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B2 noun 7 min de leitura

تعمیم

ta'mim
Pratique Exemplos Notas e dicas تعمیم em 30 segundos
Explicação تعمیم in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'تعمیم' (ta'mim) is too advanced. However, you can think of it as the word for when we say 'All' or 'Always'. Imagine you see one cat that is black, and you say 'All cats are black.' That 'All' is a generalization. In Persian, we might just use 'همه' (ham-e) for all at this level. You don't need to use the word 'تعمیم' yet, but you are learning the idea behind it when you learn words like 'always' (hamishe) and 'everyone' (hame). It's the 'big rule' we make from one small thing.
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At A2, you are starting to group things together. You might say 'Iranians like tea' or 'Students are busy.' These are simple generalizations. The word 'تعمیم' (ta'mim) is still a bit hard, but you might hear it in a classroom. It means taking one person's story and making it everyone's story. If your friend is late and you say 'My friends are always late,' a teacher might say 'Don't generalize!' (تعمیم نده!). At this level, focus on the verb 'تعمیم دادن' (to generalize) and understand it means saying 'every' when you only know 'some'.
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At the B1 level, you can start using 'تعمیم' in discussions about society or habits. You understand that 'تعمیم دادن' is a compound verb. You might use it to explain why someone is wrong in an argument: 'You shouldn't generalize one mistake to my whole personality.' (نباید یک اشتباه را به کل شخصیت من تعمیم بدهی). You are learning that this word is more formal than just saying 'don't say everyone.' It's a useful word for expressing opinions about stereotypes and broad social trends. You also start to see it in news headlines about laws being applied to more people.
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At B2, you should be comfortable using 'تعمیم' in academic and professional contexts. You understand that it is a key term in logic and research. You know that 'ta'mim-paziri' (generalizability) is a quality of a good experiment. You can distinguish between 'hasty generalization' (تعمیم شتاب‌زده) and 'universalization' (تعمیم دادن یک خدمات). You use this word to add precision to your speech, moving away from simple descriptions to analyzing how ideas are structured. You can write an essay about whether the results of a psychological study can be 'generalized' to different cultures.
At C1, 'تعمیم' is a tool for nuanced philosophical and scientific analysis. You use it to discuss the 'problem of induction'—how we can ever truly generalize from specific instances. You are familiar with related high-level terms like 'tasarri' (legal extension) or 'shomul-e am' (general inclusion). You can use 'تعمیم' in complex sentences with multiple clauses, discussing the epistemological limits of generalizing human behavior. You understand its role in creating structural laws and how 'universalization' of rights is a cornerstone of political philosophy. Your usage is precise, distinguishing it from 'abstraction' or 'conceptualization'.
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At the C2 level, 'تعمیم' is used with complete mastery of its semantic range. You can critique the 'over-generalization' inherent in certain linguistic structures or cultural narratives. You use the word in the context of advanced mathematics, logic, or legal theory where 'generalization' has highly specific technical definitions. You can engage in high-level debates about the 'universalizability' of ethical maxims (like Kant's categorical imperative) using the term 'تعمیم‌پذیری'. You recognize the word in classical literature or complex legal codes where it might refer to the broad application of a divine or royal decree.
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Pratique Exemplos Notas e dicas

تعمیم em 30 segundos

  • Ta'mim means generalization or universalization, moving from specific parts to a whole concept.
  • It is primarily used as the compound verb 'ta'mim dādan' in academic and formal Persian.
  • The word is crucial for discussing logic, research findings, social stereotypes, and legal extensions.
  • Key derivatives include 'ta'mim-pazir' (generalizable) and 'ta'mim-e shitāb-zade' (hasty generalization).

The Persian word تعمیم (pronounced 'ta'mim') is a sophisticated noun that translates primarily to 'generalization' or 'extension'. It originates from the Arabic root 'ع-م-م' (A-M-M), which relates to things being common, general, or inclusive. In its most basic sense, it describes the cognitive or logical process of taking a specific observation, a single instance, or a limited set of data and applying it to a broader category or the entire population. This is a fundamental aspect of human reasoning, allowing us to learn from experience, yet it is also the source of many logical fallacies when done incorrectly.

Scientific Context
In research and statistics, ta'mim refers to the ability to apply findings from a sample group to the general population. If a study on ten students shows they prefer visual learning, and we assume all students in the country prefer visual learning, we are performing a تعمیم.
Social and Psychological Context
In daily life, this word often carries a cautionary tone. It is frequently used when discussing stereotypes or prejudices. When someone says 'All people from that city are rude,' they are making a 'hasty generalization' or ta'mim-e shitab-zade. In therapy or psychology, it refers to a cognitive distortion where a person sees a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat.

"نباید رفتار ناپسند یک فرد را به کل یک گروه تعمیم داد."

— Translation: One should not generalize the unpleasant behavior of an individual to an entire group.

The usage of تعمیم is common in academic writing, legal discussions, and intellectual debates. It is a B2-level word because it moves beyond concrete objects into abstract logical concepts. When you use this word, you are signaling that you are analyzing the relationship between the specific and the universal. It is almost always paired with the verb دادن (dādan - to give) to form the compound verb تعمیم دادن (to generalize).

Furthermore, تعمیم can also mean 'making something universal' or 'popularizing'. For example, ta'mim-e amoozesh-e raygan means 'the universalization of free education'. In this context, it implies expanding a service or a right so that it covers everyone without exception. This duality—logical inference vs. practical expansion—makes it a versatile tool for any advanced Persian speaker.

"تعمیم نتایج این آزمایش به کل جامعه با دشواری‌های آماری همراه است."

To master تعمیم, you must understand its grammatical behavior, primarily as part of a compound verb. In 90% of cases, you will see it as تعمیم دادن. The structure usually follows: [Specific Thing] را به [General Category] تعمیم دادن. This translates to 'generalizing [Specific Thing] to [General Category]'.

The 'To' Preposition (به)
The preposition به (be) is essential. You generalize to something. For example: 'Generalizing a personal experience to everyone' -> تعمیم یک تجربه شخصی به همگان.
Passive Form
To say 'to be generalized', use تعمیم یافتن (ta'mim yāftan). This is more formal. For instance: 'This rule can be generalized' -> این قاعده می‌تواند تعمیم یابد.

"او تمایل دارد مشکلات کوچک خود را به تمام جنبه‌های زندگی‌اش تعمیم دهد."

— He tends to generalize his small problems to all aspects of his life.

In academic writing, you might encounter the adjective form تعمیم‌پذیر (ta'mim-pazir), meaning 'generalizable'. This is used to describe findings or theories. If a theory is 'ta'mim-pazir', it means it is valid in many different contexts, not just the one where it was born. Conversely, تعمیم‌ناپذیر means 'non-generalizable'.

When discussing policy, تعمیم acts as a noun for 'universalization'. Example: تعمیم بیمه سلامت (The universalization of health insurance). Here, it doesn't mean a logical leap, but a physical expansion of coverage to all citizens. This distinction is vital for reading news reports versus philosophy books.

"آیا می‌توان این نتایج آزمایشگاهی را به محیط واقعی تعمیم داد؟"

You will rarely hear تعمیم in a casual bazaar or while ordering food. It is a word of the 'intellectual' and 'professional' spheres. However, its presence is heavy in specific environments that every B2 learner should be aware of.

University Lectures and Academic Papers
Professors in sociology, psychology, and logic use this word constantly. They discuss the 'generalizability of research' (تعمیم‌پذیری پژوهش). If you are listening to a podcast about science or humanities, you will hear speakers debating whether a certain theory can be generalized to Iranian society.
News and Political Analysis
Political commentators often warn against 'generalizing the actions of a few protesters to the whole movement'. They use تعمیم to argue for nuance and to prevent the labeling of entire groups based on the actions of a minority.

"در تحلیل‌های سیاسی، تعمیم دادن نظرات یک گروه کوچک به کل ملت، اشتباهی استراتژیک است."

You will also find it in the context of Legal and Administrative Documents. When a law that previously applied only to government employees is extended to the private sector, the document will describe this as تعمیم قانون (the extension/universalization of the law). Similarly, in high-level business meetings, a manager might discuss 'generalizing a successful marketing strategy' from one city to the entire country.

Finally, in self-help literature and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) resources translated into Persian, تعمیم is a technical term. It describes the habit of thinking 'I failed this exam, so I will fail at everything in life.' Understanding this word helps you engage with modern Persian thought regarding mental health and logical reasoning.

Because تعمیم is an abstract concept, learners often trip over its specific usage and its distinctness from similar words like 'extension' or 'expansion'.

Mistaking it for 'Gostaresh' (گسترش)
While both can mean 'expansion', Gostaresh is physical or general (e.g., expanding a city). Ta'mim is specifically about the logic of application or making something universal in scope. You wouldn't 'ta'mim' a building, but you would 'ta'mim' a rule.
Incorrect Verb Pairing
Learners sometimes try to use kardan (to do) instead of dādan (to give). While ta'mim kardan is occasionally heard, ta'mim dādan is the standard, high-frequency collocation. Stick to dādan for a more natural sound.

❌ Wrong: "او این خبر را به همه تعمیم کرد."
✅ Right: "او این موضوع را به همه موارد تعمیم داد."

Another mistake is failing to use the preposition به (be). Without 'be', the sentence loses its direction. You must specify what you are generalizing *to*. Also, be careful with the word کلی‌گویی (kolli-gooyi). While related, kolli-gooyi specifically means 'speaking in generalities' or 'being vague', whereas ta'mim is the actual act of extending a concept or rule.

To truly enrich your vocabulary, you need to know where تعمیم sits among its peers. Here is a comparison of similar words and when to choose them.

تعمیم (Ta'mim) vs. کلی‌گویی (Kolli-gooyi)
Ta'mim is the logical process (neutral or academic). Kolli-gooyi is usually negative, meaning someone is being too vague or avoiding details. If a politician avoids a specific question by talking about 'the people' in general, that is kolli-gooyi.
تعمیم (Ta'mim) vs. گسترش (Gostaresh)
Gostaresh means expansion or spread (like a virus, a city, or an idea's popularity). Ta'mim is the extension of a specific rule or attribute to a larger set. You gostaresh your business; you ta'mim a policy to all branches.

Other alternatives include:

  • فراگیر کردن (Farāgir kardan): To make something all-encompassing or universal. This is a more 'Persian' sounding alternative to the Arabic-rooted ta'mim.
  • تسرّی (Tasarri): A very formal, often legal term meaning the 'seepage' or 'extension' of an effect or rule from one thing to another.
  • شمول (Shomul): Meaning 'inclusion' or 'coverage'. Used when discussing the scope of a law.

"به جای کلی‌گویی، سعی کنید مثال‌های مشخصی بیاورید و از تعمیم نادرست بپرهیزید."

— Instead of speaking in generalities, try to bring specific examples and avoid incorrect generalization.

How Formal Is It?

Curiosidade

The root 'A-M-M' also gives us the word 'Amu' (paternal uncle) and 'Amameh' (turban), which 'covers' the head generally. It's all about covering or including a broad area!

Guia de pronúncia

UK /tæʔˈmiːm/
US /tæʔˈmiːm/
The stress is on the second syllable: ta-MIM.
Rima com
تصمیم (tasnim - decision) تقدیم (taghdim - presentation) تعظیم (ta'zim - bowing/respect) تنظیم (tanzim - adjustment) تفهیم (tafhim - making someone understand) تقسیم (taghsim - division) ترسیم (tarsim - drawing) تسلیم (taslim - surrender)
Erros comuns
  • Pronouncing it as 'tamim' without the glottal stop (though common in casual speech, formal Persian retains the 'ayn).
  • Confusing the stress and putting it on the first syllable.
  • Replacing the 'i' sound with a short 'e'.

Nível de dificuldade

Leitura 7/5

Requires understanding of abstract nouns and ezafe structures.

Escrita 8/5

Using it correctly with 'dādan' and 'be' is a mark of high-level proficiency.

Expressão oral 7/5

The glottal stop 'ayn' can be tricky for some learners.

Audição 6/5

Easy to recognize once you know the 'ta-MIM' rhythm.

O que aprender depois

Pré-requisitos

همه (all) قانون (law) مثال (example) بخش (part) دادن (to give)

Aprenda a seguir

استقراء (induction) استنتاج (deduction) انتزاع (abstraction) مطلق (absolute) نسبی (relative)

Avançado

معرفت‌شناسی (epistemology) پارادایم (paradigm) پیش‌فرض (presupposition) سفسطه (sophistry/fallacy)

Gramática essencial

Compound Verbs with 'Dādan'

تعمیم دادن، تشخیص دادن، ترجیح دادن

The Suffix '-pazir' for Capability

تعمیم‌پذیر (generalizable), انعطاف‌پذیر (flexible)

The Suffix '-nāpazir' for Impossibility

تعمیم‌ناپذیر (un-generalizable), شکست‌ناپذیر (invincible)

Preposition 'be' with Verbs of Extension

این موضوع را به همه ربط نده.

The Ezafe Construction for Noun-Noun relationships

تعمیمِ نتایج (Generalization OF results)

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Exemplos por nível

1

همه گربه‌ها شیر دوست دارند. این یک تعمیم است.

All cats like milk. This is a generalization.

Simple 'is' sentence: [Noun] [Noun] ast.

2

او همیشه می‌گوید همه بد هستند. او تعمیم می‌دهد.

He always says everyone is bad. He generalizes.

Present continuous concept: [Subject] [Verb] mi-dah-ad.

3

یک مثال را به همه تعمیم نده.

Don't generalize one example to everyone.

Imperative negative: Na-de (don't give).

4

تعمیم یعنی چه؟

What does generalization mean?

Question form.

5

این تعمیم درست نیست.

This generalization is not correct.

Negation with 'nist'.

6

او به همه چیز تعمیم می‌دهد.

He generalizes to everything.

Preposition 'be' (to).

7

آیا این یک تعمیم است؟

Is this a generalization?

Interrogative 'āyā'.

8

من تعمیم را دوست ندارم.

I don't like generalization.

Direct object with 'rā'.

1

نباید رفتار یک نفر را به کل خانواده تعمیم داد.

One should not generalize one person's behavior to the whole family.

Modal verb 'nabāyad' + short infinitive.

2

این یک تعمیم خیلی بزرگ است.

This is a very big generalization.

Adjective 'bozorg' following the noun.

3

چرا حرف او را تعمیم می‌دهی؟

Why are you generalizing what he said?

Question word 'cherā'.

4

او سعی می‌کند این قاعده را تعمیم دهد.

He is trying to generalize this rule.

Verb 'sa'y kardan' (to try).

5

ما نباید درباره مردم تعمیم بدهیم.

We should not generalize about people.

Preposition 'darbāre-ye' (about).

6

تعمیم دادن کار آسانی است.

Generalizing is an easy task.

Infinitive as a subject.

7

این تعمیم‌ها معمولاً اشتباه هستند.

These generalizations are usually wrong.

Plural suffix '-hā'.

8

او همیشه به دنبال تعمیم است.

He is always looking for a generalization.

Prepositional phrase 'be donbāl-e'.

1

تعمیم نتایج این تحقیق به کل کشور دشوار است.

Generalizing the results of this research to the whole country is difficult.

Ezafe construction linking 'ta'mim' and 'natāyej'.

2

او دچار تعمیم افراطی شده است.

He has fallen into overgeneralization.

Compound verb 'dochār shodan' (to suffer from/fall into).

3

آیا می‌توان این قانون را به بخش خصوصی هم تعمیم داد؟

Can this law be generalized to the private sector as well?

Passive potential 'mi-tavān ... ta'mim dād'.

4

بسیاری از کلیشه‌ها حاصل تعمیم نادرست هستند.

Many stereotypes are the result of incorrect generalization.

Plural 'kolishé-hā'.

5

او با تعمیم دادن تجربیات تلخ خود، به کسی اعتماد نمی‌کند.

By generalizing his bitter experiences, he doesn't trust anyone.

Gerund-like use of 'ta'mim dādan'.

6

این مدل به راحتی قابل تعمیم نیست.

This model is not easily generalizable.

Adjective 'ghābel-e ta'mim' (generalizable).

7

نویسنده در این کتاب از تعمیم‌های بی‌پایه پرهیز کرده است.

The author has avoided baseless generalizations in this book.

Preposition 'az' with 'parhiz kardan'.

8

تعمیم آموزش رایگان یکی از اهداف دولت است.

The universalization of free education is one of the government's goals.

Noun as part of a complex subject.

1

تعمیم شتاب‌زده یکی از رایج‌ترین خطاهای منطقی است.

Hasty generalization is one of the most common logical fallacies.

Superlative 'rāyej-tarin'.

2

پژوهشگران باید در تعمیم یافته‌های خود به جوامع دیگر محتاط باشند.

Researchers must be cautious in generalizing their findings to other societies.

Subjunctive 'bāshand' after 'bāyad'.

3

این نظریه به دلیل عدم تعمیم‌پذیری مورد انتقاد قرار گرفت.

This theory was criticized due to a lack of generalizability.

Compound noun 'ta'mim-paziri'.

4

او سعی کرد مفاهیم انتزاعی را به مسائل روزمره تعمیم دهد.

He tried to generalize abstract concepts to everyday issues.

Plural 'masā'el' (issues).

5

تعمیم بیمه به کارگران فصلی گام مهمی در عدالت اجتماعی است.

Extending insurance to seasonal workers is an important step in social justice.

Abstract noun 'edālat-e ejtemā'i'.

6

نباید بر اساس یک مشاهده واحد، حکمی کلی صادر و آن را تعمیم داد.

One should not issue a general verdict and generalize it based on a single observation.

Coordinated verbs in the subjunctive.

7

این مطالعه به دنبال تعمیم الگوهای رفتاری در میان نوجوانان است.

This study seeks to generalize behavioral patterns among adolescents.

Present continuous concept 'be donbāl-e ... ast'.

8

توانایی تعمیم، یکی از ویژگی‌های هوش انسانی است.

The ability to generalize is one of the characteristics of human intelligence.

Possessive ezafe 'vijeghi-hā-ye hoosh'.

1

مسئله استقراء در فلسفه علم، به چالش‌های منطقی تعمیم می‌پردازد.

The problem of induction in the philosophy of science deals with the logical challenges of generalization.

Technical term 'mas'ale-ye esteghrā' (problem of induction).

2

تعمیم‌پذیری نتایج آزمایشگاهی به محیط‌های طبیعی همواره مورد بحث بوده است.

The generalizability of laboratory results to natural environments has always been a subject of debate.

Passive perfect 'mored-e bahs boode ast'.

3

نویسنده با ظرافت از تعمیم‌های جنسیتی در روایت خود اجتناب می‌کند.

The author subtly avoids gender generalizations in their narrative.

Adverbial phrase 'bā zarāfat' (with subtlety).

4

قوانین فیزیک به دلیل تعمیم‌یافتگی در کل کیهان، اعتبار جهانی دارند.

Laws of physics have universal validity because of their generalized nature across the cosmos.

Noun 'ta'mim-yāftegi' (generalized state).

5

در این مقاله، به بررسی امکان تعمیم این مدل ریاضی به اقتصاد کلان می‌پردازیم.

In this article, we examine the possibility of generalizing this mathematical model to macroeconomics.

First-person plural 'mi-pardāzim' (we engage in/proceed to).

6

تعمیم مفاهیم حقوقی به فضای مجازی نیازمند بازنگری در قوانین سنتی است.

Generalizing legal concepts to cyberspace requires a revision of traditional laws.

Verbal noun 'bāznengari' (revision).

7

او معتقد است که تعمیم اخلاقی باید بر اساس عقلانیت جمعی صورت گیرد.

He believes that moral generalization should take place based on collective rationality.

Passive subjunctive 'soorat girad'.

8

قدرت انتزاع و تعمیم، تفاوت بنیادین میان ذهن انسان و ماشین است.

The power of abstraction and generalization is the fundamental difference between the human mind and the machine.

Compound subject 'ghodrat-e entezā' va ta'mim'.

1

ساختارشکنی تعمیم‌های کلان‌روایتی، از ویژگی‌های بارز اندیشه پست‌مدرن است.

The deconstruction of meta-narrative generalizations is a prominent feature of postmodern thought.

Complex ezafe chain.

2

تسرّی و تعمیم یک حکم فقهی به موارد مشابه، مستلزم استنباط دقیق است.

The extension and generalization of a jurisprudential ruling to similar cases requires precise inference.

Synonyms 'tasarri' and 'ta'mim' used together for emphasis.

3

او در رساله خود به نقد معرفت‌شناختی تعمیم‌های استقرایی پرداخته است.

In his treatise, he has addressed the epistemological critique of inductive generalizations.

Prepositional phrase 'be naghd ... pardākhte ast'.

4

تعمیم‌پذیری جهانی حقوق بشر با چالش‌های نسبیت‌گرایی فرهنگی روبروست.

The universal generalizability of human rights faces challenges from cultural relativism.

Abstract noun 'nesbiyat-garāyi' (relativism).

5

در ساحت هنر، تعمیم یک سبک خاص می‌تواند به کلیشه‌سازی و زوال خلاقیت منجر شود.

In the realm of art, generalizing a specific style can lead to stereotyping and the decay of creativity.

Formal word 'sāhat' (realm/sphere).

6

فیلسوف می‌کوشد تا از تعمیم‌های متافیزیکی به نفع تجربه‌گرایی محض عبور کند.

The philosopher attempts to move beyond metaphysical generalizations in favor of pure empiricism.

Verb 'oboor kardan' (to pass/move beyond).

7

تعمیم‌ناپذیری برخی تجربیات عرفانی، آن‌ها را در زمره امور شخصی قرار می‌دهد.

The non-generalizability of certain mystical experiences places them in the category of personal matters.

Negative adjective 'ta'mim-nāpaziri'.

8

اعتبار یک پارادایم علمی در گرو تعمیم‌پذیری الگوهای تبیینی آن است.

The validity of a scientific paradigm depends on the generalizability of its explanatory patterns.

Idiomatic 'dar gerow-e' (dependent upon).

Colocações comuns

تعمیم دادن
تعمیم یافتن
تعمیم‌پذیری
تعمیم شتاب‌زده
تعمیم افراطی
قابل تعمیم
تعمیم قانون
تعمیم بیمه
قدرت تعمیم
تعمیم منطقی

Frases Comuns

تعمیم دادن به کل

— Generalizing to the whole. Used when applying a small part's traits to everything.

نباید رفتار اقلیت را به کل جامعه تعمیم داد.

تعمیم بی‌جا

— Inappropriate generalization. Used when a generalization is made without logic.

این یک تعمیم بی‌جا و غیرمنصفانه است.

تعمیم یافتن به

— To be extended to. Used in formal contexts for rules or effects.

این امتیاز به همه کارمندان تعمیم یافته است.

عدم تعمیم

— Lack of generalization. Used when something remains specific.

عدم تعمیم این یافته‌ها باعث محدودیت تحقیق شد.

تعمیم‌پذیری بالا

— High generalizability. A term used to praise research quality.

این مطالعه از تعمیم‌پذیری بالایی برخوردار است.

تعمیم‌دهی

— The act of generalizing (as a process).

فرآیند تعمیم‌دهی در مغز بسیار پیچیده است.

تعمیم به موارد مشابه

— Generalizing to similar cases.

می‌توان این تجربه را به موارد مشابه تعمیم داد.

تعمیم نادرست

— Incorrect generalization.

تعمیم نادرست حقایق می‌تواند خطرناک باشد.

تعمیم نتایج

— Generalization of results.

تعمیم نتایج آزمایشگاهی به دنیای واقعی همیشه آسان نیست.

تعمیم آموزش

— Universalization of education.

تعمیم آموزش ابتدایی از حقوق اولیه بشر است.

Frequentemente confundido com

تعمیم vs گسترش (Gostaresh)

Gostaresh is physical expansion; Ta'mim is logical or universal extension.

تعمیم vs تفسیر (Tafsir)

Tafsir is explaining the meaning; Ta'mim is applying the rule to more cases.

تعمیم vs تخصیص (Takhsis)

Takhsis is the opposite: making something specific instead of general.

Expressões idiomáticas

"همه را با یک چوب راندن"

— To drive everyone with the same stick. This is the idiomatic equivalent of making a hasty generalization or treating everyone the same regardless of differences.

نباید همه را با یک چوب راند و تعمیم داد.

informal/idiomatic
"تر و خشک را با هم سوزاندن"

— To burn the wet and dry together. Punishing the innocent along with the guilty due to a broad generalization.

با این تعمیم‌های غلط، داری تر و خشک را با هم می‌سوزانی.

informal/idiomatic
"یک کلاغ چهل کلاغ"

— One crow becomes forty crows. While it means exaggeration, it relates to how a single event is generalized and expanded into a big story.

مراقب باش، این فقط یک اتفاق بود، آن را تعمیم نده و یک کلاغ چهل کلاغ نکن.

informal/idiomatic
"از کاه کوه ساختن"

— To make a mountain out of a molehill. Taking a small instance and generalizing its importance.

او از یک مشکل کوچک کوه می‌سازد و آن را به کل زندگی‌اش تعمیم می‌دهد.

informal/idiomatic
"مشت نمونه خروار"

— A handful is a sample of a heap. This is actually a 'positive' idiom for generalization, suggesting that a small part accurately represents the whole.

این رفتار او مشت نمونه خروار است و می‌توان آن را به کل گروه تعمیم داد.

neutral/proverb
"آسمان و ریسمان بافتن"

— To weave heaven and rope together. Making nonsensical connections and generalizations between unrelated things.

برای تعمیم دادن این دو موضوع بی‌ربط، آسمان و ریسمان می‌بافد.

informal/idiomatic
"یک دست صدا ندارد"

— One hand makes no sound. Used to generalize the need for cooperation in all tasks.

او این قاعده را که 'یک دست صدا ندارد' به تمام فعالیت‌های شرکت تعمیم داد.

proverb
"در همیشه بر یک پاشنه نمی‌چرخد"

— The door doesn't always rotate on one hinge. A warning against generalizing current success or failure to the future.

فکر نکن همیشه برنده‌ای؛ در همیشه بر یک پاشنه نمی‌چرخد و نباید این وضعیت را تعمیم بدهی.

proverb
"هر گردی گردو نیست"

— Not every round thing is a walnut. A direct warning against false generalization based on superficial traits.

یادت باشد هر گردی گردو نیست؛ پس این شباهت ظاهری را تعمیم نده.

proverb
"از ظن خود یار شدن"

— To become a friend based on one's own suspicion/assumption. Generalizing one's internal feelings to others.

او بر اساس تعمیم‌های ذهنی خود قضاوت می‌کند و هر کسی از ظن خود شد یار من.

literary/Rumi

Fácil de confundir

تعمیم vs عمومیت

Both relate to being 'general'.

Omoomiyat is the state of being common/general. Ta'mim is the active process of making it so or drawing that conclusion.

این ایده عمومیت دارد (This idea is common). او این ایده را تعمیم داد (He generalized this idea).

تعمیم vs توسعه

Both imply growth.

Towse'e is development (economic/urban). Ta'mim is extending a rule or service to everyone.

توسعه اقتصادی (Economic development) vs تعمیم بیمه (Universalizing insurance).

تعمیم vs شمول

Both involve including more things.

Shomul is the 'scope' of coverage (passive). Ta'mim is the 'act' of extending that scope (active).

این قانون شمول دارد (This law has scope) vs تعمیم قانون (Extending the law).

تعمیم vs کلی‌گویی

Both involve general statements.

Kolli-gooyi is often a negative habit of being vague. Ta'mim is a specific logical or administrative action.

او فقط کلی‌گویی می‌کند (He only speaks in generalities).

تعمیم vs انتزاع

Both are high-level cognitive processes.

Entezā' (Abstraction) is removing specific details to find a concept. Ta'mim (Generalization) is taking that concept and applying it back to everything.

قدرت انتزاع و تعمیم (The power of abstraction and generalization).

Padrões de frases

A2

نباید [X] را تعمیم داد.

نباید این فکر را تعمیم داد.

B1

او [X] را به [Y] تعمیم می‌دهد.

او ترس خود را به همه حیوانات تعمیم می‌دهد.

B2

این نتایج به [Z] قابل تعمیم هستند.

این نتایج به کل جامعه قابل تعمیم هستند.

B2

تعمیم [X] به [Y] اشتباه است.

تعمیم این رفتار به همه دانشجویان اشتباه است.

C1

با توجه به عدم تعمیم‌پذیری [X]، نمی‌توان...

با توجه به عدم تعمیم‌پذیری این مطالعه، نمی‌توان حکمی کلی صادر کرد.

C1

فرآیند تعمیم [X] مستلزم [Y] است.

فرآیند تعمیم این قانون مستلزم بررسی‌های بیشتر است.

C2

ساختار تعمیم‌یافته [X] نشان‌دهنده...

ساختار تعمیم‌یافته این نظریه نشان‌دهنده عمق آن است.

C2

در ساحتِ [X]، تعمیم به مثابه [Y] است.

در ساحت فلسفه، تعمیم به مثابه ابزاری برای شناخت است.

Família de palavras

Substantivos

تعمیم (generalization)
تعمیم‌دهنده (generalizer)
تعمیم‌پذیری (generalizability)

Verbos

تعمیم دادن (to generalize)
تعمیم یافتن (to be generalized)

Adjetivos

تعمیم‌یافته (generalized)
تعمیم‌پذیر (generalizable)
تعمیم‌ناپذیر (non-generalizable)

Relacionado

عموم (general public)
عمومی (public/general)
جامع (comprehensive)
فراگیر (inclusive)
کلی (general)
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Como usar

frequency

Common in academic, legal, and intellectual discourse; rare in basic daily needs.

Erros comuns
  • Using 'ta'mim kardan' instead of 'ta'mim dādan'. → تعمیم دادن

    While 'kardan' is the universal verb, 'dādan' is the specific standard collocation for this word in Persian.

  • Forgetting the preposition 'be'. → تعمیم به کل جامعه

    You must indicate the target of the generalization using 'be'.

  • Confusing 'ta'mim' with 'gostaresh' for physical objects. → گسترش جاده (Expanding the road)

    You can't 'ta'mim' a road or a house. Use 'ta'mim' for rules, ideas, or services.

  • Using 'ta'mim' when you mean 'interpretation'. → تفسیر (Tafsir)

    Generalization is about scope; interpretation is about meaning. They are different logical steps.

  • Mispronouncing the 'ayn' as a long 'a'. → Ta'mim (with a glottal stop)

    Pronouncing it as 'taamim' is incorrect. It should be a crisp stop.

Dicas

Use the Preposition 'be'

Always remember that you generalize 'to' something. In Persian, this is 'be'. Without it, your sentence will sound incomplete. Example: Ta'mim be hame.

Learn the Word Family

Knowing 'ta'mim-pazir' (generalizable) is very useful for B2/C1 level writing. It makes you sound much more professional.

Identify Hasty Generalizations

When you hear someone say 'All Iranians...' or 'All Americans...', think: 'In yek ta'mim-e shitāb-zade ast'.

Formal Debates

Use this word to challenge someone's logic politely. 'Fekr nemikonid darid ta'mim midid?' (Don't you think you are generalizing?)

News Keywords

In news about social welfare, 'ta'mim' often refers to expanding services to the poor or rural areas.

Academic Style

Instead of saying 'it applies to everyone', use 'ghābel-e ta'mim be hamagān ast' for a higher-level academic tone.

Nuance is King

Iranian culture appreciates nuance (zarāfat). Criticizing 'ta'mim' shows that you appreciate the complexity of a situation.

The 'Total' Trick

The 'T' in Ta'mim stands for 'Total'. You are making a 'Total' rule from a small part.

Arabic Roots

If you know 'Amameh' (turban), remember it 'covers' the head generally. 'Ta'mim' covers the whole group.

Don't Overuse

In very casual settings, 'ta'mim' might sound too 'ketābi' (bookish). Use 'hame ro ba ye choob naroon' for everyday chat.

Memorize

Mnemônico

Think of 'TAM' as 'Total' and 'MIM' as 'Map'. Ta'mim is creating a 'Total Map' from just one small piece of the road.

Associação visual

Imagine a single drop of ink falling into a glass of water and 'generalizing' its color to the whole glass.

Word Web

Logic Statistics Stereotype Universal Extension Induction Rule Broad

Desafio

Try to use 'ta'mim dādan' in a sentence about a movie you saw. For example: 'Don't generalize the bad acting of one person to the whole movie.'

Origem da palavra

Derived from the Arabic verbal noun of the form II (Taf'il) of the root ع-م-م (A-M-M).

Significado original: The root means 'to be common', 'to include all', or 'to be uncle' (in the sense of a common family bond). Form II 'Ta'mim' specifically means to make something common or general.

Semitic root adopted into Indo-European Persian.

Contexto cultural

Be careful when using 'ta'mim' to describe ethnic or religious groups, as it can sound like you are validating a stereotype unless you are explicitly warning against it.

Equivalent to the Western philosophical 'problem of induction' or the psychological concept of 'cognitive distortions'.

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) used the concept in his works on logic (Mantiq). Modern Persian translations of Kant's 'Universalizability' use 'Ta'mim-paziri'. Sociological debates in Iran about 'Gharbzadegi' (Westoxification) often involve generalizations about Western culture.

Pratique na vida real

Contextos reais

Academic Research

  • تعمیم‌پذیری نتایج
  • جامعه آماری
  • نمونه‌گیری
  • اعتبار بیرونی

Social Debates

  • کلیشه‌های جنسیتی
  • قضاوت زودهنگام
  • تبعیض
  • تعمیم ناروا

Legal/Administrative

  • تعمیم مصوبه
  • شمول قانون
  • آیین‌نامه اجرایی
  • حقوق همگانی

Psychology

  • خطاهای شناختی
  • تعمیم افراطی
  • تجربه شخصی
  • باورهای محدودکننده

Mathematics/Logic

  • اثبات ریاضی
  • رابطه کلی
  • تعمیم فرمول
  • استقرای ریاضی

Iniciadores de conversa

"آیا فکر می‌کنی می‌توان فرهنگ یک کشور را بر اساس رفتار توریست‌هایش تعمیم داد؟"

"چرا مردم تمایل دارند تجربیات منفی خود را به کل زندگی تعمیم دهند؟"

"در چه مواردی تعمیم دادن می‌تواند مفید یا ضروری باشد؟"

"چگونه می‌توانیم از تعمیم‌های شتاب‌زده در قضاوت‌های روزمره جلوگیری کنیم؟"

"آیا تعمیم دادن قوانین به همه طبقات جامعه همیشه عادلانه است؟"

Temas para diário

درباره زمانی بنویسید که یک تعمیم اشتباه درباره کسی کردید و بعداً متوجه شدید که در اشتباه بودید.

آیا تعمیم‌پذیری در علم همیشه ممکن است؟ محدودیت‌های آن را توضیح دهید.

چگونه رسانه‌ها با تعمیم دادن برخی رفتارها، باعث ایجاد کلیشه‌ها در جامعه می‌شوند؟

نقش تعمیم را در یادگیری زبان (مثلاً یادگیری قواعد گرامری) بررسی کنید.

آیا تعمیم دادن حقوق بشر به تمام فرهنگ‌ها بدون در نظر گرفتن تفاوت‌ها درست است؟

Perguntas frequentes

10 perguntas

It is neutral. In science, it is positive (generalizing results). In social contexts, it is often negative (stereotyping). Context is key.

It is better to use 'ta'mim dādan'. 'Kardan' sounds slightly less natural for this specific Arabic-rooted noun.

You can say 'Hame ro ba ye choob naroon' (Don't drive everyone with one stick) or simply 'Ta'mim nade'.

It is 'تعمیم شتاب‌زده' (ta'mim-e shitāb-zade). It's a very common phrase in logic and debates.

Yes, to describe extending a formula or a theorem to a larger set of numbers or dimensions.

The logical opposite is 'takhsis' (specification/allocation) or 'joz'i-negari' (focusing on details).

As a noun, it means the act of making something universal. The adjective 'fara-gir' is often used for 'universal' itself.

Yes, 'Amu' (paternal uncle) and 'Ta'mim' share the same root, implying a 'general' family relation or 'covering' the family.

It's more common in philosophical and prose texts than in classical poetry, which prefers more imagery-based words.

You say 'In ghabele ta'mim nist' or 'In ta'mim-napazir ast'.

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Teste-se 30 perguntas

writing

یک جمله بنویسید و در آن از 'تعمیم دادن' استفاده کنید تا به کسی هشدار دهید که درباره دیگران قضاوت کلی نکند.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correto! Quase. Resposta certa:
writing

توضیح دهید چرا 'تعمیم شتاب‌زده' در علم خطرناک است؟ (حداقل دو جمله)

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Correto! Quase. Resposta certa:
speaking

درباره یک کلیشه (stereotype) که در کشور شما وجود دارد صحبت کنید و بگویید چرا این یک تعمیم نادرست است.

Read this aloud:

Correto! Quase. Resposta certa:

/ 30 correct

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