B2 Verb Forms 1 min read Médio

The Passive Participle in -n/-t

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Pratique

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The -n/-t participle turns verbs into adjectives or passive constructions, usually by adding -n or -t to the verb stem.

  • Most verbs take the -n suffix: 'delati' (to do) becomes 'delan' (done).
  • Verbs ending in -ti often take -t: 'odpreti' (to open) becomes 'odprt' (opened).
  • These forms must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe.
Verb Stem + (-n/-t) = Passive Participle (Adjective)

Passive Participle Formation

Infinitive Stem Masc. Sing. Fem. Sing. Neut. Sing.
delati
dela-
delan
delana
delano
odpreti
odpr-
odprt
odprta
odprto
napisati
napisa-
napisan
napisana
napisano

Meanings

The passive participle is a verbal adjective used to describe the state of an object resulting from an action.

1

Passive state

Describes an object that has undergone an action.

“Knjiga je napisana.”

“Vrata so odprta.”

Reference Table

Reference table for The Passive Participle in -n/-t
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Noun + je/so + Participle
Knjiga je napisana.
Negative
Noun + ni/niso + Participle
Knjiga ni napisana.
Question
Ali + Noun + je/so + Participle?
Ali je knjiga napisana?
Past
Noun + je bil/bila/bilo + Participle
Knjiga je bila napisana.
Future
Noun + bo/bodo + Participle
Knjiga bo napisana.

Espectro de formalidade

Formal
Poročilo je bilo zaključeno.

Poročilo je bilo zaključeno. (Work)

Neutro
Poročilo je končano.

Poročilo je končano. (Work)

Informal
Poročilo je fertik.

Poročilo je fertik. (Work)

Gíria
Poročilo je zrihtano.

Poročilo je zrihtano. (Work)

Participle Agreement

Participle

Gender

  • Masc delan
  • Fem delana
  • Neut delano
Cadastre-se grátis para ler a explicação completa

Exemplos por nível

1

Kruh je pečen.

The bread is baked.

1

Vrata so odprta.

The doors are opened.

1

Pismo je bilo napisano včeraj.

The letter was written yesterday.

1

Projekt bo končan do petka.

The project will be finished by Friday.

1

Vse zbrane informacije so bile skrbno preverjene.

All collected information was carefully verified.

1

Njegovo delo, globoko zakoreninjeno v tradiciji, ostaja neprekosljivo.

His work, deeply rooted in tradition, remains unsurpassed.

Fácil de confundir

The Passive Participle in -n/-t vs Past Tense vs Passive Participle

Learners confuse 'delal' (he worked) with 'delan' (done).

The Passive Participle in -n/-t vs Adjective vs Participle

Both decline like adjectives.

The Passive Participle in -n/-t vs Reflexive Passive

Slovenian uses 'se' for passive too.

Erros comuns

✗

Knjiga je napisal.

✓

Knjiga je napisana.

Used active verb instead of passive participle.
✗

Vrata so odprt.

✓

Vrata so odprta.

Forgot plural agreement.
✗

Hrana je skuhana.

✓

Hrana je skuhana.

Wait, this is correct. Mistake would be 'Hrana je skuhan'.
✗

Pismo je bil napisan.

✓

Pismo je bilo napisano.

Wrong gender agreement for neuter noun.
✗

On je bil napisan.

✓

On je napisan.

Unnecessary auxiliary verb.
✗

Okna so zaprti.

✓

Okna so zaprta.

Wrong plural ending for neuter.
✗

Kava je popit.

✓

Kava je popita.

Wrong gender.
✗

Stvari so narejen.

✓

Stvari so narejene.

Plural agreement failure.
✗

Vse je bil narejen.

✓

Vse je bilo narejeno.

Gender mismatch.
✗

Oni so bili odprt.

✓

Oni so bili odprti.

Plural agreement.
✗

Podatki so bili zbran.

✓

Podatki so bili zbrani.

Plural agreement.
✗

Odločitev je bila sprejet.

✓

Odločitev je bila sprejeta.

Gender agreement.
✗

Vse je bilo preverjen.

✓

Vse je bilo preverjeno.

Gender agreement.
✗

Naloge so bile opravljen.

✓

Naloge so bile opravljene.

Plural agreement.

Padrões de frases

___ je ___.

___ so bile ___.

Projekt bo ___ do petka.

Vse zbrane informacije so bile ___.

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

Slika je bila objavljena.

Work Email very common

Poročilo je pripravljeno.

Travel common

Vrata so zaprta.

Food Delivery common

Hrana je skuhana.

Job Interview common

Projekt je bil uspešno voden.

Texting common

Vse je narejeno.

Cadastre-se grátis para ver todos os exemplos
💡

Check the Infinitive

Always look at the infinitive to decide between -n and -t.
⚠️

Agreement is Key

Don't forget to change the ending for gender and number.
🎯

Use in Formal Writing

Passive participles make your writing sound professional.
💬

Be Objective

Use this to avoid naming the person who did the action.

Smart Tips

Always check the noun's gender first.

Knjiga je napisan. → Knjiga je napisana.

Use passive to sound objective.

Jaz sem končal projekt. → Projekt je bil končan.

Check for plural endings.

Vrata so odprt. → Vrata so odprta.

Check the infinitive root.

Odpreti -> odpren → Odpreti -> odprt

Pronúncia

na-PI-san

Suffix stress

The stress usually remains on the stem, not the suffix.

Declarative

Knjiga je napisana. ↘

Falling intonation for statements.

Memorize

Mnemônico

Think of 'N' for 'New' (done) and 'T' for 'Tight' (closed/opened).

Associação visual

Imagine a giant stamp hitting a document that says 'DONE' (napisan).

Rhyme

If it ends in -n or -t, it's a state for all to see.

Story

I baked a cake (pečen). I opened the door (odprt). I wrote a letter (napisan). Now everything is finished.

Word Web

napisanodprtzaprtnarejenskuhanprebran

Desafio

Look around your room and describe 3 objects using the passive participle.

Notas culturais

Passive constructions are preferred in formal settings to sound objective.

Derived from Proto-Slavic passive participles.

Iniciadores de conversa

“

Ali je tvoja naloga že narejena?

“

So vrata v pisarno odprta?

“

Je bil projekt uspešno zaključen?

“

So vsi dokumenti že preverjeni?

Temas para diário

Describe your room using at least 5 passive participles.
Write about a project you finished recently.
Discuss a formal report you read.
Reflect on how your work habits have changed.

Erros comuns

Incorrect

Correto

Incorrect

Correto

Incorrect

Correto

Incorrect

Correto

Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct form.

Knjiga je ___ (napisati).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Knjiga is feminine.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Vrata so bil odprt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Vrata is plural neuter.
Choose the correct form. Múltipla escolha

Pismo je ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Pismo is neuter.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Standard word order.
Translate to Slovenian. Tradução

The bread is baked.

Answer starts with: a...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Kruh is masculine.
Match the infinitive to the participle. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct suffix is -t.
Conjugate for feminine. Conjugation Drill

delati -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Feminine ends in -a.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

vse / biti / pripraviti

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Vse is neuter.

Score: /8

Exercicios praticos

8 exercises
Fill in the correct form.

Knjiga je ___ (napisati).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Knjiga is feminine.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Vrata so bil odprt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Vrata is plural neuter.
Choose the correct form. Múltipla escolha

Pismo je ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Pismo is neuter.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

je / končan / projekt / bil

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Standard word order.
Translate to Slovenian. Tradução

The bread is baked.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Kruh is masculine.
Match the infinitive to the participle. Match Pairs

odpreti -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct suffix is -t.
Conjugate for feminine. Conjugation Drill

delati -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Feminine ends in -a.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

vse / biti / pripraviti

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Vse is neuter.

Score: /8

Perguntas frequentes (8)

It depends on the verb stem. -n is more common, -t is used for many verbs ending in -ti.

Yes, to form the passive state, you need the verb 'biti' (to be).

Yes, it functions exactly like an adjective.

Yes, but it is more frequent in formal speech.

Because the subject receives the action.

Look at the noun it describes.

No, past tense is for active actions.

Some verbs have stem changes.

Scaffolded Practice

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2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

Cadastre-se grátis para praticar

In Other Languages

German high

Partizip II

German uses 'ge-' prefix, Slovenian does not.

French moderate

Participe passé

French has complex auxiliary usage.

Spanish moderate

Participio

Suffixes are completely different.

Japanese low

Te-form + iru

Japanese is agglutinative; Slovenian is inflectional.

Arabic moderate

Ism Maf'ul

Arabic is root-based (triliteral).

Chinese low

Bei-construction

Chinese has no inflectional morphology.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Related Grammar Rules

B1

The Supine (Namenilnik) Usage
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