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A1 preposition 10 min de leitura

विना

Without

At the A1 level, 'विना' (vinā) is introduced as a simple way to say 'without'. Beginners learn to use it with basic concrete nouns. The focus is on physical absence. For example, 'साखरेविना' (without sugar) or 'पाण्याविना' (without water). At this stage, the most important thing is learning that 'विना' comes after the noun and that the noun changes slightly (oblique form). A1 learners should practice with common items they find in a kitchen or a classroom. The sentences are short and direct: 'I want tea without sugar' or 'He came without a book'. It's about expressing immediate needs and simple facts of absence. We don't worry too much about the poetic or formal nuances yet; the goal is functional communication in daily life scenarios like ordering food or describing what one has or doesn't have.
At the A2 level, learners expand their use of 'विना' to include abstract nouns and more complex daily situations. You will start using it to describe lacking things like 'help' (मदतीविना), 'permission' (परवानगीविना), or 'reason' (विनाकारण). A2 learners also begin to use 'विना' with pronouns, learning forms like 'माझ्याविना' (without me) and 'तुझ्याविना' (without you). This allows for expressing social dependencies. You might hear or use sentences like 'I can't do this without your help' or 'He went to the movie without me'. The grammatical focus remains on the correct oblique forms, but the vocabulary range increases. You also start encountering 'विना' in public signs and simple instructions, like 'without a ticket' (तिकीटाविना) in a bus or train context.
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By B1, you should be comfortable using 'विना' in a variety of tenses and more descriptive sentences. You start to see 'विना' used in conditional contexts—'Without studying, you won't pass'. The word 'विना' becomes a tool for logical reasoning. You also begin to distinguish between 'विना' and its synonyms like 'शिवाय' or 'खेरीज', choosing the one that fits the social context. B1 learners can handle sentences that involve emotions, such as 'Life feels empty without friends'. You are also introduced to more compound words where 'विना' is a prefix, like 'विनासायास' (effortlessly) or 'विनाअट' (unconditional). Your understanding of the oblique case should be solid by now, and you should be able to apply it to irregular nouns without much hesitation.
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At the B2 level, 'विना' is used with professional and academic precision. You can use it in formal letters, reports, or debates. You understand the subtle difference in tone between 'विना' and 'विरहित'. B2 learners can use 'विना' to express complex social or political ideas, such as 'Development without environmental damage' (पर्यावरणाच्या हानीविना विकास). You are also familiar with common Marathi idioms and proverbs that use 'विना'. Your sentences become more sophisticated, perhaps using 'विना' to contrast ideas or set specific parameters in a legal or technical discussion. You can explain the 'why' behind the absence, not just the fact of it. You also start to appreciate the use of 'विना' in Marathi literature and journalism.
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At the C1 level, your use of 'विना' reflects a deep cultural and linguistic intuition. You use it to convey nuance, irony, or emphasis. You are comfortable with the Sanskritized forms and can use 'विना' in philosophical discussions about existence, soul, or ethics. For example, discussing a state of mind 'without desires' (वासनांविना). You can read classical Marathi literature where 'विना' might appear in archaic or poetic structures and still grasp the exact sentiment intended. Your writing is fluid, and you use 'विना' to create rhythm and balance in your sentences. You also understand the historical evolution of the word and how it relates to its counterparts in other Indo-Aryan languages, allowing for a comparative understanding of Marathi syntax.
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At the C2 level, 'विना' is a tool for mastery. You can use it in high-level literary creation, complex legal drafting, or philosophical exposition. You understand the most obscure uses of 'विना' and can play with the word to create puns or double meanings. You can effortlessly switch between the colloquial 'शिवाय' and the highly formal 'विना' to suit any audience perfectly. You might use 'विना' to discuss the 'void' in existentialist Marathi poetry or the 'absence of evidence' in a scientific paper. At this level, the word is no longer just a vocabulary item; it is a versatile instrument that you use to shape meaning with precision, elegance, and cultural depth, reflecting a native-like or even scholarly command of the Marathi language.
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Exemplos Notas e dicas

विना em 30 segundos

  • A versatile postposition meaning 'without', essential for basic and advanced Marathi.
  • Requires the preceding noun to be in the oblique form (e.g., साखरेविना).
  • Often used as a formal prefix in words like 'विनाकारण' (unnecessarily).
  • Synonymous with 'शिवाय' but carries a more formal or poetic register.

The Marathi word विना (vinā) is a fundamental postposition and prefix that translates primarily to the English word 'without'. In the Marathi linguistic structure, it serves as a critical tool for expressing exclusion, absence, or lack of a specific object, person, or condition. Unlike English where 'without' precedes the noun, in Marathi, 'विना' typically follows the noun it modifies, often requiring the noun to take its oblique form (sāmānyarūp). For example, the word for water is 'पाणी' (pāṇī), but when combined with 'विना', it becomes 'पाण्याविना' (pāṇyā-vinā). This nuance is vital for learners to grasp early on. Beyond its role as a postposition, 'विना' also functions as a prefix in formal Sanskritized Marathi, appearing in words like 'विनाकारण' (vinākāraṇ - without reason) or 'विनासायास' (vināsāyās - without effort). Its usage spans from the most basic everyday needs to complex philosophical treatises. In a household setting, a mother might say she cannot cook without salt, while in a legal context, a document might be invalid without a signature. The versatility of 'विना' makes it one of the first abstract concepts an English speaker must master to achieve fluency in Marathi. Understanding 'विना' also opens the door to understanding its synonyms like 'शिवाय' (shivāy) and 'वाचून' (vācūn), each carrying a slightly different register of formality and regional preference.

Grammatical Category
Postposition (शब्दयोगी अव्यय) and Prefix (उपसर्ग). It indicates the absence of the preceding noun.

मी साखरेविना चहा पितो. (I drink tea without sugar.)

In conversational Marathi, 'विना' is often used to emphasize a necessary condition that has not been met. It carries a certain weight that other synonyms might lack. While 'शिवाय' is extremely common in spoken Mumbai or Pune dialects, 'विना' often appears in written instructions, formal speeches, and literature. For an English speaker, the transition from saying 'without X' to 'X-vinā' requires a mental shift in word order. This word is also deeply embedded in Marathi proverbs and cultural idioms, often highlighting the essential nature of relationships or elements of nature. For instance, the phrase 'पाण्याविना मासा' (a fish without water) is a common metaphor for someone in a state of extreme distress or out of their natural element. When you use 'विना', you are not just describing an absence; you are often highlighting a deficiency that matters. Whether you are at a restaurant asking for a dish without spicy chilies or in a boardroom discussing a project without a budget, 'विना' is your go-to word for defining boundaries and exclusions.

Common Prefix Usage
Used in words like विनापरवाना (without permit) and विनाशुल्क (without fee/free of charge).

तो कोणाच्याही मदतीविना काम करतो. (He works without anyone's help.)

Using विना correctly involves understanding the 'Oblique Case' or 'Sāmānyarūp'. In Marathi, when a noun is followed by a postposition, the base word undergoes a slight transformation. For an English speaker, this is the most challenging part of using 'विना'. Let's look at the patterns. For masculine nouns ending in 'a' like 'मुलगा' (boy), the oblique form is 'मुला', so 'without the boy' is 'मुलाविना'. For neutral nouns like 'घर' (house), it becomes 'घराविना'. This structural change is mandatory. If you say 'घर विना', it sounds broken and grammatically incorrect to a native ear. The word 'विना' acts like a magnet that pulls the noun into its modified state. Furthermore, 'विना' can be used with pronouns. 'Without me' is 'माझ्याविना', 'without you' is 'तुझ्याविना', and 'without them' is 'त्यांच्याविना'. These forms are essential for expressing personal dependencies or exclusions.

Pattern: Noun (Oblique) + विना
Example: तिकीटाविना (without a ticket), मेहनतीविना (without hard work).

अभ्यासाविना पास होणे कठीण आहे. (It is difficult to pass without study.)

Another advanced usage of 'विना' is its placement before the noun in poetic or very formal contexts, though this is rare in daily conversation. Usually, it follows the noun. In complex sentences, 'विना' can link two clauses, implying a conditional lack. 'तुझ्या सहकार्याविना हे शक्य नव्हते' (This wasn't possible without your cooperation). Here, 'विना' establishes a causal link between the absence of help and the impossibility of the task. It is also frequently paired with 'कारण' (reason) to form 'विनाकारण', which functions as an adverb meaning 'unnecessarily' or 'without reason'. You will hear people say 'विनाकारण त्रास देऊ नकोस' (Don't trouble me without reason). This adverbial use is so common that many learners treat 'विनाकारण' as a single standalone vocabulary item. When writing, ensure that 'विना' is either attached directly to the oblique noun or kept as a separate word immediately following it; both are acceptable, but attaching it is more traditional.

आईविना घर रिकामे वाटते. (The house feels empty without mother.)

Formal Usage
In legal Marathi: 'विना विलंब' (without delay). In commerce: 'विना व्याज' (interest-free/without interest).

The word विना resonates through various layers of Marathi society. If you are traveling on a Maharashtra State Transport (ST) bus, you might see signs like 'विना वाहक' (without conductor) on certain routes or 'विना थांबा' (non-stop/without stops). These are practical, everyday encounters with the word. In the bustling markets of Dadar or Pune, you might hear a customer asking for 'कांद्याविना' (without onions) while ordering a snack. In the world of Marathi cinema and music, 'विना' is a staple in emotional songs. Lyricists use it to convey the pain of separation—'तुझ्याविना करमेना' (I don't feel at peace without you). This romantic and melancholic use is perhaps the most frequent way you will hear the word in popular culture. It captures a sense of longing that the English 'without' sometimes fails to convey in its clinical simplicity.

Public Transport
'विना थांबा सेवा' refers to non-stop bus services between major cities like Mumbai and Pune.

हे काम परिश्रमाविना होणार नाही. (This work will not happen without hard work.)

In academic and news settings, 'विना' is used to describe lack of resources or specific conditions. A news report might mention a village 'पाण्याविना' (without water) during a drought, or a school 'शिक्षकांविना' (without teachers). In these contexts, 'विना' highlights a social or systemic failure. Interestingly, in Marathi literature and spiritual discourses (like the Kirtans or Bhajans), 'विना' is used to talk about the soul's existence without the body or the devotee's life without God. Saint Dnyaneshwar and Saint Tukaram have used such constructions to explain deep metaphysical concepts. So, while you start using 'विना' to ask for coffee without sugar, you will eventually find it appearing in the most profound philosophies of the Marathi-speaking world. It is a word that bridges the gap between the mundane and the spiritual, the practical and the emotional.

Social Context
Used in social movements: 'व्यसनाविना जीवन' (Life without addiction).

तिने कोणाच्याही मदतीविना प्रवास केला. (She traveled without anyone's help.)

The most frequent mistake English speakers make when using विना is forgetting the oblique case of the noun. Beginners often say 'साखर विना' (sākhar vinā) instead of 'साखरेविना' (sākhare-vinā). This is akin to saying 'without he' instead of 'without him' in English; it sounds fundamentally wrong. Another common error is the word order. In English, we say 'without water', but in Marathi, it must be 'water without' (पाण्याविना). If you place 'विना' before the noun in a casual sentence, people will understand you, but they will immediately know you are not a native speaker. Additionally, learners often confuse 'विना' with 'खेरीज' (kherij) or 'वाचून' (vācūn). While they all mean 'without' or 'except', 'खेरीज' is more often used for 'besides' or 'apart from', and 'वाचून' is a more colloquial, sometimes slightly archaic way of saying 'without' in specific regions of Maharashtra.

Mistake 1: Wrong Word Order
Incorrect: विना पाणी (Vinā pāṇī) | Correct: पाण्याविना (Pāṇyāvinā).

Incorrect: तो पैसे विना आला. (He came without money.)
Correct: तो पैशांविना आला.

Another subtle mistake is using 'विना' when 'शिवाय' (shivāy) would be more natural. While 'विना' is correct, using it in a very casual conversation with friends can sometimes sound overly formal or even robotic. For example, 'तुझ्याशिवाय मी जाणार नाही' (I won't go without you) is much more common than 'तुझ्याविना मी जाणार नाही' in a daily friendship context. 'विना' also has a specific limitation: it is rarely used to mean 'except for'. If you want to say 'Everyone came except Ram', you should use 'खेरीज' or 'शिवाय' (रामशिवाय सगळे आले), not 'विना'. Misusing 'विना' as 'except' is a common trap for those translating literally from other Indian languages like Hindi, where 'binā' can sometimes be more flexible. Finally, pay attention to the spelling. It is 'विना' with a short 'i' (ऱ्हस्व), not 'वीना' with a long 'i'. Getting the vowel length wrong can change the meaning or simply look like a spelling error in written communication.

Mistake 2: Forgetting Oblique Form
Noun: मित्र (Friend) -> Oblique: मित्रा -> Correct: मित्राविना (Without a friend).

Incorrect: मदत विना शक्य नाही.
Correct: मदतीविना शक्य नाही. (Not possible without help.)

Marathi offers several ways to say 'without', and choosing the right one depends on the context and the desired tone. The most common alternative to विना is शिवाय (shivāy). While 'विना' leans towards the formal and poetic, 'शिवाय' is the workhorse of spoken Marathi. If you are ever in doubt, 'शिवाय' is usually a safe bet in any conversation. Another synonym is वाचून (vācūn). Interestingly, 'वाचून' also means 'having read', but as a postposition, it means 'without'. For example, 'पाण्यावाचून' (without water). This is more common in rural dialects and older literature. Then there is खेरीज (kherij), which translates more closely to 'excluding' or 'besides'. If you want to say 'Apart from this, I have nothing', you would use 'ह्याखेरीज'. Understanding these differences helps you sound more like a native speaker and less like a textbook.

विना vs. शिवाय
'विना' is formal/Sanskritized. 'शिवाय' is common/versatile. Use 'विना' for signs and 'शिवाय' for friends.

त्याच्याशिवाय कोणालाही सांगू नकोस. (Don't tell anyone except/without him.)

There is also the prefix नि- (ni-) or निर- (nir-), which is used to create adjectives meaning 'without'. For example, 'निरपराध' (without fault/innocent) or 'निर्धन' (without wealth/poor). These are not postpositions but built-in components of the words themselves. In contrast, 'विना' is a separate functional element that you can attach to almost any noun. When choosing between these options, consider your audience. If you are writing a formal application or an academic essay, 'विना' and its prefixed forms will give your writing a sophisticated edge. If you are chatting at a tea stall, 'शिवाय' will make you blend in. Lastly, there's the word विरहित (virahit), which is very formal and often used in technical or scientific contexts, such as 'प्रदूषणविरहित' (pollution-free/without pollution). Learning these synonyms allows you to express 'absence' with the precision of a native speaker.

Comparison Table
विना: Formal | शिवाय: Informal | वाचून: Dialectal | विरहित: Technical.

हा भाग प्रदूषणविरहित आहे. (This area is without pollution.)

Curiosidade

Despite being thousands of years old, 'विना' is now used in modern Marathi technology terms like 'विना-तारा' (wireless), though 'बिनतारी' is more common.

Guia de pronúncia

UK /vɪ.nɑː/
US /vɪ.nɑ/
The stress is slightly on the second syllable 'na'.
Rima com
जुना (Junā - Old) पुन्हा (Punhā - Again) उना (Unā - Short/Deficient) मना (Manā - To the mind) धना (Dhanā - To wealth) कणा (Kaṇā - Particle) क्षणा (Kshaṇā - To the moment) गुणा (Guṇā - To quality)
Erros comuns
  • Pronouncing it as 'Vee-na' (long i) which makes it sound like the name of the musical instrument.
  • Pronouncing 'v' as 'w' (Wina). In Marathi, 'v' is labiodental.
  • Nasalizing the 'a' at the end unnecessarily.
  • Mixing it up with 'Vinaa' (female name).
  • Confusing the retroflex 'n' (ṇ) with dental 'n' (n) - though 'विना' uses dental 'n'.
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Exemplos por nível

1

मी साखरेविना चहा पितो.

I drink tea without sugar.

साखर (sugar) becomes साखरे (oblique) + विना.

2

तो पुस्तकाविना शाळेत आला.

He came to school without a book.

पुस्तक (book) becomes पुस्तका (oblique) + विना.

3

पाण्याविना मासा जगू शकत नाही.

A fish cannot live without water.

पाणी (water) becomes पाण्या (oblique) + विना.

4

आईविना बाळ रडते.

The baby cries without mother.

आई (mother) stays as आई in oblique.

5

पेनाविना मी लिहू शकत नाही.

I cannot write without a pen.

पेन (pen) becomes पेना (oblique) + विना.

6

तो छत्रीविना बाहेर गेला.

He went out without an umbrella.

छत्री (umbrella) stays as छत्री in oblique.

7

दुधाविना कॉफी दे.

Give coffee without milk.

दूध (milk) becomes दुधा (oblique) + विना.

8

मी चष्म्याविना वाचू शकत नाही.

I cannot read without glasses.

चष्मा (glasses) becomes चष्म्या (oblique) + विना.

1

माझ्याविना तुम्ही जाऊ नका.

Don't go without me.

Pronoun 'मी' becomes 'माझ्या' (possessive base) + विना.

2

तिकीटाविना प्रवास करू नका.

Do not travel without a ticket.

तिकीट (ticket) becomes तिकीटा (oblique) + विना.

3

मदतीविना हे काम कठीण आहे.

This work is difficult without help.

मदत (help) becomes मदती (oblique) + विना.

4

तो विनाकारण ओरडत आहे.

He is shouting without reason.

विना + कारण (reason) = विनाकारण (adverb).

5

परवानगीविना आत येऊ नका.

Do not come in without permission.

परवानगी (permission) stays as परवानगी in oblique.

6

मित्राविना मला करमत नाही.

I don't feel good without a friend.

मित्र (friend) becomes मित्रा (oblique) + विना.

7

पैशांविना काहीही मिळत नाही.

Nothing is obtained without money.

पैसे (money - plural) becomes पैशां (oblique plural) + विना.

8

त्याच्याविना आम्ही जिंकू शकलो नसतो.

We couldn't have won without him.

Pronoun 'तो' becomes 'त्याच्या' + विना.

1

मेहनतीविना यश मिळत नाही.

Success is not achieved without hard work.

Abstract noun 'मेहनत' in oblique form.

2

विनासायास काहीही साध्य होत नाही.

Nothing is achieved without effort/easily.

विना + सायास (effort) = विनासायास.

3

त्यांनी विनाअट शरण येण्याचे मान्य केले.

They agreed to surrender unconditionally.

विना + अट (condition) = विनाअट.

4

पुराव्याविना पोलीस त्याला पकडू शकत नाहीत.

The police cannot catch him without evidence.

पुरावा (evidence) becomes पुराव्या (oblique) + विना.

5

विश्रांतीविना काम केल्यामुळे तो आजारी पडला.

He fell ill because of working without rest.

विश्रांती (rest) stays as विश्रांती in oblique.

6

प्रकाशाविना झाडे जगू शकत नाहीत.

Trees cannot live without light.

प्रकाश (light) becomes प्रकाशा (oblique) + विना.

7

नियोजनाविना कोणताही प्रकल्प यशस्वी होत नाही.

No project succeeds without planning.

नियोजन (planning) becomes नियोजना (oblique) + विना.

8

विश्वासाविना कोणतेही नाते टिकत नाही.

No relationship lasts without trust.

विश्वास (trust) becomes विश्वासा (oblique) + विना.

1

विनापरवाना वाहन चालवणे गुन्हा आहे.

Driving a vehicle without a license is a crime.

विना + परवाना (license) = विनापरवाना.

2

लोकशाही चर्चेविना अपूर्ण आहे.

Democracy is incomplete without discussion.

चर्चा (discussion) stays as चर्चा in oblique.

3

विनाविलंब उत्तर द्या.

Reply without delay.

विना + विलंब (delay) = विनाविलंब.

4

सत्याविना अहिंसा निरर्थक आहे.

Non-violence is meaningless without truth.

सत्य (truth) becomes सत्या (oblique) + विना.

5

विनाशुल्क शिक्षण हा मुलांचा अधिकार आहे.

Free/Charge-less education is a child's right.

विना + शुल्क (fee) = विनाशुल्क.

6

संवादाविना गैरसमज वाढतात.

Misunderstandings increase without dialogue.

संवाद (dialogue) becomes संवादा (oblique) + विना.

7

साधनेविना साध्य गाठणे कठीण असते.

It is difficult to reach the goal without resources.

साधन (resource) becomes साधना (oblique) + विना.

8

विनाकारण कोणावरही आरोप करू नका.

Do not accuse anyone without reason.

विनाकारण as an adverb.

1

त्याच्या लेखणीत शब्दांविना बरेच काही सांगण्याची ताकद आहे.

His pen has the power to say much without words.

शब्दां (oblique plural of शब्द) + विना.

2

विनाविनाश प्रगती करणे हेच मानवापुढील आव्हान आहे.

Progressing without destruction is the challenge before humanity.

विना + विनाश (destruction) = विनाविनाश.

3

ध्यानाविना मनःशांती मिळणे दुरापास्त आहे.

Attaining peace of mind without meditation is difficult.

ध्यान (meditation) becomes ध्याना (oblique) + विना.

4

विनापूर्वग्रह कोणत्याही गोष्टीचा विचार करावा.

One should think of anything without prejudice.

विना + पूर्वग्रह (prejudice) = विनापूर्वग्रह.

5

माणूस संस्काराविना केवळ एक प्राणी आहे.

A human without values/upbringing is just an animal.

संस्कार (values) becomes संस्कारा (oblique) + विना.

6

विनाअडथळा पार पडलेला हा सोहळा अविस्मरणीय होता.

This ceremony, which went off without a hitch, was memorable.

विना + अडथळा (obstacle) = विनाअडथळा.

7

ज्ञानाविना भक्ती आंधळी असते.

Devotion without knowledge is blind.

ज्ञान (knowledge) becomes ज्ञाना (oblique) + विना.

8

विनासंकोच तुमचे मत मांडा.

State your opinion without hesitation.

विना + संकोच (hesitation) = विनासंकोच.

1

चैतन्याविना जड सृष्टीला काहीच अर्थ नाही.

Inanimate creation has no meaning without consciousness.

चैतन्य (consciousness) becomes चैतन्या (oblique) + विना.

2

विनाप्रयास मिळवलेले वैभव टिकत नाही.

Wealth acquired without effort does not last.

विना + प्रयास (effort) = विनाप्रयास.

3

स्वत्वाविना जगणे म्हणजे केवळ अस्तित्व टिकवणे होय.

Living without selfhood is merely surviving.

स्वत्व (selfhood) becomes स्वत्वा (oblique) + विना.

4

विनाविवाद हे या दशकातील सर्वोत्तम पुस्तक आहे.

Without dispute, this is the best book of this decade.

विना + विवाद (dispute) = विनाविवाद.

5

तर्काविना मांडलेले विचार टिकू शकत नाहीत.

Thoughts presented without logic cannot survive.

तर्क (logic) becomes तर्का (oblique) + विना.

6

विनापक्षांतर लोकशाही अधिक बळकट होईल.

Democracy will be stronger without party-switching.

विना + पक्षांतर (defection/party switching).

7

त्याच्या शब्दांत विनाकारण कोणताही बडेजाव नसतो.

There is no unnecessary pomp in his words.

विनाकारण as an adverb of negation/lack.

8

विनाअधिष्ठान कोणतेही कार्य सिद्धीस जात नाही.

No work reaches fruition without a solid foundation.

विना + अधिष्ठान (foundation/basis).

Colocações comuns

पाण्याविना
साखरेविना
तिकीटाविना
विनाकारण
परवानगीविना
मदतीविना
विनाअट
विनाविलंब
विनाशुल्क
मेहनतीविना

Frases Comuns

विना थांबा

विना वाहक

विना अट

विना तक्रार

विना संकोच

विना सायास

विना विलंब

विना परवाना

विना मूल्य

विना व्यत्यय

Expressões idiomáticas

"पाण्याविना मासा"

To be extremely restless or out of place.

तिच्याविना तो पाण्याविना मासा झाला आहे.

Metaphorical

"विना विनाशाने प्रगती"

Progress without causing harm (modern idiom).

आपल्याला विना विनाशाने प्रगती हवी आहे.

Political

"विनाकारण वाद"

Unnecessary argument.

विनाकारण वाद घालू नकोस.

Informal

"विना परिश्रमाचे फळ"

Gains without effort (often used negatively).

विना परिश्रमाचे फळ टिकत नाही.

Moralistic

"विनाअट शरणागती"

Unconditional surrender.

शत्रूने विनाअट शरणागती पत्करली.

Formal/Military

"विनासायास यश"

Easy success.

विनासायास यश कोणाला नको असते?

General

"शब्दांविना संवाद"

Communication without words (understanding through eyes/gestures).

त्यांच्यात शब्दांविना संवाद होतो.

Literary

"विना तक्रार सेवा"

Selfless service without complaining.

तिची विना तक्रार सेवा वाखाणण्याजोगी आहे.

Formal

"विना पूर्वग्रह"

Without prejudice; open-minded.

विना पूर्वग्रह विचार करा.

Intellectual

"विना आधार"

Without any basis or support.

हे आरोप विना आधार आहेत.

Legal/Formal

Família de palavras

Substantivos

Adjetivos

Relacionado

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Memorize

Mnemônico

Think of 'Vina' as 'Vanished'. If something has 'Vanished', you are 'Vina' (without) it. V-I-N-A = Virtually Included No longer Anywhere.

Associação visual

Imagine a tea cup with a big red 'X' over a sugar bowl next to it. Label the 'X' as 'विना'.

Word Web

Without Sugar-free Non-stop Unconditional Effortless License-free Reasonless Excluding

Desafio

Try to spend one hour describing everything you see that is missing something using 'विना'. For example: 'This wall is without a clock' (ह्या भिंतीवर घड्याळाविना रिकामी जागा आहे).

Origem da palavra

Derived from the Sanskrit preposition 'विना' (vinā), which has the same meaning of 'without' or 'except'. It is an ancient Indo-Aryan word that has remained largely unchanged in form and meaning for millennia.

Significado original: Without, excluding, except for.

Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit -> Prakrit -> Marathi).

Contexto cultural

English speakers often struggle with the postpositional nature of 'विना'. In English, 'without' is a preposition (comes before), while in Marathi, it is a postposition (comes after).

The phrase 'पाण्याविना मासा' from classic Marathi poetry. The 'विना थांबा' (Non-sto
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Conteúdo relacionado

Esta palavra em outros idiomas

वन Nepali
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