폐업하다
폐업하다 in 30 Seconds
- 폐업하다 means to permanently close a business.
- It's the opposite of starting a business.
- Often used for shops, restaurants, and companies.
- Implies a final end, unlike temporary closure.
The Korean verb 폐업하다 (pyeeop-hada) means to cease business operations, to close down a business permanently. You'll hear this word when a shop, restaurant, company, or any other type of business decides to stop functioning and shut its doors for good. It's a definitive action, indicating the end of a business's existence. For example, if a small bakery that's been around for years can no longer afford to stay open, the owner might say, '이제 빵집을 폐업해야 해요.' (Now I have to close down the bakery.) Or, if you notice your favorite local bookstore has a 'Closed Permanently' sign on the door, a neighbor might remark, '그 서점이 폐업했대요.' (I heard that bookstore closed down.) This term is commonly used in news reports about the economy, discussions about local businesses, and personal conversations about employment or business ventures.
- Key Concept
- Permanence: Unlike temporary closures (like for a holiday or renovation), '폐업하다' implies a final end to business activities.
- Contexts
- Economic news, local business discussions, personal finance, entrepreneurship.
작년에 많은 식당이 폐업했습니다.
It's important to distinguish '폐업하다' from '휴업하다' (hyu-eop-hada), which means to temporarily suspend business operations. '폐업하다' is a permanent decision.
- Example Scenario
- Imagine a small bookshop that has been struggling financially. The owner decides they can no longer keep it open. They would say they are '폐업한다' (closing down) rather than '휴업한다' (temporarily closing). This often involves a notice period and potentially dealing with creditors.
코로나19 때문에 많은 가게가 문을 닫고 폐업했습니다.
The term is also used in a more general sense when discussing the challenges of running a business. You might hear someone say, '요즘 경기가 안 좋아서 폐업하는 가게가 많아요.' (The economy is bad these days, so many shops are closing down.)
The verb 폐업하다 (pyeeop-hada) is a straightforward verb that can be conjugated according to standard Korean grammar rules. It typically takes a subject (the business or its owner) and can be used in various tenses and moods.
- Present Tense
- To describe a current situation or a general fact:
그 식당은 곧 폐업할 예정입니다.
- Past Tense
- To talk about a business that has already closed:
우리 동네에 있던 작은 서점이 폐업했어요.
- Future Tense / Intention
- To express a plan or possibility of closing:
경제가 어려워지면 폐업해야 할지도 몰라요.
- Nominalization (Noun Form)
- The noun form '폐업' (pyeeop) is often used with verbs like '하다' (to do) or '신청하다' (to apply) when discussing the process of closing a business.
사업자 등록을 폐업해야 합니다.
You can also use it with subjects other than the business itself, such as the owner or a company representative.
- Subject: Owner
- 사장님은 건강 때문에 가게를 폐업하기로 결정하셨어요.
- Subject: Company
- 그 회사는 재정난으로 폐업했습니다.
You'll encounter the term 폐업하다 (pyeeop-hada) in a variety of real-life situations, primarily related to the economic and business landscape of Korea.
- News and Media
- Economic news often reports on businesses that have '폐업하다'. Headlines might read '코로나19로 인한 자영업자 폐업 증가' (Increase in self-employed business closures due to COVID-19). You'll hear news anchors discussing trends in business closures and the reasons behind them.
정부가 폐업 지원금을 지급한다고 발표했습니다.
- Local Community
- When walking through your neighborhood in Korea, you might see signs on shop windows indicating '영업 종료' (business ended) or '폐업 안내' (closure notice). Neighbors might discuss which shops have recently '폐업하다' and speculate on the reasons, such as competition or rising rents.
제가 자주 가던 카페가 폐업해서 너무 아쉬워요.
- Business and Entrepreneurship Discussions
- In conversations about starting or running a business, '폐업하다' is a crucial term. People might share stories of businesses they know that had to '폐업하다' due to unforeseen circumstances, or discuss strategies to avoid this fate. Online forums for entrepreneurs will frequently feature discussions about the challenges leading to closure.
사업을 시작할 때는 폐업 가능성도 염두에 두어야 합니다.
- Personal Anecdotes
- People might share personal experiences related to '폐업하다', such as their own business closing, or a family member's business shutting down. This often involves emotional reflections on loss and the end of an era.
저희 아버지의 가게가 결국 폐업하게 되었습니다.
Learners of Korean might make a few common mistakes when using or understanding 폐업하다 (pyeeop-hada).
- Confusing with Temporary Closure
- The most frequent error is mistaking '폐업하다' (permanent closure) for '휴업하다' (hyu-eop-hada, temporary closure). If a shop is closed for a public holiday or for renovations, it is '휴업' (hyu-eop), not '폐업' (pyeeop). Using '폐업하다' in such cases would imply the business is gone forever, which is incorrect.
Incorrect: 내일 가게가 폐업해요.
Correct: 내일 가게가 휴업해요 (for a holiday).
- Incorrect Subject
- '폐업하다' is an intransitive verb. The subject is the business or entity that is closing. Sometimes learners might try to use it with a direct object, which is grammatically incorrect. For example, you wouldn't say 'I closed the shop' as '나는 가게를 폐업했다' (naneun gage-reul pyeeophaetda). Instead, it would be '나는 가게를 폐업했다' (naneun gage-reul pyeeophaetda - I closed the shop, implying the shop is mine and I made the decision) or more naturally, '가게가 폐업했다' (gage-ga pyeeophaetda - The shop closed down).
Incorrect: 저는 이 식당을 폐업시켰어요.
Correct: 저는 이 식당을 닫았어요 (if I own it and closed it myself) or 이 식당은 폐업했어요 (if it closed down).
- Overusing the Noun Form
- While '폐업' (pyeeop) is the noun form, it's important to use it correctly. It often pairs with '하다' (to do), as in '폐업하다'. Sometimes learners might use '폐업' in contexts where the verb is needed, or vice-versa, leading to awkward phrasing.
Incorrect: 그 가게는 폐업이 되었습니다.
Correct: 그 가게는 폐업했습니다.
While 폐업하다 (pyeeop-hada) specifically means to close down a business permanently, there are other related terms and ways to express similar ideas, each with nuances.
- 휴업하다 (hyu-eop-hada)
- Meaning: To temporarily suspend business operations.
- Difference: This is the most crucial distinction. '휴업하다' implies a temporary break, like for holidays, renovations, or personal reasons, with the intention to reopen. '폐업하다' is final.
- Example: 저희 가게는 이번 주말에 휴업합니다.(Our shop will be temporarily closed this weekend.)
- 문을 닫다 (mun-eul datda)
- Meaning: Literally 'to close the door'. This is a more general phrase that can mean closing for the day, or in some contexts, closing down permanently.
- Difference: '문을 닫다' is less formal and less specific than '폐업하다'. While it can imply permanent closure, it often requires context. '폐업하다' is more official and clearly indicates the end of business.
- Example: 어제 그 식당이 문을 닫았어요.(That restaurant closed its doors yesterday. - Could be for the day or permanently.)
- 사업을 접다 (sa-eop-eul jeopda)
- Meaning: To give up a business, to quit a business. This phrase emphasizes the decision to stop engaging in business activities.
- Difference: '사업을 접다' focuses on the act of ceasing the business endeavor, often due to difficulty or lack of success. '폐업하다' is the result of that decision, the actual closure.
- Example: 그는 사업이 잘 안 돼서 결국 사업을 접기로 했습니다.(He decided to give up his business because it wasn't doing well.)
- 망하다 (mang-hada)
- Meaning: To go bankrupt, to fail, to be ruined. This term describes the state of financial failure, which often leads to closure.
- Difference: '망하다' describes the financial ruin or failure of a business. '폐업하다' is the action taken as a consequence of that failure (or other reasons). A business that '망했어요' (went bankrupt) will likely then '폐업해요' (close down).
- Example: 불황 때문에 많은 회사가 망하고 있습니다.(Due to the recession, many companies are going bankrupt.)
How Formal Is It?
Fun Fact
The character '폐' (廢) itself is composed of '广' (building/shelter) and '弗' (not). This combination can be interpreted as a building or shelter that is no longer functional or is being discarded. The character '업' (業) originally depicted a plow, symbolizing agricultural labor and by extension, any kind of work or occupation.
Pronunciation Guide
- Not aspirating the 'p' sounds, making it sound like 'be-eop-hada'.
- Pronouncing the vowels incorrectly, especially the 'u' sound.
- Misplacing the stress, for example, stressing the first syllable.
- Pronouncing the final 'ha' as a softer 'ha' instead of a clear aspirated 'h'.
Difficulty Rating
At A2 level, learners can understand simple texts about familiar topics. Sentences using '폐업하다' in contexts like news about local businesses or simple explanations of economic situations would be understandable. Complex economic analyses or legal documents would be challenging.
Learners at A2 can form simple sentences. They can use '폐업하다' in basic past or future tense to describe a known event or a simple plan. Constructing complex sentences with reasons or conditions might be difficult.
A2 learners can engage in simple conversations. They can use '폐업하다' to talk about familiar situations, like a local shop closing. Spontaneous discussion about economic reasons or detailed personal experiences might be challenging.
A2 learners can understand simple dialogues and announcements. They would likely understand '폐업하다' when spoken clearly in contexts related to everyday life or local news. Fast-paced or complex speech might be difficult.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Advanced
Grammar to Know
Past Tense Conjugation (-았/었/였어요)
식당이 폐업했어요. (The restaurant closed down.)
Future Tense Conjugation (-ㄹ 거예요)
그 가게는 곧 폐업할 거예요. (That store will close down soon.)
Reason Clause (-아/어서, -기 때문에)
경기가 나빠서 폐업했어요. (Because the economy worsened, I closed down.)
Nominalization (-기, -는 것)
폐업하기 전에 할 일이 많아요. (There are many things to do before closing down.)
Giving Reasons/Causes (- 때문에)
임대료 부담 때문에 폐업했습니다. (I closed down due to the burden of rent.)
Examples by Level
가게가 닫았어요.
The store is closed.
Simple past tense of '닫다' (to close).
여기 문 닫았어요.
This place is closed.
Uses '문 닫다' (to close the door) for a place.
이제 안 해요.
They don't do it anymore.
Simple present tense of '하다' (to do) with negation.
이거 없어요.
This is not available/here.
Uses '없다' (to not exist/have).
가게가 없어요.
There is no store.
Uses '없다' (to not exist) with '가게' (store).
그 가게 문 닫았어요.
That store closed its door.
Combines '가게' (store) and '문 닫다' (close door).
이제 안 해요.
They don't do it anymore.
Simple present tense of '하다' (to do) with negation.
여기 문 닫았어요.
This place is closed.
Uses '문 닫다' (to close the door) for a place.
그 식당이 곧 폐업할 거예요.
That restaurant will close down soon.
Future tense using '-ㄹ 거예요' with '폐업하다'.
작년에 그 가게가 폐업했어요.
Last year, that store closed down.
Past tense using '-았어요' with '폐업하다'.
사업이 잘 안 돼서 폐업했어요.
The business didn't do well, so it closed down.
Past tense with a reason clause using '-서'.
이 건물은 곧 폐업할 예정입니다.
This building is scheduled to cease operations soon.
Uses '-ㄹ 예정입니다' (is scheduled to) for future action.
많은 가게가 코로나 때문에 폐업했습니다.
Many stores closed down because of COVID.
Past tense with a cause using '-때문에'.
사장님은 건강 때문에 폐업했어요.
The owner closed down the business due to health reasons.
Past tense with a reason using '-때문에'.
이제 그 회사는 폐업합니다.
That company is now closing down.
Present tense for a current event or fact.
문 닫은 가게가 많아요.
There are many stores that closed.
Uses the past participle form of '닫다' as an adjective.
경제 불황으로 인해 많은 소상공인들이 폐업의 위기에 놓여 있습니다.
Due to the economic recession, many small business owners are facing the crisis of closure.
Uses '-으로 인해' (due to) and '-의 위기에 놓여 있다' (to be in crisis of).
오랜 기간 운영해 온 식당이었지만, 결국 임대료 부담을 이기지 못하고 폐업하게 되었습니다.
Although it was a restaurant that had been operating for a long time, it eventually could not bear the burden of rent and ended up closing down.
Uses '-었지만' (although), '-을/를 이기지 못하고' (unable to overcome), and '-게 되었습니다' (ended up).
사업 실패 후 폐업 절차를 밟는 것은 매우 힘든 경험입니다.
Going through the closure procedures after a business failure is a very difficult experience.
Uses nominalization '폐업 절차' (closure procedures) and '-는 것은' (doing X is).
그는 더 이상 사업을 지속할 수 없어 안타까운 마음으로 폐업을 결정했습니다.
He could no longer continue the business, so with a regretful heart, he decided to close down.
Uses '- 더 이상 ... 수 없다' (cannot ... anymore) and '-ㄴ/는 마음으로' (with a ... heart).
정부의 지원 정책에도 불구하고 폐업하는 자영업자가 늘고 있다는 뉴스를 보았습니다.
I saw news that the number of self-employed people closing down is increasing despite the government's support policies.
Uses '-에도 불구하고' (despite) and '-는다는 뉴스' (news that...).
코로나19 팬데믹은 수많은 소매업체가 폐업하게 만드는 주요 원인이 되었습니다.
The COVID-19 pandemic became a major cause that led numerous retail businesses to close down.
Uses '-게 만드는' (making X do Y) and '-이/가 되다' (to become).
그녀는 자신의 꿈이었던 카페를 폐업하고 새로운 직업을 찾기로 했습니다.
She decided to close down the cafe, which had been her dream, and look for a new job.
Uses relative clause '-었던' and '-기로 하다' (to decide to do).
경기 침체로 인해 업종 전환을 고려하거나 폐업을 준비하는 사업체들이 많습니다.
Due to the economic downturn, many businesses are considering industry conversion or preparing for closure.
Uses '-거나' (or) and '-는 사업체들' (businesses that are...).
급변하는 시장 환경과 치열한 경쟁 속에서 많은 기업들이 생존을 위해 사업 모델을 재검토하거나, 불가피하게 폐업을 선택하고 있습니다.
Amidst rapidly changing market environments and fierce competition, many companies are re-examining their business models for survival, or unavoidably choosing to close down.
Uses '- 속에서' (amidst), '-을/를 재검토하다' (to re-examine), and '불가피하게' (unavoidably).
부동산 가격의 급등과 과도한 임대료는 소규모 자영업자들이 사업을 유지하기 어렵게 만들어 결국 폐업으로 이어지는 주요 요인으로 작용하고 있습니다.
Soaring real estate prices and excessive rents are making it difficult for small business owners to maintain their businesses, thereby acting as a major factor leading to closure.
Uses '-게 만들다' (make X do Y), '-으로 이어지다' (lead to), and '-으로 작용하다' (act as).
온라인 쇼핑의 발달로 오프라인 매장들이 경쟁력을 잃고 폐업하는 사례가 빈번하게 발생하고 있으며, 이는 지역 경제에 상당한 타격을 주고 있습니다.
With the development of online shopping, cases of offline stores losing competitiveness and closing down are occurring frequently, which is significantly impacting the local economy.
Uses '-으로 인해' (due to), '-는 사례가 빈번하게 발생하다' (cases of ... occur frequently), and '-에 상당한 타격을 주다' (give a significant blow to).
정부의 과도한 규제와 복잡한 행정 절차 또한 일부 사업체들이 폐업을 고려하게 만드는 요인으로 지적되고 있습니다.
Excessive government regulations and complex administrative procedures are also pointed out as factors that make some businesses consider closure.
Uses '- 또한' (also), '-게 만드는 요인' (factors that make X do Y), and '-으로 지적되다' (to be pointed out as).
성공적인 사업 운영을 위해서는 시장 트렌드를 면밀히 분석하고, 예상치 못한 위기에 대비하여 충분한 자금을 확보하는 것이 폐업을 방지하는 데 필수적입니다.
For successful business operation, it is essential to closely analyze market trends and secure sufficient funds to prepare for unforeseen crises in order to prevent closure.
Uses '-는 것이 필수적이다' (is essential to do X), '-에 대비하다' (to prepare for), and '폐업을 방지하다' (to prevent closure).
기술 혁신이 더딘 전통 산업 분야에서는 새로운 경쟁자의 등장으로 인해 기존 업체들이 경쟁력을 상실하고 폐업 수순을 밟는 경우가 많습니다.
In traditional industry sectors where technological innovation is slow, many existing businesses lose competitiveness due to the emergence of new competitors and go through the process of closure.
Uses '-는 분야에서는' (in the field of...), '-으로 인해' (due to), and '폐업 수순을 밟다' (to go through the process of closure).
경영난으로 인해 불가피하게 폐업을 결정한 사업체들은 종종 재도전을 위한 발판을 마련하기 위해 법적 절차를 신중하게 이행합니다.
Businesses that unavoidably decided to close down due to management difficulties often carefully implement legal procedures to prepare a stepping stone for a new challenge.
Uses '경영난' (management difficulties), '불가피하게' (unavoidably), and '발판을 마련하다' (to prepare a stepping stone).
소비자들의 변화하는 취향과 요구를 충족시키지 못하는 기업들은 결국 시장에서 도태되어 폐업할 수밖에 없습니다.
Companies that fail to meet consumers' changing tastes and demands inevitably become obsolete in the market and have no choice but to close down.
Uses '-을/를 충족시키다' (to satisfy), '-에서 도태되다' (to become obsolete in), and '-ㄹ 수밖에 없다' (have no choice but to do).
글로벌 팬데믹은 전례 없는 수준으로 자영업자들의 생존을 위협했으며, 수많은 소규모 사업체가 불가피하게 폐업 수순을 밟아야 했습니다.
The global pandemic threatened the survival of self-employed individuals at an unprecedented level, forcing numerous small businesses to unavoidably go through the process of closure.
Uses '전례 없는 수준으로' (at an unprecedented level), '생존을 위협하다' (to threaten survival), and '폐업 수순을 밟다' (to go through the process of closure).
디지털 전환에 뒤처진 전통적인 산업 구조는 새로운 기술 혁신과 소비자 행태 변화에 적응하지 못해 도태되었고, 이는 곧 대규모 폐업 사태로 이어졌습니다.
Traditional industrial structures lagging behind digital transformation became obsolete due to their inability to adapt to new technological innovations and changes in consumer behavior, which soon led to large-scale business closures.
Uses '뒤처지다' (to lag behind), '적응하지 못하다' (unable to adapt), '-는 것으로 이어지다' (lead to X), and '대규모 폐업 사태' (large-scale closure situation).
정부의 소상공인 지원 정책이 실효성을 거두지 못하면서, 과도한 규제와 세금 부담으로 인해 많은 사업체들이 경영난을 겪고 결국 폐업을 고려하게 되었습니다.
As the government's support policies for small business owners failed to yield effective results, many businesses experienced management difficulties due to excessive regulations and tax burdens, eventually leading them to consider closure.
Uses '실효성을 거두다' (to yield effective results), '과도한' (excessive), and '경영난을 겪다' (to experience management difficulties).
기업의 사회적 책임(CSR)이 강조되는 시대에, 윤리적이지 못한 경영 방식이나 환경 파괴로 인해 폐업하는 기업은 대중의 신뢰를 완전히 상실하게 됩니다.
In an era where Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is emphasized, companies that close down due to unethical management practices or environmental destruction completely lose public trust.
Uses '강조되는 시대에' (in an era where X is emphasized), '윤리적이지 못한' (unethical), and '신뢰를 완전히 상실하다' (to completely lose trust).
혁신적인 기술이나 독창적인 아이디어를 기반으로 사업을 시작하더라도, 시장의 수요를 정확히 예측하지 못하거나 경쟁 우위를 확보하지 못하면 결국 폐업이라는 쓴맛을 보게 될 수 있습니다.
Even if a business is started based on innovative technology or original ideas, if the market demand is not accurately predicted or a competitive advantage is not secured, one may eventually face the bitter taste of closure.
Uses '-더라도' (even if), '수요를 정확히 예측하다' (to accurately predict demand), '경쟁 우위를 확보하다' (to secure a competitive advantage), and '쓴맛을 보다' (to taste the bitter side).
지역 경제의 활성화를 위해서는 신규 사업 유치와 더불어 기존 사업체들의 폐업을 최소화하기 위한 다각적인 지원 방안 마련이 시급합니다.
To revitalize the local economy, it is urgent to establish multifaceted support measures to minimize the closure of existing businesses, along with attracting new businesses.
Uses '활성화를 위해' (for revitalization), '신규 사업 유치' (attracting new businesses), '최소화하다' (to minimize), and '다각적인 지원 방안' (multifaceted support measures).
창업 실패의 경험은 단순히 폐업으로 끝나는 것이 아니라, 미래의 성공을 위한 귀중한 교훈을 얻는 과정이 될 수도 있습니다.
The experience of startup failure does not simply end with closure, but can also be a process of gaining valuable lessons for future success.
Uses '-는 것이 아니라' (not X, but Y), '귀중한 교훈' (valuable lesson), and '과정이 되다' (to become a process).
급격한 산업 구조의 변화와 기술 발전은 특정 분야의 사업체들에게 존폐의 기로를 제시하며, 적응하지 못하는 기업들은 필연적으로 폐업의 길을 걷게 됩니다.
Rapid changes in industrial structure and technological advancements present businesses in certain sectors with a crossroads of survival or demise, and companies that cannot adapt inevitably walk the path of closure.
Uses '급격한' (rapid), '존폐의 기로' (crossroads of survival or demise), and '필연적으로' (inevitably).
글로벌 경제의 불확실성과 지정학적 리스크 증가는 다국적 기업들에게도 사업 재편 및 구조조정을 통한 운영 효율화, 혹은 불가피한 사업부 폐업이라는 복합적인 경영 과제를 안겨주고 있습니다.
The uncertainty of the global economy and increasing geopolitical risks are presenting multinational corporations with complex management challenges, such as operational streamlining through business restructuring and divestiture, or unavoidable closure of business divisions.
Uses '지정학적 리스크' (geopolitical risk), '사업 재편' (business restructuring), '운영 효율화' (operational streamlining), '복합적인 경영 과제' (complex management challenges), and '사업부 폐업' (closure of business divisions).
디지털 전환 시대에 전통적인 오프라인 유통망의 비효율성과 소비자 행태의 급격한 변화는 수많은 소매업체들로 하여금 시장에서의 경쟁력을 상실하게 만들었고, 이는 결국 광범위한 폐업과 지역 상권의 쇠퇴를 초래했습니다.
In the era of digital transformation, the inefficiency of traditional offline distribution networks and rapid changes in consumer behavior have caused numerous retailers to lose their competitiveness in the market, ultimately leading to widespread closures and the decline of local commercial areas.
Uses '-로 하여금 ...하게 만들다' (cause X to do Y), '경쟁력을 상실하다' (to lose competitiveness), '광범위한 폐업' (widespread closure), and '지역 상권의 쇠퇴' (decline of local commercial areas).
정부의 과도한 시장 개입과 규제는 때때로 기업가 정신을 위축시키고 혁신을 저해하며, 결과적으로는 경쟁력 있는 사업체들의 폐업을 조장하는 역효과를 낳기도 합니다.
Excessive government intervention and regulation in the market sometimes stifle entrepreneurship and hinder innovation, ultimately producing the counterproductive effect of encouraging the closure of competitive businesses.
Uses '기업가 정신을 위축시키다' (to stifle entrepreneurship), '혁신을 저해하다' (to hinder innovation), '역효과를 낳다' (to produce a counterproductive effect), and '폐업을 조장하다' (to encourage closure).
기술적 특이점(singularity) 도래와 함께 인공지능의 급격한 발전은 기존의 노동 시장 구조를 근본적으로 재편하고 있으며, 이는 일부 산업 분야의 완전한 자동화와 더불어 해당 분야 사업체들의 폐업을 가속화할 것으로 예상됩니다.
With the advent of the technological singularity, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence is fundamentally restructuring the existing labor market, and this is expected to accelerate the closure of businesses in those sectors, along with the complete automation of some industries.
Uses '기술적 특이점' (technological singularity), '근본적으로 재편하다' (to fundamentally restructure), '완전한 자동화' (complete automation), and '폐업을 가속화하다' (to accelerate closure).
소비자들의 윤리적 소비와 지속가능성에 대한 인식이 높아짐에 따라, 환경 파괴적이거나 비윤리적인 경영을 일삼는 기업들은 대중의 외면을 받게 되고, 결국 시장에서 퇴출되어 폐업에 이르게 됩니다.
As consumer awareness of ethical consumption and sustainability increases, companies engaging in environmentally destructive or unethical management practices face public rejection, ultimately leading to their removal from the market and subsequent closure.
Uses '지속가능성' (sustainability), '환경 파괴적' (environmentally destructive), '비윤리적 경영' (unethical management), '대중의 외면을 받다' (to face public rejection), and '시장에서 퇴출되다' (to be removed from the market).
글로벌 공급망의 불안정성과 예측 불가능한 지정학적 사건들은 기업들에게 예상치 못한 비용 증가와 운영상의 차질을 야기하며, 이는 사업 지속 가능성에 대한 심각한 의문을 제기하고 궁극적으로는 사업 부문의 폐업이라는 어려운 결정을 내리게 할 수 있습니다.
Instability in global supply chains and unpredictable geopolitical events cause unexpected cost increases and operational disruptions for businesses, raising serious questions about business sustainability and potentially leading to the difficult decision of closing down business divisions.
Uses '공급망의 불안정성' (supply chain instability), '지정학적 사건' (geopolitical events), '운영상의 차질' (operational disruption), '사업 지속 가능성' (business sustainability), and '사업 부문의 폐업' (closure of business divisions).
국가 간의 무역 장벽 강화와 보호무역주의 확산은 국제 시장에서의 경쟁 환경을 급격히 변화시키고 있으며, 이에 적응하지 못하는 기업들은 고립되어 결국 폐업의 길을 걷게 될 가능성이 높습니다.
The strengthening of trade barriers between nations and the spread of protectionism are rapidly changing the competitive landscape in international markets, and companies that cannot adapt to this are likely to become isolated and eventually walk the path of closure.
Uses '무역 장벽 강화' (strengthening of trade barriers), '보호무역주의 확산' (spread of protectionism), '고립되다' (to become isolated), and '폐업의 길을 걷다' (to walk the path of closure).
새로운 기술의 등장으로 인해 기존 산업이 붕괴되고, 해당 산업에 종사하던 인력들이 대량 실업 상태에 놓이면서 사회 전반의 경제적 불안정성이 증폭되고, 이는 다시금 연쇄적인 사업체 폐업으로 이어지는 악순환을 형성합니다.
The emergence of new technologies leads to the collapse of existing industries, and as the workforce employed in those industries faces mass unemployment, overall socio-economic instability intensifies, which in turn creates a vicious cycle leading to successive business closures.
Uses '산업이 붕괴되다' (industry collapses), '대량 실업 상태' (state of mass unemployment), '경제적 불안정성 증폭' (amplification of economic instability), and '연쇄적인 사업체 폐업' (successive business closures).
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
— The store closed down.
제가 자주 가던 빵집이 갑자기 폐업했어요. 너무 아쉬워요.
— The company closed down.
그 회사는 재정난으로 인해 결국 폐업했습니다.
— It is scheduled to close down soon.
안타깝게도 그 식당은 다음 달에 곧 폐업할 예정입니다.
— Considering closing down.
사업이 너무 어려워서 폐업을 고려 중입니다.
— It is on the verge of closure/bankruptcy.
경기가 계속 나빠져서 가게가 폐업 위기입니다.
— I filed for business closure.
모든 절차를 마치고 폐업 신고를 했습니다.
— To receive closure support funds.
정부에서 폐업 지원금을 지급한다는 소식을 들었습니다.
— What is the reason for closure?
그 가게가 갑자기 문을 닫았는데, 폐업 사유가 무엇인가요?
— To close down a business.
결국 오랜 사업을 폐업하기로 결정했습니다.
— To try not to close down.
어떻게든 폐업하지 않으려고 밤낮으로 노력하고 있습니다.
Often Confused With
'휴업하다' means to temporarily suspend business operations, while '폐업하다' means to permanently close down. This is the most common point of confusion for learners.
'문을 닫다' literally means 'to close the door'. It can imply permanent closure but is less specific and formal than '폐업하다'. It can also mean closing for the day.
'사업을 접다' means to give up a business or quit. It focuses on the decision to stop, whereas '폐업하다' is the action of closing.
Idioms & Expressions
— To step down from a position or to leave a business, often implying retirement or a forced departure, which can lead to closure.
사장님이 건강 문제로 옷을 벗기로 하면서 가게도 결국 폐업하게 되었습니다.
Neutral— While literally 'to close the door', when used with a sense of finality, it can imply permanent closure, similar to 폐업하다.
그는 더 이상 희망이 없다고 생각하고 마지막으로 가게 문을 닫았습니다.
Neutral/Informal— To give up or withdraw from involvement in a business, often leading to its closure.
사업이 너무 힘들어 더 이상 손을 댈 수 없어 결국 폐업하게 되었습니다.
Neutral— Literally 'to give one's last breath', this idiom is sometimes used metaphorically for businesses that have 'died' or ceased to exist permanently.
수년간 지역 경제를 이끌었던 그 회사가 결국 숨을 거두었습니다.
Figurative/Literary— Literally 'the light goes out'. This idiom refers to a business that has ceased operations, implying the end of its activity and vitality.
밤늦게까지 불이 켜져 있던 그 가게의 불이 결국 꺼졌습니다.
Figurative/Literary— Literally 'the curtain falls'. This idiom signifies the end of a chapter or an era, often used for businesses that have concluded their operations.
그 역사적인 극장이 몇 년간의 운영 끝에 막을 내리게 되었습니다.
Figurative/Literary— To conclude or end something. When applied to a business, it means to bring its operations to a close.
그는 오랜 사업의 끝을 맺고 조용히 은퇴했습니다.
Neutral— Literally 'to close the last page'. This idiom signifies the final conclusion of a business's story or journey.
그는 자신의 사업 인생의 마지막 장을 덮으며 홀가분함을 느꼈습니다.
Figurative/Literary— To face one's fated day. This idiom implies that the closure of a business was perhaps inevitable or predetermined.
수많은 어려움 끝에, 그 회사는 결국 운명의 날을 맞았습니다.
Figurative/Literary— Literally 'to put a period at the end'. This idiom signifies the definitive end or conclusion of something, including a business.
그 사건은 마침내 그 사업에 종지부를 찍었습니다.
Figurative/LiteraryEasily Confused
Both relate to a business stopping operations.
'휴업하다' signifies a temporary cessation of business, such as for holidays, renovations, or personal reasons, with the intention to reopen. '폐업하다' denotes a permanent closure, meaning the business will not operate again. The key difference lies in the permanence of the action.
가게가 <mark class='bg-green-200 dark:bg-green-800 px-0.5 rounded'>휴업했어요</mark> (for the weekend), but the bookstore next door <mark class='bg-red-500'>폐업했어요</mark> (permanently).
Both can indicate a business is no longer operating.
'문을 닫다' is a more general and informal phrase. It can mean closing for the day, closing for a period, or permanently closing. '폐업하다' is more specific, formal, and always implies a permanent closure of business operations. Context is crucial for '문을 닫다'.
식당이 <mark class='bg-green-200 dark:bg-green-800 px-0.5 rounded'>문을 닫았어요</mark> (Could be for the night or permanently). The company <mark class='bg-red-500'>폐업했습니다</mark> (definitely permanently closed).
Both relate to ending a business.
'사업을 접다' means to 'give up' or 'quit' a business, focusing on the decision and the act of disengaging from the business. '폐업하다' is the actual process of closing down the business operations as a result of that decision or other factors. One leads to the other.
그는 사업이 너무 힘들어서 <mark class='bg-green-200 dark:bg-green-800 px-0.5 rounded'>사업을 접기로</mark> 했고, 결국 가게를 <mark class='bg-red-500'>폐업했습니다</mark>.
Financial failure often leads to business closure.
'망하다' means to go bankrupt or fail financially. It describes the state of ruin that often causes a business to close. '폐업하다' is the action of formally closing down the business, which is usually a consequence of '망하다' or other reasons.
회사가 <mark class='bg-green-200 dark:bg-green-800 px-0.5 rounded'>망해서</mark> 결국 <mark class='bg-red-500'>폐업했어요</mark>.
Both involve stopping business activities.
'영업을 중단하다' can mean to temporarily suspend operations, similar to '휴업하다', or it can be used in more formal contexts to mean permanent closure. However, '폐업하다' is the more direct and common term for permanent business closure, especially in everyday conversation and news reporting.
회사는 <mark class='bg-green-200 dark:bg-green-800 px-0.5 rounded'>영업을 중단했습니다</mark> (formal, could be temporary or permanent). 그 가게는 <mark class='bg-red-500'>폐업했습니다</mark> (definitely permanent).
Sentence Patterns
Subject + [Time] + 폐업했어요.
작년에 그 식당이 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>폐업했어요</mark>.
Subject + [Reason] + 때문에 + 폐업했어요.
경기가 안 좋아서 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>폐업했어요</mark>.
Subject + 곧 + 폐업할 거예요.
그 가게는 곧 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>폐업할 거예요</mark>.
Subject + [Reason Clause] + 폐업하게 되었습니다.
임대료 부담을 이기지 못해 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>폐업하게 되었습니다</mark>.
Subject + [Manner] + 폐업을 고려하고 있습니다.
사업이 어려워 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>폐업을 고려하고 있습니다</mark>.
Subject + [Reason] + 으로 인해 + 폐업하는 사례가 늘고 있습니다.
경제 불황<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>으로 인해</mark> 폐업하는 사례가 늘고 있습니다.
Subject + [Condition] + 면 + 폐업할 수밖에 없습니다.
이대로라면 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>폐업할 수밖에</mark> 없습니다.
Subject + [Complex Reason] + 와/과 + [Consequence] + 를 초래하여 + 폐업에 이르렀습니다.
급변하는 시장 환경<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>과</mark> 경쟁 심화<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>를 초래하여</mark> 폐업에 이르렀습니다.
Word Family
Nouns
Verbs
Related
How to Use It
High (especially in news and discussions about the economy and local businesses)
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Using '폐업하다' for temporary closure.
→
Use '휴업하다' for temporary closure.
Learners often confuse '폐업하다' (permanent closure) with '휴업하다' (temporary suspension of business). If a shop is closed for a holiday, it is '휴업', not '폐업'.
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Using '폐업하다' as a transitive verb.
→
The subject is the business itself. E.g., '가게가 폐업했어요.' (The store closed down.)
'폐업하다' is an intransitive verb. You cannot say 'I closed down the store' as '저는 가게를 폐업했어요.' Instead, it would be '저는 가게를 닫았어요' (I closed the store) or '가게가 폐업했어요' (The store closed down).
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Confusing '폐업' (noun) and '폐업하다' (verb).
→
Use '폐업하다' as a verb and '폐업' as a noun, often with '하다'.
Sometimes learners might use the noun '폐업' incorrectly where the verb is needed, or vice versa. For example, saying '그 가게가 폐업이 되었습니다' instead of '그 가게가 폐업했습니다'.
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Using '폐업하다' when '문을 닫다' is more appropriate.
→
Use '폐업하다' for definitive, permanent closure. Use '문을 닫다' for general closing, which can be temporary or permanent depending on context.
'문을 닫다' is more informal and can refer to closing for the day. '폐업하다' is more formal and specifically means to cease operations permanently.
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Not distinguishing between '폐업하다' and '망하다'.
→
'망하다' is about financial ruin; '폐업하다' is the action of closing down, often as a result of '망하다'.
While bankruptcy ('망하다') is a common reason for closure, '폐업하다' is the act of closing, not the state of financial failure itself. A business can '폐업하다' for reasons other than bankruptcy.
Tips
Permanent vs. Temporary
Always remember the key difference: '폐업하다' is permanent closure, while '휴업하다' is temporary. Confusing these can lead to misunderstandings about a business's status.
Listen for Clues
In conversations or news, listen for keywords like '경제', '임대료', '재정난', '코로나19' which often precede or explain why a business had to '폐업하다'.
Subject is the Business
'폐업하다' is an intransitive verb. The subject is the business, store, or company itself. You don't '폐업하다' something; something '폐업하다'.
Alternatives
While '폐업하다' is specific, '문을 닫다' (to close the door) can sometimes imply permanent closure, and '사업을 접다' (to give up a business) focuses on the decision. Use '폐업하다' for clear, definitive closure.
Community Impact
Understand that business closures can have a significant emotional and economic impact on communities. Be mindful of this when discussing or hearing about businesses that '폐업하다'.
Visual Mnemonic
Imagine a business owner crying ('pyeeop' sounds like weep) as they throw away their business sign.
Verb Conjugation
Like most Korean verbs, '폐업하다' conjugates regularly. Pay attention to past tense (-았/었/였), future tense (-ㄹ 거예요), and nominalization (-기, -는 것).
Opposites
Know the opposite terms like '개업하다' (to open a business) and '창업하다' (to start a business) to better understand the full cycle of business operations.
Reasons for Closure
When using '폐업하다', consider if you want to specify the reason (e.g., '경영난으로 폐업하다' - to close due to management difficulties) for a more complete sentence.
Aspirated 'P'
Remember to aspirate the 'p' sounds in '폐업하다' (pyeeop-hada) for clear pronunciation. It's like a little puff of air.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Imagine a business owner sadly throwing away their business sign ('폐') because their business ('업') is no longer viable. The sound 'pyeeop' sounds a bit like 'weep', as the owner weeps over their business closure.
Visual Association
Picture a shop with a large, red 'CLOSED PERMANENTLY' sign hanging over the door, with the owner looking dejected. The sign itself can be visually linked to the concept of '폐업하다'.
Word Web
Challenge
Try to describe a situation where a business had to close down, using '폐업하다' at least three times in your description. Focus on the reasons and the impact of the closure.
Word Origin
The word '폐업하다' is a Sino-Korean word, derived from Chinese characters. It is composed of two parts: '폐' (廢) and '업' (業).
Original meaning: '폐' (廢) means 'to abolish', 'to discard', 'to cease', or 'to be ruined'. '업' (業) means 'business', 'occupation', or 'deed'. Therefore, '폐업' literally means 'to abolish business' or 'to cease occupation'.
Sino-Korean (derived from Hanja)Cultural Context
When discussing '폐업하다', it's important to be mindful that it often signifies financial hardship, personal struggle, and loss for the business owner. While it's a factual term, the context in which it's used can imply sympathy or concern.
In English-speaking countries, terms like 'go out of business', 'close down', 'shut down', 'bankrupt', or 'liquidate' are used. The concept is similar, but the cultural nuances around community impact and the emotional response to business failure might differ.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Discussing local businesses.
- 그 가게 폐업했대요.
- 우리 동네에 가게가 많이 폐업했어요.
- 왜 폐업했는지 아세요?
Talking about economic news.
- 코로나 때문에 많은 가게가 폐업했어요.
- 경기가 안 좋아서 폐업하는 회사가 늘고 있어요.
- 폐업 지원금에 대해 들어봤어요?
Personal experiences with business.
- 저희 아버지 가게가 폐업했어요.
- 사업이 너무 어려워서 폐업을 고려하고 있어요.
- 폐업 절차는 복잡해요.
Describing a past event.
- 작년에 그 식당이 폐업했습니다.
- 그 회사는 결국 파산하고 폐업했어요.
- 몇 년 전까지만 해도 잘 되던 가게였는데 폐업했어요.
Future plans or possibilities.
- 사업이 잘 안 되면 폐업할 수도 있어요.
- 곧 폐업할 예정이라고 들었어요.
- 폐업하지 않도록 노력해야 해요.
Conversation Starters
"Have you noticed many businesses closing down in your area lately?"
"What do you think are the main reasons why businesses have to close down?"
"Do you know anyone who had to close down their business? How did they feel?"
"If you were to start a business, what would you do to avoid having to close it down?"
"When you see a 'Closed Permanently' sign, what's your first thought?"
Journal Prompts
Describe a business you frequented that has since closed down. What do you remember about it, and why do you think it closed?
Imagine you are a business owner facing the decision to close down. Write a diary entry about your thoughts and feelings.
Research a recent news article about business closures in Korea. Summarize the main points and share your opinion on the situation.
Write a short story about a character who successfully keeps their business from closing down despite facing challenges.
If you had to give advice to someone starting a business, what would you tell them to help them avoid having to '폐업하다'?
Frequently Asked Questions
10 questionsThe main difference is permanence. '폐업하다' means to close down a business permanently, signifying the end of its operations. '휴업하다' means to temporarily suspend business operations, with the intention to reopen later. Think of '폐업' as final and '휴업' as a break.
While a person doesn't '폐업하다' themselves, they can be the subject of the verb if they are the owner making the decision or if the business they own closes. For example, '사장님이 가게를 폐업했어요' (The owner closed the store) or '그 회사가 폐업했어요' (That company closed down).
Common reasons include financial difficulties (경영난, 재정난), inability to pay rent (임대료 부담), lack of customers, intense competition, retirement of the owner, health issues, or external factors like economic downturns or pandemics (e.g., 코로나19). Sometimes, businesses also choose to close down to pursue other ventures.
While it often signifies failure or hardship, it's not always negative. An owner might choose to '폐업하다' to retire and enjoy their later years, or to pursue a new, more fulfilling career. However, in the context of economic news or discussions about struggling businesses, it is usually associated with negative circumstances.
After '폐업하다', there are usually legal and administrative procedures involved, such as filing for business closure (폐업 신고), settling debts, and disposing of assets. The physical location might be leased to a new business or remain vacant.
Yes, '폐업하다' can be used for online businesses as well. If an online store or service permanently ceases operations, it is said to have '폐업하다'.
The noun form is '폐업' (pyeeop), which means 'business closure'.
Yes, businesses often post signs like '폐업 안내' (Closure Notice) or '영업 종료' (Business Ended) on their premises. In formal announcements, they might use phrases like '사업을 폐업하기로 결정하였습니다' (We have decided to cease business operations).
You can say '사업이 폐업 위기에 놓여 있습니다' (The business is in crisis of closure) or '곧 폐업할 것 같아요' (It seems like it will close down soon).
'망하다' means to go bankrupt or fail financially, describing the state of ruin. '폐업하다' is the action of formally closing down the business, often as a result of '망하다' or other reasons. A business that '망했어요' (went bankrupt) will likely then '폐업해요' (close down).
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Summary
폐업하다 (pyeeop-hada) is the Korean verb for permanently closing down a business or company, signifying a definitive end to its operations. It is distinct from temporary closures (휴업하다).
- 폐업하다 means to permanently close a business.
- It's the opposite of starting a business.
- Often used for shops, restaurants, and companies.
- Implies a final end, unlike temporary closure.
Permanent vs. Temporary
Always remember the key difference: '폐업하다' is permanent closure, while '휴업하다' is temporary. Confusing these can lead to misunderstandings about a business's status.
Listen for Clues
In conversations or news, listen for keywords like '경제', '임대료', '재정난', '코로나19' which often precede or explain why a business had to '폐업하다'.
Subject is the Business
'폐업하다' is an intransitive verb. The subject is the business, store, or company itself. You don't '폐업하다' something; something '폐업하다'.
Alternatives
While '폐업하다' is specific, '문을 닫다' (to close the door) can sometimes imply permanent closure, and '사업을 접다' (to give up a business) focuses on the decision. Use '폐업하다' for clear, definitive closure.
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