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A1 noun #2,816 most common 9 min read

脅威

kyōi
Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 脅威 in 30 Seconds
Explanation 脅威 in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners are primarily focused on basic survival Japanese, such as greetings, simple requests, and everyday vocabulary. The word 脅威 (kyōi) is generally considered too advanced for this stage, as it deals with abstract and complex concepts like 'threat' or 'menace'. However, A1 learners might encounter this word passively if they watch Japanese news broadcasts, anime, or movies. In these contexts, they might hear it used dramatically by characters or news anchors. For an A1 learner, the goal is not necessarily to use this word in active conversation, but rather to recognize its sound and associate it with a sense of danger or a serious situation. If an A1 learner wishes to express the concept of danger, they are better off learning the simpler and more common word 危険 (kiken - danger). Understanding that 脅威 exists as a more formal, intense version of 'danger' is a good stepping stone. Teachers might introduce it briefly when discussing genres of movies (like action or thriller) or when explaining the basic plot of a popular anime where a 'threat' to humanity is a central theme. The focus remains on recognition rather than production.
As learners progress to the A2 level, they begin to understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance. While 脅威 (kyōi) is still largely outside the scope of daily conversational needs, A2 learners start to consume more varied Japanese media, including simplified news or manga, where this word might appear. At this stage, learners can begin to understand the word in its most basic contexts, such as 'a threat to peace' or 'a threat from a monster'. They should learn to distinguish it from the emotion of fear (恐怖 - kyōfu) and the general concept of danger (危険 - kiken). A2 learners can practice recognizing the kanji 脅 (threaten) and 威 (majesty/intimidation), which will help them guess the meaning of related words in the future. They might learn simple sentence structures like 'Xは脅威です' (X is a threat). Although they may not use it in their own daily speaking, recognizing it helps build a foundation for understanding more complex narratives and prepares them for the intermediate levels where reading comprehension of authentic texts becomes more important.
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At the B1 level, learners are expected to understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Here, 脅威 (kyōi) becomes a highly relevant vocabulary word. B1 learners start reading actual news articles, opinion pieces, and watching documentaries where topics like environmental issues, technology, and society are discussed. They need to understand 脅威 to grasp discussions about 'the threat of global warming' (地球温暖化の脅威) or 'cyber threats' (サイバー脅威). At this stage, learners should actively start using the word in their writing and speaking when discussing these broader topics. They need to learn the common verbs associated with it, particularly '脅威を感じる' (to feel a threat) and '脅威になる' (to become a threat). B1 learners should practice constructing sentences that express their opinions on various global or societal issues using this word. This marks a transition from merely recognizing the word to utilizing it as a tool for expressing more sophisticated thoughts and participating in discussions about the world around them.
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Reaching the B2 level means a learner can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in their field of specialization. 脅威 (kyōi) is a standard, expected vocabulary item at this level. B2 learners must be comfortable using it in formal contexts, such as business presentations, academic essays, and debates. They should master a wider range of collocations, such as '脅威に直面する' (to face a threat), '脅威を取り除く' (to eliminate a threat), and '脅威をもたらす' (to bring about a threat). Furthermore, they should understand its use in compound nouns like '軍事的脅威' (military threat) or '潜在的脅威' (potential threat). At B2, learners can articulate the nuances between 脅威, 危機 (crisis), and 危険 (danger) with precision. They can read and summarize news articles detailing geopolitical tensions or economic forecasts where 'threat' is a central theme. The ability to use 脅威 naturally and accurately demonstrates a strong command of formal Japanese and the ability to engage with serious, adult-level discourse.
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At the C1 level, learners can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning. They can express themselves fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. For a C1 learner, 脅威 (kyōi) is fully integrated into their active vocabulary. They can use it effortlessly in complex sentence structures to discuss highly abstract or nuanced topics, such as the existential threat of artificial intelligence, the subtle threats to democratic institutions, or the psychological threats in a competitive environment. They understand the rhetorical power of the word and can use it to persuade, warn, or analyze in both written and spoken Japanese. C1 learners are also familiar with less common or highly specific collocations and idiomatic usages. They can read academic papers, legal documents, or advanced literary works where the concept of a threat is explored in depth. Their use of the word is indistinguishable from that of an educated native speaker, demonstrating a deep understanding of its cultural and contextual weight.
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The C2 level represents near-native proficiency, where a learner can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. They can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. At this ultimate stage, the understanding and use of 脅威 (kyōi) are absolute. C2 learners can dissect the etymology of the kanji to explain its historical connotations. They can engage in high-level geopolitical analysis, philosophical debates, or advanced literary criticism where the nature of a 'threat' is deconstructed. They are acutely aware of the register and tone, knowing exactly when to use 脅威 for maximum rhetorical impact and when a softer or more specific term might be more appropriate. They can play with the word, use it metaphorically, or understand its use in satire and irony. For a C2 learner, 脅威 is not just a vocabulary word; it is a conceptual tool used to navigate and articulate the most complex and critical issues facing society, demonstrating a mastery of the Japanese language that encompasses both profound depth and exceptional breadth.
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Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

脅威 in 30 Seconds

  • Means 'threat' or 'menace' in English.
  • Used for serious, large-scale dangers, not minor daily issues.
  • Commonly paired with verbs like 感じる (feel) and 直面する (face).
  • Frequently heard in news, politics, and serious discussions.

The Japanese word 脅威 (kyōi) translates directly to 'threat' or 'menace' in English. It is a powerful noun used to describe something that poses a significant danger to safety, stability, or existence. Understanding this word requires looking at its kanji components. The first kanji, 脅 (kyō), means to threaten, coerce, or intimidate. The second kanji, 威 (i), refers to majesty, authority, or intimidation. Together, they form a word that conveys a strong sense of impending danger or a force that commands fear and respect due to its destructive potential. This term is not typically used for minor, everyday inconveniences; rather, it is reserved for substantial risks, such as natural disasters, military actions, severe economic downturns, or modern issues like cyberattacks and climate change. When you encounter this word, it usually signals a serious context where protective measures or urgent responses are necessary.

Physical Threat
Refers to tangible dangers like weapons, natural disasters, or violent individuals that can cause bodily harm or property damage.
Abstract Threat
Encompasses non-physical dangers such as economic instability, loss of reputation, or cyber vulnerabilities that threaten systems or societies.
Existential Threat
A danger so severe that it threatens the very survival or continued existence of a person, organization, or species.

地球温暖化は人類にとって最大の脅威である。

Global warming is the greatest threat to humanity.

サイバー攻撃の脅威が高まっている。

The threat of cyber attacks is increasing.

そのウイルスは公衆衛生への脅威となった。

The virus became a threat to public health.

テロの脅威に備える必要がある。

We need to prepare for the threat of terrorism.

AIの進化を脅威と感じる人もいる。

Some people feel the evolution of AI is a threat.

In summary, 脅威 is an essential vocabulary word for anyone looking to understand Japanese news, political discourse, or serious discussions about the future. It encapsulates the concept of a looming danger that requires attention and action. By mastering this word, learners can significantly improve their comprehension of complex, real-world topics in Japanese.

Using 脅威 (kyōi) correctly involves understanding its common collocations and the grammatical structures it typically appears in. As a noun, it functions similarly to 'threat' in English. It is frequently paired with specific verbs to describe the lifecycle of a threat: how it emerges, how it is perceived, and how it is dealt with. One of the most common verbs used with 脅威 is 感じる (kanjiru - to feel). When someone perceives a danger, they say '脅威を感じる' (feel a threat). Conversely, when something poses a danger to others, it is said to '脅威を与える' (pose/give a threat). Another crucial verb is 直面する (chokumen suru - to face), used when directly confronting a danger: '脅威に直面する' (face a threat). When a threat is growing or becoming more severe, you will often hear '脅威が高まる' (the threat increases) or '脅威が増す' (the threat grows).

脅威 + になる (ni naru)
Means 'to become a threat'. Used when something previously harmless or manageable evolves into a significant danger.
脅威 + から守る (kara mamoru)
Means 'to protect from a threat'. Commonly used in contexts of national security, cybersecurity, or personal safety.
脅威 + を取り除く (wo torinozoku)
Means 'to eliminate a threat'. Used when taking decisive action to completely remove a source of danger.

新しい感染症が世界的な脅威になっている。

The new infectious disease is becoming a global threat.

我々は未知の脅威に直面している。

We are facing an unknown threat.

その国は近隣諸国に脅威を与えている。

That country poses a threat to its neighboring nations.

サイバー脅威からシステムを保護する。

Protect the system from cyber threats.

彼の才能はライバルにとって大きな脅威だ。

His talent is a major threat to his rivals.

Furthermore, 脅威 is often compounded with other nouns to create specific terms, such as '軍事的脅威' (military threat), '環境的脅威' (environmental threat), or '潜在的脅威' (potential threat). These compound nouns are extremely common in academic writing, journalism, and formal presentations. By paying attention to the verbs and adjectives that surround 脅威, learners can construct highly sophisticated and nuanced sentences that accurately convey complex situations.

The word 脅威 (kyōi) is predominantly found in formal, serious, or dramatic contexts. It is not a word you would typically use in casual, everyday conversation about minor annoyances, like a dog barking or running out of milk. Instead, you will hear it frequently in the news, especially in segments covering international relations, national security, natural disasters, and public health crises. News anchors and journalists use 脅威 to emphasize the severity of a situation, such as an approaching typhoon, a new variant of a virus, or escalating geopolitical tensions. In these contexts, the word serves to alert the public and convey the gravity of the events unfolding.

News and Journalism
Frequently used in headlines and reports regarding natural disasters, wars, economic crises, and pandemics to highlight danger.
Business and Technology
Common in discussions about market competition, disruptive technologies, and particularly cybersecurity (e.g., malware, hacking).
Pop Culture (Anime/Movies)
Used by characters, often leaders or villains, to describe a powerful enemy, a destructive weapon, or an impending doom.

ニュース：台風10号は依然として強い脅威を保っています。

News: Typhoon No. 10 still maintains a strong threat.

アニメ：あのモンスターは人類の存亡に関わる脅威だ！

Anime: That monster is a threat to the survival of humanity!

会議：競合他社の新製品は、我が社のシェアに対する脅威です。

Meeting: The competitor's new product is a threat to our market share.

ITセミナー：ランサムウェアは現代の企業にとって最大の脅威です。

IT Seminar: Ransomware is the greatest threat to modern enterprises.

ドキュメンタリー：気候変動は生態系への深刻な脅威をもたらしている。

Documentary: Climate change is bringing a serious threat to the ecosystem.

Beyond news and business, 脅威 is a staple in Japanese pop culture, particularly in anime, manga, and video games. In fantasy or sci-fi settings, the 'demon king', an alien invasion, or a superweapon is often referred to as a 脅威. This dramatic usage helps build tension and establishes the stakes of the narrative. Therefore, whether you are reading a serious financial report, watching the evening news, or enjoying an action-packed anime, recognizing 脅威 will instantly help you identify the primary source of conflict or danger in the context.

A common hurdle for learners is distinguishing 脅威 (kyōi) from other words related to danger and fear, particularly 危険 (kiken) and 恐怖 (kyōfu). While they share thematic similarities, their usage and nuances are distinctly different. 危険 (kiken) translates to 'danger' or 'hazard'. It is a broader, more everyday term used for immediate, tangible risks, like a slippery floor, a fast car, or playing with fire. You would say 'ここは危険だ' (It is dangerous here), but you would not typically say 'ここは脅威だ' unless referring to a specific, looming entity. 脅威 (kyōi), on the other hand, implies a menacing force or a potential for significant harm, often on a larger scale or involving intent (like a military threat) or massive destructive power (like a hurricane). It is more abstract and formal than 危険.

脅威 (kyōi) vs. 危険 (kiken)
Use 危険 for immediate, everyday dangers (e.g., dangerous driving). Use 脅威 for larger, looming, or systemic threats (e.g., global warming, terrorism).
脅威 (kyōi) vs. 恐怖 (kyōfu)
恐怖 means 'fear' or 'terror'—it is the internal emotion you feel. 脅威 is the external source or entity that causes that fear.
Verb Confusion
Learners sometimes try to use 脅威 as a verb (e.g., 脅威する). This is incorrect. It is a noun. Use 脅かす (obiyakasu) for the verb 'to threaten'.

❌ 誤：この道は夜歩くのは脅威だ。
⭕ 正：この道は夜歩くのは危険だ。

Incorrect: Walking this street at night is a threat. / Correct: Walking this street at night is dangerous.

❌ 誤：私はお化けに脅威を感じる。
⭕ 正：私はお化けに恐怖を感じる。

Incorrect: I feel a threat from ghosts. / Correct: I feel fear from ghosts. (Though 'feel a threat' makes sense in English, 恐怖 is more natural for pure emotional fear of ghosts).

❌ 誤：彼は私を脅威した。
⭕ 正：彼は私を脅迫した / 脅した。

Incorrect: He threat-ed me. / Correct: He threatened me. (Using the correct verb form).

❌ 誤：タバコは健康の危険です。
⭕ 正：タバコは健康への脅威です。（または「健康に危険を及ぼす」）

While 'danger to health' is okay, 'threat to health' (健康への脅威) sounds more formal and impactful in written Japanese.

❌ 誤：地震は大きな恐怖だ。
⭕ 正：地震は大きな脅威だ。

Incorrect: Earthquakes are a big fear. / Correct: Earthquakes are a big threat. (Earthquakes are the source, not the emotion itself).

Another mistake is overusing 脅威 in casual speech. Because it carries a heavy, formal tone, using it to describe minor inconveniences (like a difficult homework assignment or a strict teacher) sounds unnatural and melodramatic. In such cases, words like 大変 (taihen - difficult/terrible) or 厄介 (yakkai - troublesome) are much more appropriate. Reserving 脅威 for genuinely serious situations ensures your Japanese sounds natural and contextually accurate.

To enrich your vocabulary and express nuances more precisely, it is helpful to learn words similar to 脅威 (kyōi). While 脅威 specifically means 'threat' or 'menace', other terms capture different angles of danger, risk, and crisis. 危機 (kiki) translates to 'crisis'. While a 脅威 is a looming danger that might happen, a 危機 is often a critical situation that is already occurring or is at a tipping point. For example, '経済危機' (economic crisis) implies the economy is currently in severe trouble, whereas '経済への脅威' (threat to the economy) implies something is endangering it. 恐れ (osore) means 'fear', 'risk', or 'danger of...'. It is often used in forecasts or warnings, such as '大雨の恐れがある' (there is a risk of heavy rain). It is softer and more predictive than 脅威.

危機 (kiki) - Crisis
A crucial or decisive point or situation; a turning point where things could go very wrong. Focuses on the critical state of affairs.
恐れ (osore) - Risk / Fear of
Used to express the possibility that something bad might happen. Common in weather forecasts and official warnings.
脅迫 (kyōhaku) - Extortion / Threatening
Specifically refers to the act of threatening someone, often verbally or physically, to force them to do something (e.g., blackmail).

会社は倒産の危機に瀕している。

The company is on the verge of a bankruptcy crisis.

明日は大雪の恐れがあります。

There is a risk of heavy snow tomorrow.

彼は脅迫の罪で逮捕された。

He was arrested on charges of extortion/threatening.

それは国家の安全保障に対する重大な脅威だ。

That is a serious threat to national security. (Using 脅威 for a looming, systemic danger).

このままでは地球環境が危機に陥る。

At this rate, the global environment will fall into a crisis.

Understanding these distinctions allows for much more accurate communication. If a hacker sends an email demanding money, that act is 脅迫 (kyōhaku). The hacker themselves, or the malware they use, represents a 脅威 (kyōi) to the company's IT system. If the malware successfully shuts down the company's operations, the company is now in a 危機 (kiki). By mapping out these related terms, learners can navigate complex narratives in Japanese media, literature, and professional environments with confidence and precision.

How Formal Is It?

Difficulty Rating

Grammar to Know

Noun + にとって (ni totte) - 'For / to' (e.g., 人類にとっての脅威 - a threat to humanity).

Noun + に対する (ni taisuru) - 'Towards / against' (e.g., 平和に対する脅威 - a threat against peace).

Verb (Dictionary Form) + 恐れがある (osore ga aru) - 'There is a risk/fear that...' (Related concept).

〜として (toshite) - 'As' (e.g., 脅威として見なす - regard as a threat).

〜をもたらす (wo motarasu) - 'To bring about' (e.g., 脅威をもたらす - bring about a threat).

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Examples by Level

1

それは脅威です。

It is a threat.

Noun + です (desu) for simple statement.

2

大きな脅威が来ます。

A big threat is coming.

Adjective + Noun + が (ga) + Verb.

3

これは脅威ですか？

Is this a threat?

Question particle か (ka) at the end.

4

脅威はないです。

There is no threat.

Negative form of ある (aru) is ない (nai).

5

新しい脅威です。

It is a new threat.

I-adjective modifying a noun.

6

脅威を見ました。

I saw the threat.

Object particle を (wo) + past tense verb.

7

脅威が去りました。

The threat has left/passed.

Subject particle が (ga) + past tense verb.

8

悪い脅威です。

It is a bad threat.

I-adjective modifying a noun.

1

その動物は人間にとって脅威です。

That animal is a threat to humans.

〜にとって (ni totte) meaning 'for/to'.

2

私たちは脅威を感じました。

We felt a threat.

Verb 感じる (kanjiru) in past tense.

3

台風はいつも大きな脅威になります。

Typhoons always become a big threat.

〜になる (ni naru) meaning 'to become'.

4

この病気は子供たちへの脅威です。

This disease is a threat to children.

Noun + への (e no) indicating direction/target.

5

脅威から家族を守りたいです。

I want to protect my family from the threat.

〜から (kara) meaning 'from' + verb 守る (mamoru).

6

インターネットには多くの脅威があります。

There are many threats on the internet.

Location + に (ni) + あります (arimasu).

7

彼はその脅威について話しました。

He talked about the threat.

〜について (ni tsuite) meaning 'about'.

8

未知の脅威が近づいています。

An unknown threat is approaching.

Verb + ている (te iru) for continuous action.

1

地球温暖化は世界中の生態系に対する深刻な脅威です。

Global warming is a serious threat to ecosystems worldwide.

〜に対する (ni taisuru) meaning 'towards/against'.

2

サイバー攻撃の脅威が高まっているため、セキュリティを強化すべきだ。

Because the threat of cyber attacks is increasing, we should strengthen security.

〜ため (tame) indicating reason; べきだ (beki da) for 'should'.

3

新しいウイルスの脅威に直面し、政府は緊急事態を宣言した。

Facing the threat of a new virus, the government declared a state of emergency.

Verb stem + し (shi) for formal conjunction.

4

AIの急速な発展を、自分の仕事への脅威と捉える人も少なくない。

Not a few people perceive the rapid development of AI as a threat to their jobs.

〜と捉える (to toraeru) meaning 'to perceive as'.

5

その国は核兵器を開発し、近隣諸国に脅威を与え続けている。

That country develops nuclear weapons and continues to pose a threat to neighboring countries.

Verb + 続ける (tsuzukeru) meaning 'continue to'.

6

テロの脅威を未然に防ぐための国際的な協力が不可欠である。

International cooperation is essential to prevent the threat of terrorism beforehand.

未然に防ぐ (mizen ni fusegu) meaning 'prevent before it happens'.

7

少子高齢化は、日本の将来の経済成長にとって最大の脅威となるだろう。

The declining birthrate and aging population will likely become the greatest threat to Japan's future economic growth.

だろう (darou) indicating probability/conjecture.

8

野生動物の生息地が破壊されることは、生物多様性への脅威を意味する。

The destruction of wild animal habitats means a threat to biodiversity.

〜ことは (koto wa) nominalizing a clause.

1

フェイクニュースの拡散は、民主主義の根幹を揺るがす重大な脅威と見なされている。

The spread of fake news is regarded as a serious threat that shakes the foundation of democracy.

〜と見なされている (to minasarete iru) meaning 'is regarded as'.

2

企業は、ランサムウェアなどの潜在的な脅威に対して、常に警戒を怠ってはならない。

Companies must never neglect their vigilance against potential threats such as ransomware.

〜てはならない (te wa naranai) meaning 'must not'.

3

気候変動がもたらす脅威は、もはや遠い未来の話ではなく、現実の危機として迫っている。

The threat brought about by climate change is no longer a story of the distant future, but is approaching as a real crisis.

もはや〜ではない (mohaya ~ de wa nai) meaning 'no longer'.

4

その独裁者の好戦的な発言は、地域の安定に対する直接的な脅威として国際社会から非難を浴びた。

The dictator's bellicose remarks were condemned by the international community as a direct threat to regional stability.

〜として (toshite) meaning 'as'.

5

パンデミックの脅威が去った後も、経済的な後遺症は長く続くと予想される。

Even after the threat of the pandemic has passed, it is expected that the economic aftereffects will continue for a long time.

〜た後も (ta ato mo) meaning 'even after'.

6

宇宙空間のデブリ（ゴミ）は、運用中の人工衛星にとって無視できない脅威となっている。

Space debris has become a threat that cannot be ignored for operating artificial satellites.

無視できない (mushi dekinai) meaning 'cannot be ignored'.

7

インフレの脅威に対処するため、中央銀行は金利の引き上げを決定した。

To cope with the threat of inflation, the central bank decided to raise interest rates.

〜に対処するため (ni taisho suru tame) meaning 'in order to cope with'.

8

新しい競合他社の市場参入は、我々の既存のビジネスモデルに対する大きな脅威を孕んでいる。

The market entry of a new competitor harbors a major threat to our existing business model.

〜を孕んでいる (wo harande iru) meaning 'contains/harbors'.

1

核抑止力は、相互確証破壊という究極の脅威を背景にして成立している危うい均衡である。

Nuclear deterrence is a precarious balance established against the backdrop of the ultimate threat of mutually assured destruction.

〜を背景にして (wo haikei ni shite) meaning 'against the backdrop of'.

2

ポピュリズムの台頭は、法の支配やマイノリティの権利に対する内在的な脅威として、多くの知識人から危惧されている。

The rise of populism is feared by many intellectuals as an inherent threat to the rule of law and minority rights.

〜から危惧されている (kara kigu sarete iru) meaning 'is feared/apprehended by'.

3

サイバー空間における国家支援型ハッカー集団の暗躍は、現代の安全保障環境において最も非対称かつ捉えどころのない脅威である。

The covert activities of state-sponsored hacker groups in cyberspace are the most asymmetrical and elusive threat in the modern security environment.

形容詞 + かつ + 形容詞 (keiyoushi + katsu + keiyoushi) meaning 'both A and B'.

4

気候変動による海面上昇は、島国にとって単なる環境問題を超えた、国家の存亡に関わる実存的脅威となっている。

Sea-level rise due to climate change has become an existential threat concerning the survival of the nation for island countries, going beyond a mere environmental issue.

〜に関わる (ni kakawaru) meaning 'concerning/relating to (crucially)'.

5

急速な技術革新がもたらす「技術的失業」の脅威に対し、社会保障制度の抜本的な見直しが急務とされている。

In response to the threat of 'technological unemployment' brought about by rapid technological innovation, a fundamental review of the social security system is considered an urgent task.

急務とされている (kyuumu to sarete iru) meaning 'is considered an urgent task'.

6

権威主義国家による情報操作は、自由で開かれた社会の基盤を内部から蝕む、目に見えない脅威として機能している。

Information manipulation by authoritarian states functions as an invisible threat that undermines the foundation of a free and open society from within.

〜を蝕む (wo mushibamu) meaning 'to undermine/eat away at'.

7

グローバルサプライチェーンの脆弱性が露呈した今、特定の国への過度な依存は経済安全保障上の重大な脅威と認識されつつある。

Now that the vulnerability of global supply chains has been exposed, excessive dependence on specific countries is increasingly recognized as a serious threat to economic security.

〜つつある (tsutsu aru) meaning 'is in the process of'.

8

生物兵器の拡散という脅威を前にして、国際社会は既存の条約の枠組みを超えた、より実効性のある査察体制を構築しなければならない。

Faced with the threat of the proliferation of biological weapons, the international community must build a more effective inspection regime that goes beyond the framework of existing treaties.

〜を前にして (wo mae ni shite) meaning 'faced with / in the presence of'.

1

現代の非通常戦において、偽情報の流布は敵国の社会的分断を煽るという点で、物理的破壊に匹敵する、あるいはそれを凌駕するほどの戦略的脅威を構成し得る。

In modern unconventional warfare, the dissemination of disinformation can constitute a strategic threat equal to or even surpassing physical destruction in that it fuels social division within the enemy state.

〜という点で (to iu ten de) meaning 'in the respect that'; 〜に匹敵する (ni hitteki suru) meaning 'to be equal to'.

2

人類が自らの手で生み出した汎用人工知能（AGI）が、制御不能に陥り人類そのものを排除しにかかるというシナリオは、もはやSFの領域を脱し、一部の専門家が真剣に議論する究極の存亡的脅威として浮上している。

The scenario in which Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) created by humanity falls out of control and attempts to eliminate humanity itself has already left the realm of sci-fi and emerged as the ultimate existential threat seriously debated by some experts.

〜にかかる (ni kakaru) meaning 'to be about to / to start to'; 〜を脱し (wo dasshi) meaning 'leaving/escaping'.

3

資本主義の無限の成長を前提とした経済システムは、地球の有限な資源と環境容量という絶対的な物理的制約に直面しており、この矛盾の放置は文明の崩壊という取り返しのつかない脅威を招来する。

The economic system predicated on the infinite growth of capitalism faces the absolute physical constraints of the Earth's finite resources and environmental capacity, and leaving this contradiction unaddressed will invite the irreversible threat of civilizational collapse.

〜を前提とした (wo zentei to shita) meaning 'predicated on'; 招来する (shourai suru) meaning 'to invite/bring about'.

4

パンデミックの最中に見られた国家間のワクチン囲い込みや医療物資の争奪戦は、グローバルヘルスガバナンスの脆弱性を露呈させ、国家エゴイズムが人類共通の脅威に対する連帯をいかに容易く打ち砕くかを如実に示した。

The hoarding of vaccines and the scramble for medical supplies among nations seen during the pandemic exposed the fragility of global health governance and vividly demonstrated how easily national egoism can shatter solidarity against a common threat to humanity.

いかに〜か (ikani ~ ka) meaning 'how much / in what way'; 如実に示した (nyojitsu ni shimeshita) meaning 'vividly demonstrated'.

5

遺伝子編集技術の民主化は、医療や農業に革命をもたらす可能性を秘める一方で、バイオテロのハードルを劇的に下げ、一介の個人が国家レベルの脅威を現出させ得るという、かつてない非対称な安全保障環境を生み出している。

While the democratization of gene-editing technology holds the potential to revolutionize medicine and agriculture, it also dramatically lowers the hurdle for bioterrorism, creating an unprecedentedly asymmetrical security environment where a mere individual can manifest a state-level threat.

〜可能性を秘める一方で (kanousei wo himeru ippou de) meaning 'while holding the potential to...'; 一介の (ikkai no) meaning 'a mere'.

6

歴史を紐解けば、帝国の衰退は往々にして外部からの軍事的脅威よりも、内部の腐敗、格差の拡大、そしてエリート層の慢心という内在的脅威によって引き起こされてきたことがわかる。

Unraveling history reveals that the decline of empires has often been caused not so much by external military threats as by internal threats such as corruption, widening inequality, and the hubris of the elite class.

歴史を紐解けば (rekishi wo himotokeba) meaning 'if we unravel/examine history'; 往々にして (ouou ni shite) meaning 'often/frequently'.

7

量子コンピューターの実用化は、現在の公開鍵暗号方式を無力化する可能性があり、これは世界の金融システムや国家機密の保護に対する、時限爆弾のような切迫した脅威として認識され、耐量子暗号への移行が急がれている。

The practical application of quantum computers has the potential to neutralize current public-key cryptography, which is recognized as an imminent threat, like a ticking time bomb, to the global financial system and the protection of state secrets, prompting a rushed transition to post-quantum cryptography.

無力化する (muryokuka suru) meaning 'to neutralize/render powerless'; 切迫した (seppaku shita) meaning 'imminent/pressing'.

8

超高齢化社会における社会保障費の膨張は、国家財政の破綻という目に見える脅威であると同時に、将来世代への過度な負担転嫁を通じた世代間対立の激化という、社会の紐帯を切り裂く静かなる脅威でもある。

The swelling of social security costs in a super-aging society is a visible threat of national financial collapse, and at the same time, it is a silent threat that tears apart the bonds of society through the intensification of intergenerational conflict via the excessive shifting of burdens to future generations.

〜であると同時に (de aru to douji ni) meaning 'at the same time as being'; 紐帯を切り裂く (chuutai wo kirisaku) meaning 'to tear apart the bonds'.

Common Collocations

脅威を感じる (kyōi o kanjiru - feel a threat)
脅威に直面する (kyōi ni chokumen suru - face a threat)
脅威を与える (kyōi o ataeru - pose a threat)
脅威になる (kyōi ni naru - become a threat)
脅威が高まる (kyōi ga takamaru - threat increases)
脅威を取り除く (kyōi o torinozoku - eliminate a threat)
脅威から守る (kyōi kara mamoru - protect from a threat)
最大の脅威 (saidai no kyōi - greatest threat)
潜在的脅威 (senzaiteki kyōi - potential threat)
軍事的脅威 (gunjiteki kyōi - military threat)

Common Phrases

人類に対する脅威 (jinrui ni taisuru kyōi - a threat to humanity)
平和への脅威 (heiwa e no kyōi - a threat to peace)
未知の脅威 (michi no kyōi - an unknown threat)
サイバー脅威 (saibā kyōi - cyber threat)
テロの脅威 (tero no kyōi - threat of terrorism)
環境への脅威 (kankyō e no kyōi - threat to the environment)
脅威に晒される (kyōi ni sarasareru - be exposed to a threat)
脅威を及ぼす (kyōi o oyobosu - exert a threat)
脅威と見なす (kyōi to minasu - regard as a threat)
脅威に対処する (kyōi ni taisho suru - deal with a threat)

Often Confused With

脅威 vs 危険 (kiken)

脅威 vs 恐怖 (kyōfu)

脅威 vs 危機 (kiki)

Idioms & Expressions

"脅威の的となる (kyōi no mato to naru - become the target of a threat)"
"脅威を煽る (kyōi o aoru - fan the flames of a threat / fearmonger)"
"脅威を過小評価する (kyōi o kashō hyōka suru - underestimate a threat)"
"脅威を誇張する (kyōi o kochō suru - exaggerate a threat)"
"脅威を未然に防ぐ (kyōi o mizen ni fusegu - prevent a threat beforehand)"
"脅威に屈する (kyōi ni kussuru - yield to a threat)"
"脅威を退ける (kyōi o shirizokeru - repel a threat)"
"脅威を肌で感じる (kyōi o hada de kanjiru - feel a threat firsthand/viscerally)"
"脅威が去る (kyōi ga saru - the threat passes)"
"脅威に立ち向かう (kyōi ni tachimukau - stand up to a threat)"

Easily Confused

脅威 vs 驚異 (kyōi)

Pronounced exactly the same (kyōi), but means the exact opposite! 驚異 is a wonderful marvel, 脅威 is a terrible threat. Context is key.

脅威 vs 脅迫 (kyōhaku)

Refers to the specific criminal act of threatening someone (e.g., blackmail), not the general concept of a menace.

脅威 vs 威嚇 (ikaku)

Refers to the act of showing off power to scare someone (like an animal puffing up), rather than the threat itself.

脅威 vs 危惧 (kigu)

Refers to the feeling of anxiety about a future event, similar to 恐れ (osore).

脅威 vs 危害 (kigai)

Refers to the actual physical harm inflicted, whereas 脅威 is the potential for harm.

Sentence Patterns

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How to Use It

nuance

Carries a sense of impending doom, significant scale, or malicious intent. It is heavier and more abstract than simple 'danger'.

formality

Highly formal. Suitable for news, academic writing, and business. Too stiff for casual chats about daily life.

collocation warning

Do not use '脅威をする' (to do a threat). Use '脅威を与える' (to give/pose a threat) or the verb '脅かす' (to threaten).

Common Mistakes
  • Using 脅威 as a verb (e.g., 脅威する).

    脅威 is a noun. You cannot attach 'する' to it to make it a verb like you can with some other nouns (e.g., 勉強する).

  • Confusing 脅威 with 危険 for everyday objects.

    脅威 implies a larger, more abstract, or looming menace. A slippery floor is a hazard (危険), not a menace (脅威).

  • Using 脅威 to mean 'fear'.

    You feel 恐怖 (fear) because of a 脅威 (threat). Do not say '私は脅威です' to mean 'I am scared'.

  • Misinterpreting 驚異 (wonder) as 脅威 (threat) in audio.

    Because they are pronounced exactly the same (kyōi), learners often hear about the 'kyōi of nature' and assume it means threat, when it might mean the 'wonder' of nature.

  • Incorrect particle usage: 脅威を直面する.

    The verb 直面する (to face) takes the particle に (ni), not を (wo).

Tips

Pair with Formal Verbs

Since 脅威 is a formal noun, it sounds best when paired with formal verbs. Instead of saying '脅威がある' (there is a threat), try '脅威が存在する' (a threat exists) in written texts. This elevates your Japanese level.

Master the Particles

Pay close attention to 'にとって' (for/to) and 'に対する' (against/towards). 'AはBにとって脅威だ' (A is a threat to B) is a highly useful sentence pattern to memorize.

Learn Compound Words

脅威 often attaches to other words. Learn chunks like '核の脅威' (nuclear threat) or 'テロの脅威' (terror threat). Learning these as single units makes reading the news much easier.

Context Clues for Homophones

When you hear 'kyōi', listen to the tone of the sentence. If it's about nature, war, or viruses, it's 脅威 (threat). If it's about a beautiful landscape or a genius child, it's 驚異 (wonder).

Avoid Overuse

Don't use 脅威 to describe your upcoming math test or a strict boss, unless you are being intentionally sarcastic or dramatic. Stick to 難しい (difficult) or 厳しい (strict) for everyday struggles.

Kanji Recognition

The first kanji 脅 has the 'flesh/moon' radical (月) and three 'power' radicals (力). Imagine using all your physical power to threaten someone. This helps remember the meaning.

SWOT Analysis

If you work in Japan, you will do SWOT analyses. The 'T' stands for Threats, which is translated as 脅威. Use this word to impress your Japanese colleagues in business meetings.

Threat vs. Crisis

Remember the timeline: 脅威 (Threat) is the dark cloud approaching. 危機 (Crisis) is the storm currently destroying the town. Use them accurately to describe the stage of a problem.

Verbs of Action

Learn how to deal with threats: 防ぐ (prevent), 排除する (eliminate), 対処する (cope with). These verbs frequently follow '脅威を...' in formal writing.

The Pacifist Context

When reading Japanese political news, notice how '脅威' is used to discuss neighboring countries' military actions. It is a key word in understanding Japan's defense posture.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Imagine a GIANT (kyō) EEL (i) rising from the ocean. It is a massive THREAT to the coastal city. Kyō-i = Threat.

Word Origin

The word combines 'threaten' (脅) and 'majesty/intimidation' (威). Historically, it referred to the awe and fear inspired by a powerful ruler or military force. Over time, it broadened to encompass any significant danger or menacing entity.

Cultural Context

Due to its constitution, Japan's defense policies are strictly defensive. Discussions about foreign military power often frame them as a '脅威' to justify defensive readiness without aggressive intent.

As a highly technological society, Japan views cyber attacks as a major modern '脅威', often discussed in corporate and governmental contexts.

Japan's geography makes it susceptible to earthquakes and typhoons. '自然の脅威' (the threat of nature) is a common phrase reflecting respect and fear of natural forces.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Conversation Starters

"最近のニュースで、一番の脅威は何だと思いますか？ (What do you think is the biggest threat in recent news?)"

"AIの進化は人類にとって脅威になると思いますか？ (Do you think the evolution of AI will become a threat to humanity?)"

"日本にとって最大の脅威は何だと考えられていますか？ (What is considered the greatest threat to Japan?)"

"サイバー脅威から身を守るために何をしていますか？ (What are you doing to protect yourself from cyber threats?)"

"環境問題という脅威に対して、私たちができることは何でしょうか？ (What can we do about the threat of environmental issues?)"

Journal Prompts

Write about a time you felt a 'threat' (not necessarily physical, maybe a threat to your plans or success).

Discuss what you believe is the greatest threat to the environment today.

Analyze a movie or book where the main conflict is driven by a massive 'threat'.

How do you think society should handle the threat of fake news?

Reflect on the difference between 'danger' (危険) and 'threat' (脅威) in your native language.

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

It is generally too formal and dramatic for a single scary dog. You would normally use 怖い (kowai - scary) or 危険 (kiken - dangerous). However, if you are writing a formal report about a pack of feral dogs terrorizing a neighborhood, you could call them a '地域の脅威' (threat to the community). Context and scale matter.

No, 脅威 is strictly a noun. You cannot say '脅威する'. If you want to use a verb meaning 'to threaten', you should use 脅かす (obiyakasu) or 脅す (odosu). You can, however, use 脅威 with verbs, like '脅威を与える' (to pose a threat).

They are homophones (pronounced exactly the same: kyōi) but have opposite meanings. 脅威 means 'threat' or 'menace'. 驚異 means 'wonder' or 'marvel' (like the wonders of the world). You must rely on the context or the kanji to tell them apart.

The most common and direct translation is 'サイバー脅威' (saibā kyōi). You will see this frequently in IT security contexts, news articles, and business presentations. It is a standard compound noun.

Yes, absolutely. In fact, it is very commonly used for abstract concepts. You can talk about a threat to the economy (経済への脅威), a threat to democracy (民主主義への脅威), or a threat to peace (平和への脅威).

You generally use 'にとって' (ni totte) or 'に対する' (ni taisuru). For example, '人類にとっての脅威' (a threat to humanity) or '平和に対する脅威' (a threat to peace). Both are formal and appropriate.

Rarely. It sounds very stiff and academic. In daily life, if something is dangerous or scary, people use words like 危ない (abunai), 危険 (kiken), or 怖い (kowai). Save 脅威 for serious discussions or writing.

The most natural way to say this is '脅威が去った' (kyōi ga satta). The verb 去る (saru) means to leave or go away. You can also say '脅威がなくなった' (the threat disappeared).

It means 'potential threat'. '潜在的' (senzaiteki) means latent or potential. This phrase is heavily used in military, security, and business analysis to describe something that isn't actively attacking now but could in the future.

Because it sounds epic and dramatic! When a villain calls themselves or their weapon a '脅威', it elevates the stakes of the story. It emphasizes that they are not just a minor nuisance, but a massive danger to the heroes or the world.

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More Other words

事故

A1

An unexpected and usually unpleasant event that results in damage, injury, or loss. In Japanese, it is most frequently used to refer to traffic accidents or mechanical failures.

根拠

B2

Refers to the grounds, basis, or evidence upon which a judgment, statement, or action is established. It is used to describe the underlying justification or logical foundation that supports a claim or a theory.

変化

A1

A noun that refers to the process of becoming different or a transformation in state, appearance, or condition. It is a very common word used to describe everything from changes in the weather and seasons to shifts in social trends or scientific processes.

衝突

A1

A physical crash or collision between two moving objects like vehicles or particles. It is also commonly used metaphorically to describe a sharp disagreement or conflict between people's opinions, interests, or plans.

比較

B1

Comparison. The act of examining two or more things to identify similarities and differences, often to make a decision or evaluation. It is used as a noun or a suru-verb in both daily and professional contexts.

結論

B2

A final judgment, decision, or summary reached after a period of discussion, research, or logical reasoning. It represents the end result of an intellectual process rather than just a physical outcome.

考慮

A1

Koryo refers to the act of thinking deeply about something or taking various factors into account before making a decision. It is a formal way to express 'consideration' or 'thoughtfulness' regarding a specific situation or detail.

転換

A1

A significant change or conversion in direction, state, or mindset. It is commonly used to describe a shift in policy, a change of mood, or a fundamental turn in a situation.

危機

A1

A crisis or a critical situation where a dangerous outcome is possible if immediate action is not taken. It represents a turning point where things could become much worse or be resolved through careful management.

基準

A1

A standard, criterion, or benchmark used as a basis for measurement, judgment, or evaluation. It refers to the specific rules or requirements that something must meet to be accepted or classified in a certain way.

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