At the A1 level, you are just beginning your journey into Chinese. While '章程' (zhāngchéng) is a bit advanced for a complete beginner, you can think of it as a very special word for 'rules.' At this stage, you don't need to worry about the legal nuances. Just remember that it is a word used for formal groups. Imagine you are in a small club at school. The 'rules' of that club could be called '章程'. You might see this word in a very basic sentence like '这是我们的章程' (This is our charter/rules). At A1, focus on recognizing the characters. '章' (zhāng) looks a bit like a standing person over a sun and a cross, and '程' (chéng) has the 'grain' radical (禾) on the left. Even if you don't use it in daily conversation, knowing that Chinese has different words for 'rules' depending on how serious they are is a great first step. Most of the time, you will use '规则' (guīzé) for simple things, but if you see '章程', just know it means 'important rules for a group'. Don't be intimidated by its complexity; every big organization starts with a simple set of '章程'. In your A1 studies, you will mostly focus on 'I, you, he, she' and basic verbs, but having '章程' in your passive vocabulary will help you when you start reading more formal texts or signs in public buildings.
At the A2 level, you are starting to handle more practical situations. You might be working in an office or joining a local community group. This is where '章程' (zhāngchéng) becomes more useful. You should know that '章程' specifically refers to a 'charter' or 'statutes.' If you are part of a company, you might hear about the '公司章程' (Company Charter). A2 learners should be able to use '章程' in simple subject-verb-object sentences. For example, '我们要看章程' (We need to look at the charter) or '他不遵守章程' (He doesn't follow the statutes). At this level, you should also begin to notice the difference between '章程' and '规则' (rules). Use '规则' for games and '章程' for organizations. You might also encounter the word in a student handbook or a membership guide. It's important to understand that '章程' is a noun and it usually describes a physical or digital document that tells people how to behave in a group. You might also learn the measure word '份' (fèn), so you can say '一份章程' (one copy of the charter). As an A2 learner, your goal is to recognize this word in a professional context and understand that it implies a formal agreement between people in an organization. It’s a step up from basic everyday Chinese into the world of institutional life.
At the B1 level, you are becoming an intermediate learner, and your vocabulary needs to reflect more abstract and professional concepts. '章程' (zhāngchéng) is a key word for this transition. You should understand that it isn't just 'rules,' but the 'foundational document' of an entity. You should be able to use it with more complex verbs like '制定' (zhìdìng - to formulate), '修改' (xiūgǎi - to amend), and '批准' (pīzhǔn - to approve). For example, '董事会制定了新的章程' (The board of directors formulated a new charter). You should also be comfortable using '根据' (gēnjù - according to) or '按照' (ànzhào - in accordance with) followed by '章程'. This allows you to justify actions: '根据章程，我们不能这样做' (According to the charter, we cannot do this). At B1, you should also start to see '章程' in more varied contexts, such as the '协会章程' (Association Statutes) or '基金会章程' (Foundation Charter). You should understand that these documents are often legally binding. If you are preparing for the HSK, '章程' is a word that frequently appears in reading passages about business or social organizations. You should be able to explain what a '章程' is in simple Chinese: '章程是一个组织的基本规则' (A charter is the basic rules of an organization). This level of understanding shows that you can navigate the structural aspects of Chinese society and business.
At the B2 level, you are expected to have a solid grasp of formal Chinese. '章程' (zhāngchéng) should be a natural part of your professional vocabulary. You should understand the legal implications of the word, especially in the context of the '公司法' (Company Law) in China. You should be able to discuss the process of drafting and amending a charter using sophisticated terminology. For instance, you might talk about '起草章程草案' (drafting a draft charter) or '提交股东大会审议' (submitting to the shareholders' meeting for review). At B2, you should also be able to distinguish '章程' from similar terms like '条例' (regulations) and '细则' (detailed rules). You should know that '章程' is the high-level document, while '细则' provides the specific details on how to implement the '章程'. You might also encounter '章程' in historical or political contexts, such as the '党章' (Party Constitution). Your ability to use '章程' in a debate or a formal presentation will significantly enhance your perceived fluency. For example, '为了确保公平，我们必须完善我们的章程' (To ensure fairness, we must perfect our statutes). At this stage, you should also be aware of common idioms or set phrases involving '章程', such as '按章程办事' (acting according to the rules), which implies a commitment to procedural justice and institutional integrity.
As a C1 learner, you are approaching near-native proficiency, and your use of '章程' (zhāngchéng) should reflect a deep understanding of its nuances in administrative and legal Chinese. You should be able to read and analyze actual '公司章程' (Articles of Association) or '非政府组织章程' (NGO Charters) with minimal help from a dictionary. You should understand the structural components of a typical charter, such as '宗旨' (purpose), '业务范围' (scope of business), and '组织机构' (organizational structure). At this level, you should also be able to discuss the philosophical and legal theory behind a charter. For instance, how a '章程' acts as a contract between shareholders and the company, or how it balances the interests of different stakeholders. You should be comfortable using '章程' in complex, multi-clause sentences and in high-stakes negotiations. For example, '在本次并购过程中，目标公司的章程中关于股权转让的限制性条款是一个关键障碍' (During this merger and acquisition process, the restrictive clauses in the target company's charter regarding equity transfer are a key obstacle). You should also be sensitive to the register of '章程', knowing when to use it versus more specialized terms like '协议' (agreement) or '合同' (contract). Your mastery of '章程' at C1 demonstrates that you can function effectively at the highest levels of Chinese business and law, handling the foundational documents that define institutional reality.
At the C2 level, you possess a masterly command of Chinese, and your understanding of '章程' (zhāngchéng) extends to its historical evolution, legal intricacies, and socio-political significance. You can engage in scholarly discussions about the development of corporate governance in China and the role that '章程' has played in this process. You are capable of drafting formal charters that are not only grammatically perfect but also legally sound and stylistically appropriate. You understand the subtle differences in how '章程' is used in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, as well as its translation equivalents in international law. You can analyze the '章程' of major international bodies like the UN or the WHO, comparing their linguistic structures with Chinese domestic equivalents. Furthermore, you can appreciate the literary or rhetorical use of the word in high-level political discourse, where '章程' might be used metaphorically to describe the 'rules of the game' in international relations or the fundamental principles of a civilization. At C2, '章程' is not just a vocabulary item; it is a tool for navigating and shaping the complex institutional landscapes of the Sinophone world. You can use it to critique organizational failures, propose structural reforms, and lead high-level institutional dialogues with the authority and precision of a native expert.
The Chinese word 章程 (zhāngchéng) is a formal noun that primarily refers to a 'charter,' 'statutes,' or 'articles of association.' In a broader sense, it represents the fundamental set of rules that govern an organization, a society, or a specific project. When you look at the individual characters, 章 (zhāng) often refers to a chapter, a section, or a seal of authority, while 程 (chéng) relates to a journey, a process, or a standard. Together, they form a concept that defines the 'standardized chapters' of an organization's existence. In modern business and legal contexts, this word is indispensable. If you are starting a company in China, the first document you will draft is the 公司章程 (Articles of Association). It is the 'constitution' of the company, detailing how shares are distributed, how directors are elected, and what the company's core mission is. Beyond the corporate world, you will find this word used in non-profit organizations, sports clubs, and even international treaties. For instance, the UN Charter is referred to as the 联合国宪章, where 宪章 is a higher-level synonym, but for most private or semi-public entities, 章程 is the standard term. It carries a heavy weight of formality and permanence. You wouldn't use 章程 to describe the rules of a casual board game with friends; instead, you would use 规则 (guīzé). Using 章程 implies that the rules have been codified, likely registered with a government body, and require a formal process to amend. It is the backbone of institutional governance.
- Legal Weight
- The word signifies a document that has binding legal authority over its members, often used in court to resolve internal disputes.
- Institutional Identity
- It outlines the identity, purpose, and operational scope of an entity, distinguishing it from mere 'rules of thumb'.
- Administrative Procedure
- In bureaucratic contexts, it refers to the standardized procedures that must be followed for official tasks.
每一家新成立的公司都必须向政府提交其章程以获得营业执照。 (Every newly established company must submit its charter to the government to obtain a business license.)
根据协会章程，理事会成员每三年改选一次。 (According to the association's statutes, board members are re-elected every three years.)
我们必须严格遵守基金会的章程。 (We must strictly abide by the foundation's charter.)
这份章程详细规定了会员的权利和义务。 (This charter specifies in detail the rights and obligations of the members.)
修改章程需要经过三分之二以上会员的同意。 (Amending the statutes requires the consent of more than two-thirds of the members.)
To master this word, you must understand its placement in the hierarchy of rules. At the top, you have 法律 (Law). Below that, for specific entities, you have the 章程 (Charter). Inside that charter, you might have various 规定 (Regulations) or 细则 (Detailed Rules). If you are a student, your university has a 大学章程. If you are an employee, your company has a 公司章程. It is the document you sign (or agree to) that establishes your relationship with the collective. In modern colloquialism, it is rarely used unless discussing formal business or legal matters, making it a high-utility word for professional Chinese proficiency. Understanding 章程 allows you to navigate the complexities of Chinese organizational structures with the precision of a native speaker. It is not just about 'rules'; it is about the 'structural essence' of a group.
Using 章程 (zhāngchéng) correctly requires pairing it with specific verbs and adjectives that reflect its formal and structural nature. Because it is a formal document, the verbs associated with it are typically formal as well. For example, you don't just 'write' a charter; you 制定 (zhìdìng - formulate) or 起草 (qǐcǎo - draft) it. When a charter is already in place, you 遵守 (zūnshǒu - abide by) or 执行 (zhíxíng - execute/implement) it. If the rules are no longer suitable, you 修改 (xiūgǎi - amend) or 完善 (wánshàn - perfect/improve) them. Understanding these collocations is key to sounding natural in a professional setting. Let's look at the grammatical patterns where 章程 usually appears. It often functions as the object of a verb or as a noun modified by an organization's name.
- Verb + 章程
- Common verbs: 制定 (formulate), 修改 (amend), 违反 (violate), 批准 (approve), 备案 (file for record).
- Organization + 章程
- Examples: 公司章程 (Company Articles), 协会章程 (Association Statutes), 基金会章程 (Foundation Charter).
- Adjective + 章程
- Common adjectives: 现行章程 (current charter), 临时章程 (provisional statutes), 详细章程 (detailed charter).
董事会正在讨论如何修改章程。 (The board of directors is discussing how to amend the charter.)
任何违反章程的行为都将受到处罚。 (Any act that violates the statutes will be punished.)
我们需要一份详细的章程来指导我们的工作。 (We need a detailed charter to guide our work.)
In complex sentences, 章程 often serves as the basis for an action. For instance, 'According to the charter...' is translated as 根据章程... or 按照章程.... This structure is essential for justifying decisions in a meeting or a report. Furthermore, the term is frequently used in passive constructions, such as 章程已获批准 (The charter has been approved). In legal drafting, you might see the phrase 本章程自发布之日起施行 (This charter shall come into force from the date of its publication). This level of precision is what separates a beginner from an intermediate or advanced learner. By practicing these patterns, you move beyond simple vocabulary into the realm of professional communication. Remember that 章程 is always about the 'big picture' rules. If you are talking about the rules of a specific game or a short-term activity, stick to 规则. But if you are talking about the 'constitution' of a group, 章程 is your word. It implies durability and collective agreement.
You are most likely to encounter 章程 (zhāngchéng) in formal, institutional, and professional environments. While you won't hear it at a grocery store or in a casual chat about the weather, it is a staple of the Chinese news, business world, and academic administration. If you watch CCTV News (Xinwen Lianbo), you might hear it during reports on the Communist Party's National Congress, where the 党章 (Party Constitution, a shortened form of 党章程) is discussed or amended. In the corporate world, if you attend an annual general meeting (AGM) of a Chinese company, the chairperson will inevitably refer to the 公司章程 when discussing voting procedures or the distribution of dividends. If you are a student at a Chinese university, the 学生手册 (Student Handbook) often contains the 大学章程, which you are expected to follow. Even in the world of international relations, the term appears frequently. The Olympic Charter is called the 奥林匹克章程. This word is the 'language of organizations.' It signals that the conversation has moved from personal opinions to institutional standards.
- Business Meetings
- Used when discussing company structure, shareholder rights, or legal compliance.
- News & Media
- Used in reports about international organizations, government policies, or large-scale institutional changes.
- Legal & Academic Texts
- Found in contracts, university bylaws, and formal research on institutional governance.
新闻报道：‘国际奥委会今天通过了新的奥林匹克章程修正案。’ (News report: 'The IOC today passed the new amendments to the Olympic Charter.')
在股东大会上，CEO强调了遵守公司章程的重要性。 (At the shareholders' meeting, the CEO emphasized the importance of abiding by the company's articles of association.)
Another interesting place you hear this word is in the context of 'standard operating procedures' (SOPs) in a less formal but still professional sense. For instance, a technician might say, 'We have a 操作章程 (operating manual/procedure) for this machine.' Here, 章程 is used to emphasize that the steps are not just suggestions but are the established, authoritative way of doing things. In the tech world, open-source projects or DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) often have a 治理章程 (governance charter) that defines how the community interacts. So, whether you are in a boardroom in Beijing, a university in Shanghai, or reading a technical manual for a high-speed train, 章程 is the word that provides the structure and authority to the systems around you. It is a word that commands respect and implies a level of seriousness that more casual words for 'rules' simply do not possess.
For English speakers, the most common mistake when using 章程 (zhāngchéng) is confusing it with other words for 'rules' like 规则 (guīzé), 规定 (guīdìng), or 法律 (fǎlǜ). While they all relate to things you must follow, their scope and register are very different. A very common error is using 章程 to describe the rules of a game or a classroom. For example, saying '游戏的章程' (the charter of the game) sounds extremely odd and overly dramatic. You should say '游戏的规则' (the rules of the game). 章程 is reserved for organizations and institutions. Another mistake is confusing it with 法律 (law). Laws are passed by a sovereign government and apply to everyone in a jurisdiction. A 章程 is private law—it only applies to the members of the specific organization that created it. You don't 'break the law' if you violate a company's 章程; you 'violate the statutes,' which might lead to internal discipline but not necessarily jail time unless the violation also breaks a national law.
- Mistake: Over-application
- Using '章程' for simple, everyday rules like 'house rules' or 'game rules'. Use '规则' instead.
- Mistake: Confusing with '规定'
- '规定' is a specific regulation or a verb 'to stipulate'. '章程' is the whole document. You follow the '规定' within the '章程'.
- Mistake: Improper Verbs
- Using '写章程' (write a charter) instead of the professional '起草章程' (draft a charter) or '制定章程' (formulate a charter).
Incorrect: 我们应该制定一个打扫房间的章程。 (We should formulate a charter for cleaning the room.)
Correct: 我们应该制定一个打扫房间的规则。 (We should formulate a rule for cleaning the room.)
Incorrect: 这个国家的章程非常严格。 (The charter of this country is very strict.)
Correct: 这个国家的法律非常严格。 (The law of this country is very strict.)
Another subtle mistake is the confusion between 章程 and 宪法 (xiànfǎ - Constitution). 宪法 is the supreme law of a nation. While 章程 is often called the 'constitution' of a company in English, in Chinese, you must use 章程 for the company and 宪法 for the country. If you call a company's rules its 宪法, it sounds like the company is claiming to be a sovereign nation, which might raise some eyebrows! Lastly, pay attention to the measure word. While '个' (gè) is acceptable in casual speech, the formal measure word is '份' (fèn). Saying '一个章程' is okay, but '一份章程' is better. In professional writing, always opt for the latter. By avoiding these common pitfalls, you will use 章程 with the formality and precision it deserves, ensuring your Chinese sounds both sophisticated and accurate.
To truly understand 章程 (zhāngchéng), it helps to compare it with its close relatives in the world of rules and regulations. Chinese has a rich vocabulary for different types of standards, and choosing the right one depends on the context and the level of authority. The most common alternatives you will encounter are 规则 (guīzé), 规定 (guīdìng), 条例 (tiáolì), and 制度 (zhìdù). Each of these has a specific 'flavor' and usage scenario. 规则 is the most general term, used for games, sports, or simple social interactions. 规定 refers to specific requirements or stipulations within a larger system. 条例 is a more formal term, often used for government regulations or administrative rules that are just below the level of national law. 制度 refers to a system or an institution as a whole (e.g., the legal system, the educational system). Understanding these differences is crucial for advanced proficiency.
- 章程 vs. 规则 (guīzé)
- 章程 is for organizations/institutions; 规则 is for games, traffic, or general logic. You have a 'company charter' (章程) but 'traffic rules' (交通规则).
- 章程 vs. 规定 (guīdìng)
- 章程 is the comprehensive document; 规定 is a specific point or regulation. The 章程 might contain many 规定. 规定 can also be a verb; 章程 cannot.
- 章程 vs. 条例 (tiáolì)
- 条例 is usually issued by a government or public authority (e.g., 'City Management Regulations'). 章程 is usually for a private or semi-private entity (e.g., 'Club Charter').
- 章程 vs. 制度 (zhìdù)
- 制度 is an abstract 'system' (e.g., the social system). 章程 is the physical or codified 'document' that outlines how a specific group operates.
Comparison: 公司的章程规定了员工必须遵守的规则。 (The company's charter stipulates the rules that employees must follow.)
In some contexts, you might also hear 规程 (guīchéng), which is very similar to 章程 but usually refers to technical procedures or 'rules of operation' (e.g., 安全操作规程 - Safety Operating Procedures). While 章程 deals with the 'soul' and 'structure' of an organization, 规程 deals with the 'process' and 'steps' of a task. Finally, 公约 (gōngyuē) is used for 'conventions' or 'covenants' signed by multiple parties (e.g., 日内瓦公约 - Geneva Convention). By learning these distinctions, you gain a deeper appreciation for the precision of Chinese legal and administrative language. You won't just be 'following rules'; you'll be 'abiding by statutes,' 'complying with regulations,' and 'respecting systems.' This level of vocabulary enrichment is what allows you to engage with Chinese society at a professional and intellectual level.
Examples by Level
这是我们的俱乐部章程。
This is our club charter.
Simple A is B structure using '这是' (this is).
章程里有规则。
There are rules in the charter.
Using '里' (inside) to show location.
请读一下章程。
Please read the charter.
Using '请' (please) for a polite request.
我不明白这份章程。
I don't understand this charter.
Negative form '不' (not) before '明白' (understand).
章程很重要。
The charter is very important.
Adjective '重要' (important) with the intensifier '很' (very).
他们有章程吗？
Do they have a charter?
Question particle '吗' at the end.
我们要写一个章程。
We need to write a charter.
Using '要' (want/need to) to express intention.
这是新的章程。
This is the new charter.
Adjective '新' (new) modifying '章程'.
公司章程规定了休假时间。
The company charter stipulates vacation time.
Subject (公司章程) + Verb (规定) + Object (休假时间).
每个会员都必须遵守章程。
Every member must abide by the statutes.
Using '必须' (must) to show obligation.
你可以在这里下载章程。
You can download the charter here.
Using '可以' (can) and '在这里' (here).
这份章程一共有十页。
This charter has ten pages in total.
Using '一共' (in total) to count pages.
我们需要修改一下章程。
We need to amend the charter a bit.
Using '一下' (a bit) to soften the action.
章程的内容很详细。
The content of the charter is very detailed.
Noun phrase '章程的内容' as the subject.
谁负责起草章程？
Who is responsible for drafting the charter?
Using '负责' (be responsible for) + Verb phrase.
章程里没有提到这个问题。
The charter doesn't mention this issue.
Negative '没有' (did not) + Verb (提到).
根据公司章程，董事会有权决定分红。
According to the company charter, the board has the power to decide on dividends.
Using '根据...，...有权...' (According to..., ...has the right to...).
协会的章程已经提交给民政部门备案了。
The association's statutes have been submitted to the civil affairs department for filing.
Passive structure with '已经...了' and the technical term '备案' (file for record).
修改章程需要经过全体会员大会的批准。
Amending the charter requires approval from the general membership meeting.
Using '需要经过...的批准' (needs to go through ... approval).
这份章程草案还需要进一步完善。
This draft charter still needs further improvement.
Using '还需要进一步' (still needs further).
违反章程的会员可能会被取消资格。
Members who violate the statutes may be disqualified.
Using '可能会被' (may be) for a passive possibility.
章程明确规定了理事会的职责范围。
The charter clearly stipulates the scope of responsibilities of the council.
Using '明确规定了' (clearly stipulated).
我们在制定章程时参考了其他协会的经验。
When formulating the charter, we referred to the experience of other associations.
Using '在...时' (while/when).
章程是组织运作的法律基础。
The charter is the legal basis for the organization's operation.
Metaphorical use of '法律基础' (legal basis).
任何与法律相抵触的章程条款都是无效的。
Any charter clause that conflicts with the law is invalid.
Using '与...相抵触' (to conflict with) and '无效' (invalid).
公司章程是公司治理的核心文件。
The company charter is the core document of corporate governance.
Using the professional term '公司治理' (corporate governance).
我们必须严格按照章程规定的程序进行选举。
We must conduct the election strictly according to the procedures stipulated in the charter.
Using '严格按照...规定的程序' (strictly according to the stipulated procedures).
章程的修改应当自变更之日起三十日内办理变更登记。
Amendments to the charter shall be registered within thirty days from the date of change.
Using '应当自...之日起' (shall be ... from the date of).
该非营利组织的章程强调了透明度和问责制。
The non-profit organization's charter emphasizes transparency and accountability.
Using '强调了' (emphasized) with abstract nouns.
章程中关于利润分配的条款引发了股东的争议。
The clause in the charter regarding profit distribution sparked controversy among shareholders.
Using '关于...的条款' (the clause regarding...) as the subject.
为了适应市场变化，我们需要对章程进行必要的调整。
To adapt to market changes, we need to make necessary adjustments to the charter.
Using '对...进行必要的调整' (make necessary adjustments to...).
章程规定，董事长由全体董事过半数选举产生。
The charter stipulates that the chairman shall be elected by more than half of all directors.
Using '由...选举产生' (be elected by...).
公司章程在法律上具有合同效力，约束公司及其股东。
The company charter has the force of a contract in law, binding the company and its shareholders.
Using '具有...效力' (to have the force of...) and '约束' (to bind/constrain).
在起草章程时，必须充分考虑到中小股东的利益保护。
When drafting the charter, full consideration must be given to the protection of the interests of minority shareholders.
Using '充分考虑到' (give full consideration to).
章程中的授权条款决定了管理层在重大决策中的自主权。
The authorization clauses in the charter determine the management's autonomy in major decisions.
Using '授权条款' (authorization clauses) and '自主权' (autonomy).
法院在审理此案时，重点审查了公司章程的合法性。
When hearing this case, the court focused on reviewing the legality of the company charter.
Using '重点审查了' (focused on reviewing) and '合法性' (legality).
章程的完备程度往往反映了一个组织的治理水平。
The completeness of a charter often reflects the level of governance of an organization.
Using '...反映了...' (reflects) to show a correlation.
该国际条约的章程为成员国之间的合作提供了制度保障。
The charter of this international treaty provides an institutional guarantee for cooperation among member states.
Using '制度保障' (institutional guarantee).
章程中关于解散和清算的条款必须符合国家强制性规定。
The clauses in the charter regarding dissolution and liquidation must comply with national mandatory regulations.
Using '强制性规定' (mandatory regulations).
章程的解释权通常归属于理事会或股东大会。
The power of interpretation of the charter usually belongs to the council or the shareholders' meeting.
Using '解释权归属于' (the power of interpretation belongs to).
章程作为一种自律性准则，是现代法人制度的基石。
As a self-regulatory norm, the charter is the cornerstone of the modern legal person system.
Using '作为...，是...' (As..., is...) and '基石' (cornerstone).
在宪法秩序下，各类组织的章程应当保持与其基本精神的一致性。
Under the constitutional order, the charters of various organizations should maintain consistency with its basic spirit.
Using '保持...的一致性' (maintain consistency with).
章程不仅是权力的分配图，更是责任的契约书。
The charter is not only a map of power distribution but also a contract of responsibility.
Using '不仅是...，更是...' (not only..., but even more...).
深度解析章程背后的法理逻辑，有助于我们理解其制度变迁。
A deep analysis of the jurisprudential logic behind the charter helps us understand its institutional evolution.
Using '深度解析' (deep analysis) and '法理逻辑' (jurisprudential logic).
章程的僵化可能导致组织在快速变化的环境中丧失活力。
The rigidity of the charter may lead to an organization losing its vitality in a rapidly changing environment.
Using '僵化' (rigidity/ossification) and '丧失活力' (loss of vitality).
通过司法干预来纠正违反章程的行为，是维护程序正义的重要手段。
Correcting acts that violate the charter through judicial intervention is an important means of maintaining procedural justice.
Using '司法干预' (judicial intervention) and '程序正义' (procedural justice).
章程的制定过程本身就是各方利益博弈和妥协的产物。
The process of formulating a charter is itself the product of gaming and compromise among various interests.
Using '利益博弈' (interest gaming) and '产物' (product/result).
在全球化背景下，跨国公司的章程面临着多重法律管辖的挑战。
In the context of globalization, the charters of multinational corporations face challenges from multiple legal jurisdictions.
Using '多重法律管辖' (multiple legal jurisdictions).
Related Content
This Word in Other Languages
More business words
本事
A2Skill; ability; capability.
相应地
B1Correspondingly.
账号
A2account (e.g., bank, online)
客户经理
A2account manager
账户
B1A record of financial transactions for an individual or business, usually at a bank; or a user profile for a digital service.
会计
A2accounting, accountant
收购
B1To purchase; to acquire (a company).
商业活动
A2Business activity.
广告费
A2Advertising expenses.
调整
B1To change something slightly in order to make it more correct, effective, or suitable.
