A2 Verb Tenses 5 min read かんたん

パンジャブ語の過去形：〜した、終わった (-ia, -e, -i)

Match the verb ending to the gender and number of the subject (or object if using 'ne').
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Punjabi past tense endings change based on the gender and number of the subject or object.

  • Masculine singular: Add -ਿਆ (ia) to the verb root (e.g., ਖਾਧਾ - ate).
  • Feminine singular: Add -ਈ (i) to the verb root (e.g., ਖਾਧੀ - ate).
  • Plural forms: Use -ਏ (e) for masculine plural and -ਈਆਂ (ian) for feminine plural.
Verb Root + Gender/Number Suffix = Past Tense

Overview

友達のInstagramの投稿にすでに「いいね！」したと伝えようとしたことはありますか... [Translation of the English structure] ... FAQ

Past Tense Conjugation (Verb: ਖਾਣਾ - To Eat)

Gender/Number Suffix Example
Masculine Singular
-ਿਆ
ਖਾਧਾ
Feminine Singular
-ਈ
ਖਾਧੀ
Masculine Plural
-ਏ
ਖਾਧੇ
Feminine Plural
-ਈਆਂ
ਖਾਧੀਆਂ

Meanings

The simple past tense is used to describe completed actions in the past.

1

Completed Action

An action that finished at a specific time in the past.

“ਉਸਨੇ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀਤਾ (Usne paani peeta - He drank water)”

“ਮੈਂ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਪੜ੍ਹੀ (Main kitaab parhi - I read the book)”

Reference Table

Reference table for パンジャブ語の過去形：〜した、終わった (-ia, -e, -i)
Subject/Object Type Ending Example (Stem: Likh-) Translation
Masculine Singular
-ia
Likhia
Wrote
Masculine Plural
-e
Likhe
Wrote
Feminine Singular
-i
Likhi
Wrote
Feminine Plural
-iaa
Likhiaa
Wrote
Irregular (Go - M.S.)
gia
Gia
Went
Irregular (Eat - F.S.)
khadi
Khadi
Ate

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
ਮੈਂ ਭੋਜਨ ਗ੍ਰਹਿਣ ਕੀਤਾ।

ਮੈਂ ਭੋਜਨ ਗ੍ਰਹਿਣ ਕੀਤਾ। (Dining)

ニュートラル
ਮੈਂ ਖਾਣਾ ਖਾਧਾ।

ਮੈਂ ਖਾਣਾ ਖਾਧਾ। (Dining)

カジュアル
ਮੈਂ ਖਾ ਲਿਆ।

ਮੈਂ ਖਾ ਲਿਆ। (Dining)

スラング
ਮੈਂ ਖਾ ਲਿਆ ਯਾਰ।

ਮੈਂ ਖਾ ਲਿਆ ਯਾਰ। (Dining)

Punjabi Past Tense Agreement

Past Verb Ending

Intransitive (No Object)

  • Agrees with Subject Example: Oh gia (He went)

Transitive (With Object)

  • Agrees with Object Example: Usne roti khadi (He ate bread)

Gender & Number Endings

Masculine
-ia (Singular) likhia
-e (Plural) likhe
Feminine
-i (Singular) likhi
-iaa (Plural) likhiaa

Choosing the Right Ending

1

Is there a direct object + 'ne'?

YES
Match the OBJECT's gender/number
NO
Match the SUBJECT's gender/number
2

Is it Feminine Plural?

YES
Use -iaa
NO ↓

Common Irregular Past Verbs

🏃

Movement

  • • Jana -> Gia
  • • Auna -> Aia
🍕

Consumption

  • • Khana -> Khada
  • • Pina -> Pita

レベル別の例文

1

ਮੈਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀਤਾ

I drank water

2

ਉਸਨੇ ਸੇਬ ਖਾਧਾ

He ate an apple

3

ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ

I did work

4

ਉਹ ਆਇਆ

He came

1

ਮੈਂ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਨਹੀਂ ਪੜ੍ਹੀ

I did not read the book

2

ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਖਾਣਾ ਖਾਧਾ?

Did you eat food?

3

ਉਸਨੇ ਚਿੱਠੀ ਲਿਖੀ

She wrote a letter

4

ਅਸੀਂ ਫਿਲਮ ਦੇਖੀ

We watched a movie

1

ਉਸਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸੱਚ ਦੱਸਿਆ

He told me the truth

2

ਮੈਂ ਸਾਰਾ ਕੰਮ ਖਤਮ ਕੀਤਾ

I finished all the work

3

ਉਹ ਅੱਜ ਸਵੇਰੇ ਆਏ

They came this morning

4

ਮੈਂ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਮਿਲਿਆ ਸੀ

I met him yesterday

1

ਉਸਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਬਹੁਤ ਕੁਝ ਸਿਖਾਇਆ

He taught me a lot

2

ਅਸੀਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਮਿਹਨਤ ਕੀਤੀ

We worked very hard

3

ਉਸਨੇ ਆਪਣਾ ਫੈਸਲਾ ਬਦਲਿਆ

He changed his decision

4

ਮੈਂ ਇਹ ਗੱਲ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਸੁਣੀ ਸੀ

I had heard this before

1

ਉਸਨੇ ਸਾਰੀ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਝਿਆ

He understood the whole situation

2

ਉਸਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਗਲਤੀ ਮੰਨੀ

He admitted his mistake

3

ਅਸੀਂ ਇਸ ਮੁੱਦੇ 'ਤੇ ਚਰਚਾ ਕੀਤੀ

We discussed this issue

4

ਉਸਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਨਵੀਂ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ ਦਿੱਤੀ

He gave me a new perspective

1

ਉਸਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਕਲਾ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਨੂੰ ਬਿਆਨ ਕੀਤਾ

He narrated history through his art

2

ਉਸਨੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਨਿਯਮਾਂ ਦੀ ਪਾਲਣਾ ਕੀਤੀ

He followed all the rules

3

ਇਹ ਘਟਨਾ ਇੱਕ ਨਵਾਂ ਮੋੜ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਆਈ

This event brought a new turn

4

ਉਸਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਪੂਰੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੇਵਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਗਾਈ

He dedicated his whole life to serving people

間違えやすい

Punjabi Past Tense: Did it, Done it (-ia, -e, -i) 対 Present Perfect vs Simple Past

Learners often use 'si' (was) with everything.

Punjabi Past Tense: Did it, Done it (-ia, -e, -i) 対 Transitive vs Intransitive

Adding 'ne' to intransitive verbs.

Punjabi Past Tense: Did it, Done it (-ia, -e, -i) 対 Gender Agreement

Matching verb to subject instead of object.

よくある間違い

✗

ਮੈਂ ਖਾਧਾ ਸੇਬ

✓

ਮੈਂ ਸੇਬ ਖਾਧਾ

Word order is wrong.
✗

ਉਹ ਖਾਧਾ

✓

ਉਸਨੇ ਖਾਧਾ

Missing 'ne' marker.
✗

ਮੈਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀਤੀ

✓

ਮੈਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀਤਾ

Wrong gender agreement.
✗

ਉਸਨੇ ਸੇਬ ਖਾਧੀ

✓

ਉਸਨੇ ਸੇਬ ਖਾਧਾ

Wrong gender agreement.
✗

ਮੈਂ ਨਹੀਂ ਖਾਧਾ ਸੇਬ

✓

ਮੈਂ ਸੇਬ ਨਹੀਂ ਖਾਧਾ

Placement of 'nahi'.
✗

ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਖਾਧਾ?

✓

ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਖਾਣਾ ਖਾਧਾ?

Missing object.
✗

ਉਹ ਆਈ ਸੀ

✓

ਉਹ ਆਈ

Unnecessary 'si'.
✗

ਮੈਂ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਮਿਲਿਆ

✓

ਮੈਂ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਮਿਲਿਆ ਸੀ

Missing auxiliary for distant past.
✗

ਉਸਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਕਹੀ

✓

ਉਸਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਕਿਹਾ

Gender agreement error.
✗

ਅਸੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ

✓

ਅਸੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ

Overusing 'si'.
✗

ਉਸਨੇ ਸਾਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਸਮਝੀ

✓

ਉਸਨੇ ਸਾਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਸਮਝ ਲਈ

Missing compound verb.
✗

ਉਹ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ

✓

ਉਹ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ

Aspectual nuance.
✗

ਉਸਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਸੀ

✓

ਉਸਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਦੱਸਿਆ

Register mismatch.

文型パターン

ਮੈਂ ___ ਖਾਧਾ।

ਉਸਨੇ ___ ਪੜ੍ਹੀ।

ਅਸੀਂ ___ ਕੀਤਾ।

ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ___ ਦੇਖਿਆ?

Real World Usage

Texting constant

ਕੀ ਖਾਧਾ?

Social Media very common

ਅੱਜ ਮੈਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਮਜ਼ਾ ਕੀਤਾ!

Job Interview common

ਮੈਂ ਪਿਛਲੀ ਕੰਪਨੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ।

Travel common

ਮੈਂ ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਦੇਖਿਆ।

Food Delivery occasional

ਮੈਂ ਖਾਣਾ ਆਰਡਰ ਕੀਤਾ।

Storytelling very common

ਇੱਕ ਵਾਰ ਇੱਕ ਰਾਜਾ ਆਇਆ।

💡

The 'Ne' Rule

If you see 'ne', ignore the person speaking! Look at what they are eating or holding to decide the verb ending.
⚠️

Irregular Alert

Verbs like 'to go' (jana) and 'to do' (karna) are irregular. Practice 'gia' and 'kita' until they become second nature.
🎯

Feminine Plural Sound

The feminine plural ending -iaa sounds like a long 'ah' at the end. It's subtle but makes you sound very fluent.

Smart Tips

Check if it is transitive.

ਮੈਂ ਆਇਆ (Intransitive) → ਉਸਨੇ ਖਾਧਾ (Transitive)

Identify the object's gender first.

ਮੈਂ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਪੜ੍ਹਿਆ → ਮੈਂ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਪੜ੍ਹੀ

Pause to think about the gender.

ਮੈਂ ਸੇਬ ਪੜ੍ਹੀ → ਮੈਂ ਸੇਬ ਖਾਧਾ

Listen for the verb ending.

Ignoring endings → Noticing -ia vs -i

発音

ian (nasal)

Nasalization

Ensure the 'n' sound in 'ian' is soft.

Question

Rising at the end.

Inquiry

暗記しよう

記憶術

Remember 'IA' for 'I Ate' (masculine) and 'I' for 'I' (feminine).

視覚的連想

Imagine a boy eating an apple (IA) and a girl eating a berry (I).

Rhyme

Masculine ends in ia, feminine ends in i, past tense is easy, just give it a try.

Story

Yesterday, I ate (khadha) an apple. My sister ate (khadhi) a berry. We both ate (khadhe) many fruits.

Word Web

ਖਾਧਾਪੀਤਾਪੜ੍ਹੀਲਿਖੀਆਇਆਗਈ

チャレンジ

Write 5 sentences about what you ate for breakfast today using the correct gender endings.

文化メモ

The 'ne' marker is a sign of grammatical respect and precision.

Derived from Sanskrit past participles.

会話のきっかけ

“

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਕੀ ਕੀਤਾ?

“

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਿਹੜੀ ਫਿਲਮ ਦੇਖੀ?

“

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਪਿਛਲੇ ਹਫਤੇ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਗਏ ਸੀ?

“

ਤੁਹਾਡਾ ਬਚਪਨ ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵਧੀਆ ਅਨੁਭਵ ਕੀ ਸੀ?

日記のテーマ

Write about your morning routine yesterday.
Describe a trip you took recently.
Write about a challenge you overcame.
Reflect on a life-changing decision.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct past tense form of 'likhna' (to write).

Main ik chithi ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: likhi
Since 'chithi' (letter) is feminine singular, the verb must end in -i.
Which sentence is correct for 'They (men) went'? 選択問題

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Oh gae.
'Oh' (they) is plural, and 'gae' is the masculine plural past form of 'jana' (to go).
Find the mistake in this sentence: 'Main roti khadia.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Main roti khadia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main roti khadi.
'Roti' is feminine singular, so the verb must be 'khadi', regardless of the speaker's gender when using 'ne' (implied or stated).

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

ਮੈਂ ਸੇਬ ___ (eat).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਖਾਧਾ
Apple is masculine singular.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਉਸਨੇ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਪੜ੍ਹੀ
Book is feminine singular.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

ਮੈਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀਤੀ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਮੈਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀਤਾ
Water is masculine.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

ਖਾਧਾ / ਸੇਬ / ਉਸਨੇ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਉਸਨੇ ਸੇਬ ਖਾਧਾ
Correct S-O-V order.
Translate to Punjabi. 翻訳

She wrote a letter.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਉਸਨੇ ਚਿੱਠੀ ਲਿਖੀ
Letter is feminine.
Conjugate 'ਕਰਨਾ' (to do) for masculine plural. Conjugation Drill

ਅਸੀਂ ਕੰਮ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਕੀਤੇ
Masculine plural.
Match the verb to the gender. Match Pairs

Match: ਖਾਧਾ, ਖਾਧੀ, ਖਾਧੇ, ਖਾਧੀਆਂ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: M.S., F.S., M.P., F.P.
Standard agreement.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਫਿਲਮ ਦੇਖੀ? B: ਹਾਂ, ਮੈਂ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦੇਖੀ
Movie is feminine.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the sentence with the past tense of 'khana' (to eat). 穴埋め問題

Mundia ne apple ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khadia
Put the words in the correct order: (He went home). Sentence Reorder

gia / oh / ghar

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: oh ghar gia
Translate 'I saw a movie' (Film is feminine). 翻訳

I saw a movie.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main film vekhi.
Match the subject/object with the correct verb ending. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Masculine Singular: -ia, Feminine Singular: -i, Masculine Plural: -e, Feminine Plural: -iaa
How do you say 'She went'? 選択問題

She went.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Oh gai.
Fix the ending: 'Kuria ne kam kitaa.' (The girls did the work). Error Correction

Kuria ne kam ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kita
Fill in the past tense of 'pina' (to drink). 穴埋め問題

Main pani ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pita
Translate 'They (women) wrote'. 翻訳

They (women) wrote.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ohna ne likhiaa.
Which one is an irregular past tense verb? 選択問題

Identify the irregular form:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gia (from jana)
Complete: 'The boys played' (khedna). 穴埋め問題

Munde ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khede

Score: /10

よくある質問 (8)

It marks the agent of a transitive verb in the past tense.

No, only transitive verbs.

If it takes an object.

The verb ending changes to match.

Yes, they share the ergative structure.

No, it is only for the past.

Gender agreement errors.

Write daily journals.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

Pretérito Indefinido

Punjabi is ergative.

French moderate

Passé Composé

Punjabi uses suffixes.

German low

Präteritum

Punjabi is ergative.

Japanese partial

Ta-form

Japanese does not have gender agreement.

Arabic moderate

Past Tense (Madi)

Punjabi uses ergative 'ne'.

Chinese low

Le particle

Punjabi uses full conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Related Grammar Rules

A1

Using 'Reha' for Continuous
A1

Verb Stem + -da (Habitual)
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