彼女は独自の道を歩んだ。

Contrary to social customs, she walked her own path.

Kanshuu (custom/convention) is a sophisticated N2 noun.

憲法に反するとして、その法律は無効になった。

Being deemed contrary to the constitution, that law became invalid.

Using 'ni hansuru to shite' as a reason/cause.

医師の忠告に反して、彼は退院を強行した。

Against the doctor's advice, he forced his discharge from the hospital.

Chuukoku (advice/warning) and kyoukou (forcing through) are B2 level.

平和への祈りに反して、紛争が拡大している。

Contrary to prayers for peace, the conflict is expanding.

Inori (prayer) and funsou (conflict) provide a serious context.

自身の信念に反して、彼は上司の命令に従った。

Against his own beliefs, he obeyed his boss's orders.

Shinnen (belief/conviction) is a strong B2 noun.

市場の原理に反して、価格が不自然に操作されている。

Contrary to market principles, prices are being unnaturally manipulated.

Genri (principle) and sousa (manipulation) are N2 level.

期待に反し、新製品の売れ行きは芳しくない。

Contrary to expectations, the sales of the new product are not favorable.

Using 'ni hanshi' as a literary conjunction.

時代の潮流に反して、その企業は保守的な経営を貫いている。

Contrary to the trends of the times, that company maintains conservative management.

Chouryuu (trend/tide) and tsuranuku (to stick to) are C1 level.

公序良俗に反する行為は、厳しく罰せられるべきだ。

Acts contrary to public order and morals should be strictly punished.

Koujo ryouzoku (public order and morals) is a formal legal term.

学説に反して、実験の結果は全く異なるデータを示した。

Contrary to the established theory, the experimental results showed completely different data.

Gakusetu (academic theory) is used in research contexts.

本人の意に反して、その秘密が公にされてしまった。

Against the person's will, the secret was made public.

'I ni hanshite' is a set C1/N1 expression meaning 'against one's will'.

教義に反する解釈は、異端として退けられた。

Interpretations contrary to the dogma were rejected as heresy.

Kyougi (dogma/doctrine) and itan (heresy) are advanced vocabulary.

予測モデルに反して、生態系は驚異的な回復力を見せた。

Contrary to predictive models, the ecosystem showed phenomenal resilience.

Yosoku moderu (predictive model) and seitai-kei (ecosystem) are C1 terms.

職務上の倫理に反して、彼は内部情報を漏洩した。

Contrary to professional ethics, he leaked internal information.

Rinri (ethics) and rouei (leakage) are high-level business terms.

美学に反するとして、彼はその華美な装飾を拒んだ。

Deeming it contrary to his aesthetics, he refused the flashy decorations.

Bigaku (aesthetics) and kabi (flashy/gaudy) are sophisticated terms.

万有引力の法則に反して物体が浮遊するなど、あり得ないことだ。

It is impossible for an object to float, as it would go against the law of universal gravitation.

Banyuu inryoku (universal gravitation) is a scientific term.

条約の精神に反して、一方的な軍事行動が開始された。

Contrary to the spirit of the treaty, unilateral military action was initiated.

Jouyaku no seishin (spirit of the treaty) is a high-level diplomatic phrase.

普遍的な正義に反する行為を、看過することはできない。

We cannot overlook acts that go against universal justice.

Fuhenteki (universal) and kanko (overlook) are C2 level.

論理的帰結に反して、彼は直感のみに頼って決断を下した。

Contrary to logical conclusions, he made a decision relying solely on intuition.

Ronriteki kiketsu (logical conclusion) is an advanced philosophical term.

生物学的摂理に反して、その個体は極限環境で生き延びた。

Contrary to biological providence, that individual survived in an extreme environment.

Seibutsu-gakuteki setsuri (biological providence) is highly academic.

歴史の必然に反して、その帝国は一夜にして崩壊した。

Contrary to historical inevitability, the empire collapsed overnight.

Rekishi no hitsuzen (historical inevitability) is a C2 historiographical term.

信義誠実の原則に反する主張は、法廷で認められない。

Claims that go against the principle of good faith are not recognized in court.

Shingi seijitsu no gensoku (principle of good faith) is a core legal concept.

自己のアイデンティティに反してまで、集団に同調する必要はない。

There is no need to conform to a group to the extent that it goes against your own identity.

Douchou (conformity) and 'ni hanshite made' (even to the point of going against).

Common Collocations

予想に反して

期待に反して

意図に反して

法律に反して

予報に反して

意思に反して

常識に反して

規則に反して

願いに反して

真実に反して

Common Phrases

意に反して

— Against one's will or desire. Often used when someone is forced to do something.

意に反して、彼はリーダーに選ばれた。

期待に反する結果

— A result that goes against expectations. Used to describe disappointment.

期待に反する結果に終わった。

予想に反した展開

— An unexpected turn of events. Common in stories or sports.

試合は予想に反した展開を見せた。

事実に反する

— To be contrary to the facts. Often used in legal or academic contexts.

その記事は事実に反する内容だ。

教えに反して

— Against what one was taught. Usually refers to moral or religious education.

師の教えに反して、彼は独自の流派を作った。

当初の計画に反して

— Contrary to the original plan. Used when things change mid-way.

当初の計画に反して、予算がオーバーした。

民意に反する政策

— Policies that go against the public will. Used in political criticism.

民意に反する政策に反対する。

本能に反して

— Against instinct. Used in psychological or biological contexts.

恐怖という本能に反して進む。

契約条項に反して

— In violation of contract terms. Standard legal phrasing.

契約条項に反して、無断で複製した。

時代の要請に反して

— Against the demands of the times. Used to describe outdated ideas.

時代の要請に反して、古い制度を維持する。

Often Confused With

〜に反して vs 〜に対して (ni taishite)

Means 'towards' or 'regarding.' Used for target objects or simple comparisons, not for violations of expectations.

〜に反して vs 〜に際して (ni saishite)

Means 'on the occasion of.' Used for timing, not for opposition.

〜に反して vs 〜に逆らって (ni sakaratte)

Means 'defying' or 'going against a physical force.' More active and physical than the abstract 'ni hanshite'.

Idioms & Expressions

"意に反して"

— Against one's heart/will. Used when an outcome is not what you truly wanted.

意に反して、涙がこぼれた。

Literary

"道理に反する"

— To go against reason or logic. Used to describe irrational behavior.

そんなわがままは道理に反する。

Formal

"天の摂理に反する"

— To go against the providence of heaven/nature. Very dramatic.

その実験は天の摂理に反している。

Academic/Literary

"人の道に反する"

— To go against the 'way of humans' (morality). Serious moral condemnation.

親を捨てるのは人の道に反する行為だ。

Formal/Traditional

"平穏に反する"

— To disturb the peace. Used in legal contexts regarding public order.

社会の平穏に反する行為は慎むべきだ。

Legal

"予想を裏切る"

— To betray (go against) expectations. A more active version of 'ni hanshite'.

彼はいい意味で予想を裏切ってくれた。

Neutral

"掟に反する"

— Against the code/laws of a specific group (like samurai or a gang).

一族の掟に反する者は追放される。

Literary/Historical

"良心に反する"

— Against one's conscience.

良心に反することはしたくない。

Neutral

"期待を裏切る"

— To disappoint expectations (literally 'to betray expectations').

ファンの期待を裏切るような真似はできない。

Neutral

"信義に反する"

— Against faith and loyalty. Used in formal agreements.

信義に反する行為は、ビジネスにおいて致命的だ。

Formal

Easily Confused

〜に反して vs 反対 (Hantai)

Both mean 'opposite.'

'Hantai' is a noun/verb meaning 'to disagree' or 'the opposite side.' 'Ni hanshite' is a grammatical connector meaning 'contrary to.'

私はその意見に反対だ。 (I am against that opinion.) vs 予想に反して... (Contrary to predictions...)

〜に反して vs 違反 (Ihan)

Both relate to breaking rules.

'Ihan' is a noun for a violation (e.g., speed violation). 'Ni hanshite' is the way to say 'in violation of.'

スピード違反。 (Speeding violation.) vs 規則に反してスピードを出す。 (Speeding against the rules.)

〜に反して vs 逆 (Gyaku)

Both mean 'reverse.'

'Gyaku' is a general noun for 'the reverse.' 'Ni hanshite' is specifically for expectations/rules.

それは逆だ。 (That's the reverse.) vs 期待に反して... (Contrary to expectations...)

〜に反して vs 裏腹 (Urahara)

Both imply a contradiction.

'Urahara' implies two things that are linked but opposite (like a person's inner and outer feelings). 'Ni hanshite' is a simple breach of an external standard.

言葉とは裏腹に... (Contrary to his words - implying he felt otherwise.)

〜に反して vs 矛盾 (Mujun)

Both mean 'contradiction.'

'Mujun' is a noun for a logical contradiction within a single thing. 'Ni hanshite' is the act of one thing going against another.

彼の話は矛盾している。 (His story is contradictory.)

Sentence Patterns

[Noun] に反して、[Surprising Result]

予想に反して、彼は勝った。

[Noun] に反する [Noun]

規則に反する行動。

[Noun] に反し、[Contrast Clause]

期待に反し、結果は悪かった。

[Noun] に反している

それは事実に反している。

意に反して [Verb]

意に反して、彼はその役を引き受けた。

[Noun] に反してまで [Verb]

親の意向に反してまで、彼は日本を離れた。

[Abstract Noun] に反する [Abstract Noun]

普遍的正義に反する暴挙。

[Noun] に反しない限り

法律に反しない限り、自由だ。

Word Family

Nouns

反対 (Hantai) - Opposition

反動 (Handou) - Reaction

反則 (Hansoku) - Foul/Violation

反論 (Hanron) - Counter-argument

Verbs

反する (Hansuru) - To oppose/violate

反らす (Sorasu) - To bend back

反省する (Hansei suru) - To reflect/regret

Adjectives

反対の (Hantai no) - Opposite

反社会的な (Hanshakaiteki na) - Anti-social

違反 (Ihan) - Violation

謀反 (Muhon) - Rebellion

正反対 (Seihantai) - Complete opposite

反比例 (Hanpirei) - Inverse proportion

反発 (Hanpatsu) - Repulsion/Opposition

How to Use It

frequency

Common in written media and formal speech. Rare in very casual slang.

Common Mistakes

彼は私に反して親切だ。 → 彼は私に対して親切だ。
You used 'ni hanshite' to mean 'towards.' 'Ni hanshite' means 'against' or 'contrary to.'
食べるに反して、寝た。 → 食べる計画に反して、寝た。
You used 'ni hanshite' directly after a verb. It must follow a noun.
風に反して歩く。 → 風に逆らって歩く。
You used 'ni hanshite' for physical opposition. 'Ni sakaratte' is for physical forces like wind or water.
私の期待に反して、彼は来た。 → 私の期待通りに、彼は来た。
If the result is what you expected, use 'toori ni.' 'Ni hanshite' is only for the *opposite* of expectations.
昨日に反して、今日は暑い。 → 昨日と違って、今日は暑い。
Don't use 'ni hanshite' for simple daily comparisons. 'To chigatte' is more natural for comparing days.

Tips

Always Nominalize

Remember that 'ni hanshite' only follows nouns. If you want to use a verb, add 'koto' or 'no' to make it a noun first, though choosing a related noun like 'keikaku' is usually better.

Business Reporting

In business, use 'ni hanshite' to report gaps between goals and reality. It sounds more objective and analytical than using 'but'.

Legal Contexts

When reading contracts, look for 'ni hansuru.' It often precedes the consequences of breaking the agreement.

Avoid Personal Attacks

Don't say 'Anata ni hanshite' (Against you). Instead, say 'Anata no kangae ni hanshite' (Contrary to your thinking) to remain professional.

The Stem Form

Use 'ni hanshi' in your JLPT N2/N1 essays to show a higher level of writing proficiency and better sentence rhythm.

Weather Reports

Practice listening for 'yohou ni hanshite' during Japanese weather forecasts. It's a very common phrase when the weather changes unexpectedly.

Set Phrases

Memorize 'I ni hanshite' (Against one's will) as a single block. It's used very frequently in literature and formal speech.

Vs Ni Taishite

If you are comparing two people (He is tall, but she is short), use 'ni taishite.' If you are saying a result broke a rule, use 'ni hanshite'.

The 'Han' Kanji

Think of the 'Han' kanji as a hand flipping a coin. The coin lands on the opposite side of what you called. That is 'ni hanshite'.

Breaking the Wa

Understand that 'ni hanshite' often implies a significant event because it means an established expectation or harmony was broken.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'Han' as 'Hand' and 'Shite' as 'Shift'. You are 'Hand-Shifting' away from what was expected. The 'Ni' points to the thing you are shifting away from.

Visual Association

Imagine a weather map showing a sun, but a giant red 'X' (the 'Han') is drawn over it, and rain is falling below. The 'X' is 'ni hanshite' the sun.

Word Web

Expectation (期待) Prediction (予想) Rule (規則) Law (法律) Contrary (反して) Result (結果) Reality (現実) Surprise (驚き)

Challenge

Try to find one news headline today from a Japanese site like NHK News that uses 'ni hanshite.' It is almost guaranteed to be in the economics or politics section.

Word Origin

The phrase comes from the verb 'hansuru' (反する), which is the 'suru' verb form of the kanji '反' (han). The kanji itself originally depicted a hand (又) turning over a piece of cloth or a cliff (厂) where something is reversed. Over time, it came to represent any act of turning against, opposing, or being in a state of reversal.

Original meaning: To turn over or to go against a physical direction.

Sino-Japanese (Kango) base with Japanese grammatical particles.

Cultural Context

Be careful when using this with a person's name (e.g., Tanaka-san ni hanshite). It can sound very confrontational, as if you are accusing them of being a rebel. Use 'Tanaka-san no iken to wa chigatte' (different from Mr. Tanaka's opinion) to be more polite.

English speakers often use 'but' or 'however' for everything. Learning 'ni hanshite' allows you to be more specific about *what* is being contradicted, similar to the difference between 'but' and 'notwithstanding' in English.

Used in academic papers discussing the 'Unexpected Yen' (Yosou ni hanshite En-yasu). Commonly found in the lyrics of J-Pop songs about forbidden love (unmei ni hanshite - against fate). A frequent term in the Japanese translation of the UN Charter regarding acts against peace.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Weather Forecasts

予報に反して (Contrary to the forecast)
予想に反する寒さ (Unexpected cold)
期待に反して雨 (Rain contrary to hopes)
当初の予測に反して (Contrary to initial predictions)

Legal and Rules

法律に反して (Against the law)
規則に反する行為 (Rule-breaking act)
契約に反して (Contrary to contract)
掟に反する (Against the code)

Business Reporting

計画に反して (Contrary to the plan)
期待に反する売上 (Sales below expectations)
意図に反して (Contrary to intentions)
市場の動向に反して (Against market trends)

Personal Feelings

意に反して (Against one's will)
願いに反して (Contrary to one's wish)
期待に反して (Contrary to expectations)
本能に反して (Against instinct)

Academic/Research

仮説に反して (Contrary to the hypothesis)
学説に反するデータ (Data against theory)
事実に反して (Contrary to the facts)
論理に反して (Against logic)

Conversation Starters

"予想に反して、最近の天気はどう思いますか？ (Contrary to predictions, what do you think of the recent weather?)"

"期待に反して、がっかりした映画はありますか？ (Is there a movie that disappointed you contrary to your expectations?)"

"親の意向に反して、何かを決めたことはありますか？ (Have you ever decided something contrary to your parents' wishes?)"

"計画に反して、旅行で起きたハプニングは？ (What happened on your trip that went contrary to the plan?)"

"自分の意に反して、やらされた仕事はありますか？ (Have you ever been made to do a job against your will?)"

Journal Prompts

「期待に反して、良い結果になったこと」について書いてください。 (Write about a time when, contrary to expectations, things turned out well.)

「自分の意に反して、何かをしなければならなかった時」の気持ちを説明してください。 (Explain your feelings when you had to do something against your will.)

「予報に反して雨が降った日」の思い出を書いてください。 (Write a memory of a day it rained contrary to the forecast.)

「社会のルールに反してでも、守りたい信念」はありますか？ (Are there beliefs you want to protect even if they go against social rules?)

「予想に反して、驚いたニュース」について自分の意見を述べてください。 (State your opinion on a news story that surprised you, contrary to your predictions.)

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

Generally, no. You use it with a person's *wishes*, *expectations*, or *orders*. Saying 'Tanaka-san ni hanshite' sounds like you are physically or totally opposing him as a person. Use 'Tanaka-san no negai ni hanshite' (Contrary to Mr. Tanaka's wish) instead.

'Ni sakaratte' is for active, often physical, resistance (swimming against the current, defying a boss). 'Ni hanshite' is for abstract contradictions (contrary to a forecast, against the law). Use 'sakaratte' when there is an active force to push against.

It is formal and polite (te-form of 'hansuru'). It is appropriate for business and academic settings. In very casual talk, it might sound a bit stiff, so people use 'nanoni' or 'to chigatte'.

No, it must follow a noun. If you want to start a sentence with 'Contrary to that,' you would say 'Sore ni hanshite...' or use an adverb like 'Gyaku ni' (Conversely).

Use 'ni hansuru' to modify a noun directly. For example: 'Houritsu ni hansuru koui' (An act that violates the law). Here, 'ni hansuru' acts like an adjective for 'koui'.

Yes! You can say 'Yosou ni hanshite, goukaku shita' (Contrary to predictions, I passed). It just means the result was the opposite of the prediction, whether good or bad.

The 'Big Five' are: 予想 (yosou - prediction), 期待 (kitai - expectation), 意向 (ikou - intention), 規則 (kisoku - rule), and 法律 (houritsu - law).

Yes, but it's better to say 'Kotoba ni hanshite' or 'Sengen ni hanshite' (Contrary to the declaration). Using it with a nominalized verb phrase is grammatically okay but less common than using a pure noun.

Yes, 'ni hanshi' is just the literary stem form of 'ni hanshite.' It is used in newspapers and formal writing to connect two parts of a sentence.

No, the result is just a normal sentence clause. For example: 'Kitai ni hanshite, ame ga futta.' (Contrary to expectations, it rained.)