困厄 em 30 segundos
- Severe hardship, distress, or a difficult predicament.
- Implies being trapped with few solutions.
- Often used in formal or literary contexts.
- Stronger than 'difficulty' (困难).
- Core Meaning
- The Chinese word 困厄 (kùn'è) refers to a state of being in severe difficulty, hardship, or a predicament. It describes a situation where one is trapped or facing significant trouble, often implying a lack of easy solutions.
- Nuance
- It carries a stronger sense of being stuck and facing dire circumstances than simply 'difficulty' (困难). It suggests a situation that is not only challenging but also potentially overwhelming or dangerous, often implying a period of prolonged suffering or struggle.
- Usage Contexts
- This term is often used in more formal writing, historical accounts, literature, or when discussing serious personal or societal challenges. You might encounter it when describing the plight of refugees, the struggles of a nation during wartime, or individuals facing severe financial or personal crises. It's less common in casual, everyday conversation unless the situation is exceptionally grave.
- Figurative Use
- While primarily referring to literal hardship, 困厄 can also be used metaphorically to describe being trapped in a difficult emotional or psychological state, such as a prolonged period of depression or anxiety.
The people suffered greatly from the prolonged drought and the resulting 困厄.
Navigating personal 困厄 requires immense resilience and support.
- Etymological Insight
- The character 困 (kùn) means 'to be trapped' or 'in difficulty,' while 厄 (è) means 'disaster' or 'calamity.' Together, 困厄 powerfully conveys the idea of being trapped by a calamity or severe hardship.
The nation faced immense 困厄 following the devastating earthquake.
- Describing Personal Struggles
- 困厄 is often used to describe the profound difficulties individuals face. This can include extreme poverty, prolonged illness, or severe personal loss. The word highlights the feeling of being overwhelmed and unable to easily escape these hardships. For instance, one might say that a family lived in persistent 困厄 for years due to unemployment and illness.
- Societal and Historical Contexts
- In historical narratives or discussions about societal issues, 困厄 can describe the widespread suffering of a population. This might be due to war, famine, natural disasters, or oppressive political regimes. For example, historical texts might detail the 困厄 faced by citizens during a period of civil unrest.
- Metaphorical Applications
- Beyond literal hardship, 困厄 can be used metaphorically to describe being trapped in a difficult psychological or emotional state. A person struggling with severe depression might feel they are in a state of deep 困厄, from which escape seems impossible. This usage emphasizes the feeling of being stuck and the intense emotional burden.
- Formal and Literary Usage
- The term is more common in written Chinese, especially in literature, essays, and news reports discussing serious issues. It lends a certain gravity and formality to the description of hardship. Using 困厄 in casual conversation might sound overly dramatic unless the situation truly warrants it. For example, a novel might describe a character's journey through immense personal 困厄 to achieve their goals.
- Legal and Financial Contexts
- In more technical or formal contexts, 困厄 can describe a state of financial insolvency or legal entanglement that is difficult to resolve. A company in severe financial 困厄 might be on the verge of bankruptcy. This usage highlights the critical and often inescapable nature of the problem.
The historical account vividly depicted the 困厄 of the peasants during the famine years.
- Documentaries and News Reports
- You are most likely to encounter 困厄 (kùn'è) in documentaries or news reports that delve into serious societal issues, historical events, or humanitarian crises. For example, a report on a country experiencing widespread poverty, natural disaster aftermath, or political turmoil might use 困厄 to describe the population's suffering and difficult living conditions. News anchors or journalists discussing international aid efforts for regions in dire straits would also likely employ this term.
- Literature and Historical Texts
- Classical Chinese literature, historical chronicles, and modern literary works that deal with themes of struggle, survival, and human resilience often feature 困厄. Authors use it to portray characters or communities facing extreme hardship, emphasizing the depth of their difficulties. If you are reading historical novels or academic papers on social history, you will frequently come across this word.
- Speeches and Formal Presentations
- Politicians, academics, or leaders giving formal speeches on topics such as economic challenges, social welfare, or national crises might use 困厄 to convey the gravity of the situation. It's a word that adds weight and seriousness to their message, signaling that the issues being discussed are not trivial but represent significant predicaments.
- Discussions about Personal Resilience
- In more reflective or philosophical discussions about life's challenges, people might use 困厄 to describe periods of intense personal struggle. For instance, in a podcast or interview discussing overcoming significant life obstacles, a guest might recount how they navigated a period of profound financial or emotional 困厄.
- Academic Studies
- In academic fields like sociology, history, economics, or psychology, 困厄 is used to describe specific states of hardship, crisis, or disadvantage. Research papers analyzing poverty, social inequality, or the impact of disasters on communities will often use this term to define the conditions being studied.
The documentary highlighted the daily 困厄 faced by families in the conflict zone.
- Using for Minor Difficulties
- Mistake: Using 困厄 (kùn'è) to describe everyday minor inconveniences or slight challenges. For example, saying 'I'm in 困厄 because my internet is slow' would be an overstatement.Correct Usage: 困厄 is reserved for situations of significant hardship, distress, or predicament. For minor difficulties, simpler words like 困难 (kùnnan - difficulty), 麻烦 (máfan - trouble), or 不方便 (bù fāngbiàn - inconvenient) are more appropriate.Explanation: The word carries a strong connotation of severe suffering and being trapped. Using it for trivial matters diminishes its impact and can sound melodramatic or insincere.
- Confusing with 困难 (kùnnan)
- Mistake: Treating 困厄 and 困难 as interchangeable. While both relate to difficulty, 困难 is a much broader term.Correct Usage: 困难 refers to any kind of difficulty, from minor obstacles to significant challenges. 困厄 specifically denotes a state of severe hardship, distress, or a dire predicament, often implying a prolonged or inescapable situation.Explanation: Think of 困难 as 'difficulty' and 困厄 as 'dire straits' or 'extreme hardship.' You can have 困难 without being in 困厄, but situations of 困厄 will certainly involve 困难.
- Incorrect Grammatical Usage
- Mistake: Using 困厄 as an adjective directly modifying a noun without proper grammatical structure, or using it in contexts where a verb or adverb is needed.Correct Usage: 困厄 is primarily used as a noun to refer to the state of hardship. It often appears after verbs like 'face' (面临), 'experience' (经历), 'endure' (经受), or 'overcome' (克服). It can also be part of a longer phrase describing a difficult situation.Explanation: While 困 (kùn) can sometimes function adjectivally (e.g., 困顿 - exhausted), the compound word 困厄 is almost always used as a noun representing the state itself. For example, instead of saying 'a 困厄 situation,' it's more natural to say 'a situation of 困厄' (处于困厄的境地) or 'facing 困厄' (面临困厄).
- Overuse in Casual Conversation
- Mistake: Frequently using 困厄 in everyday, informal conversations, making the speaker sound overly dramatic or pretentious.Correct Usage: Reserve 困厄 for situations where the gravity of the hardship is genuinely high and the context is appropriate, such as formal writing, serious discussions, or when recounting significant life challenges.Explanation: The word has a formal and serious tone. In casual settings, using it for minor issues can sound like complaining excessively or lacking perspective. It's better to use more common and less intense vocabulary for everyday problems.
- Misinterpreting the 'Trapped' Aspect
- Mistake: Using 困厄 to describe a situation that is merely challenging but has clear and easy ways out.Correct Usage: 困厄 implies a sense of being stuck, with limited options for escape or resolution. It suggests a predicament that is difficult to resolve and causes significant distress.Explanation: The character 困 (kùn) itself means 'to be trapped.' When combined with 厄 (è - calamity/disaster), it emphasizes being trapped by severe misfortune. If a situation is difficult but manageable with effort and resources, it's likely just 困难, not 困厄.
He described his financial situation not as 困厄, but as a serious 困难 that required careful planning to overcome.
- 困境 (kùnjìng)
- Meaning: Predicament, difficult situation, plight.Comparison: 困境 is very similar to 困厄 and often interchangeable. Both refer to a state of difficulty. However, 困厄 tends to imply a more severe, dire, or calamitous situation, often with a sense of being trapped by external forces or disasters. 困境 can be a more general term for any difficult situation, whether personal, financial, or social, and might not always carry the same weight of extreme suffering or inescapable disaster as 困厄. Example: 面对经济衰退，许多企业陷入了困境。(Facing economic recession, many businesses fell into a predicament.) vs. 战乱让这个国家的人民长期处于困厄之中。(War has kept the people of this country in prolonged hardship.)
- 艰难 (jiānnán)
- Meaning: Difficult, hard; arduous.Comparison: 艰难 is primarily used as an adjective to describe something that is difficult to do, achieve, or endure. It emphasizes the arduous nature of a task or situation. While it implies difficulty, it doesn't necessarily carry the same connotation of being trapped or facing a severe predicament as 困厄. You can have a 艰难 (difficult) task without being in 困厄 (dire straits).Example: 攀登这座山非常艰难。(Climbing this mountain is very arduous.) vs. 他们的生活充满了困厄。(Their lives were filled with dire hardship.)
- 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
- Meaning: Suffering hardship; distressed; poor.Comparison: 困苦 is very close in meaning to 困厄, often emphasizing the suffering and hardship experienced by people. It focuses more on the emotional and physical toll of difficult circumstances. While 困厄 can refer to the situation itself (a predicament), 困苦 often describes the state of the people within that situation (suffering). They can be used together, with 困厄 describing the circumstances and 困苦 describing the effect on individuals.Example: 经历长期的困厄，他变得更加坚强。(Having experienced prolonged hardship, he became stronger.) vs. 贫困地区的人们生活困苦。(People in impoverished regions live in suffering hardship.)
- 绝境 (juéjìng)
- Meaning: Desperate situation; impasse; dead end.Comparison: 绝境 implies a situation with no apparent way out, a truly desperate state. It is often more extreme than 困厄. While 困厄 suggests being trapped in hardship, 绝境 emphasizes the lack of any solution or hope. It's the ultimate predicament. One might be in 困厄 for a long time, but 绝境 suggests an immediate crisis with no escape.Example: 在绝境中，他找到了最后一线希望。(In a desperate situation, he found a last ray of hope.) vs. 战争带来的困厄让人们看不到未来。(The hardship brought by the war left people without a vision for the future.)
- 苦难 (kǔnàn)
- Meaning: (Great) suffering; hardship; tribulations.Comparison: 苦难 is a general term for suffering and hardship, often used to describe prolonged periods of pain, distress, or misfortune. It is very similar to 困苦 and can overlap significantly with 困厄. 苦难 focuses on the experience of suffering, while 困厄 can refer more to the circumstances causing that suffering and the state of being trapped. 苦难 is perhaps more common and less formal than 困厄.Example: 经历了无数苦难，他终于获得了成功。(After experiencing countless hardships, he finally achieved success.) vs. 这个故事讲述了主人公在困厄中挣扎求生的经历。(This story tells of the protagonist's struggle for survival in dire circumstances.)
The difference between 困厄 and 困难 is like the difference between being lost in a storm (困厄) and facing a slightly bumpy road (困难).
How Formal Is It?
Curiosidade
The character 厄 (è) itself is believed to have originated from a pictogram representing a person caught in a difficult or dangerous situation, possibly related to natural disasters or confinement. This visual origin reinforces the meaning of being trapped and facing misfortune.
Guia de pronúncia
- Mispronouncing the tones: Incorrect tones can change the meaning or make the word sound unnatural.
- Pronouncing '厄' as a simple 'e' sound without the initial consonant.
- Confusing the tones of '困' and '厄'.
- Using a 'sh' sound instead of 'zh' for '厄'.
- Not giving enough distinctness to the tones, making them sound flat.
Nível de dificuldade
Readers at the B2 level and above will encounter and understand 困厄 in its intended context. Its meaning is clear from the surrounding text, but its formal register and strong connotation require some familiarity with advanced vocabulary.
Learners might hesitate to use 困厄 in writing, opting for simpler terms like 'difficulty' or 'trouble.' Proper usage requires an understanding of its formal register and the specific nuance of being trapped in severe hardship.
While understood by advanced speakers, 困厄 is not commonly used in spontaneous, casual speech. Its use in speaking often indicates a serious topic or a formal setting.
Listeners at B2 level and above should be able to comprehend 困厄 when used in news, documentaries, or formal speeches. Its meaning is usually clear from the context.
O que aprender depois
Pré-requisitos
Aprenda a seguir
Avançado
Gramática essencial
Using measure words with abstract nouns.
While 困厄 is generally uncountable, in specific contexts, one might refer to 'a period of hardship' or 'a type of predicament.' (e.g., 一段困厄 - a period of hardship).
The use of prepositions like '于' (yú) or '在' (zài) to indicate being in a state.
They are deeply trapped in hardship. 他们深陷于困厄之中。(Tāmen shēn xiàn yú kùn'è zhī zhōng.)
Using aspect particles like '了' (le) to indicate completion or change of state.
He has experienced much hardship. 他经历了许多困厄。(Tā jīnglìle xǔduō kùn'è.)
The structure 'Subject + Verb + Object' where 困厄 is the object.
The nation endured great hardship. 国家承受了巨大的困厄。(Guójiā chéngshòule jùdà de kùn'è.)
Using adjectives before 困厄 to modify its severity.
severe hardship - 严重的困厄
Exemplos por nível
The small village faced severe 困厄 after the flood destroyed their crops.
The small village faced severe hardship/predicament after the flood destroyed their crops.
困厄 used as a noun to describe the state of the village.
He overcame great 困厄 to become a successful businessman.
He overcame great adversity/hardship to become a successful businessman.
困厄 used as a noun representing adversity.
The refugees were in a state of 困厄, lacking food and shelter.
The refugees were in a state of distress/predicament, lacking food and shelter.
困厄 used as a noun within the phrase 'state of...'
Navigating through such financial 困厄 requires careful planning.
Navigating through such financial difficulty/predicament requires careful planning.
困厄 used as a noun, often modified by adjectives like 'financial'.
The community struggled with the 困厄 caused by the prolonged drought.
The community struggled with the hardship/predicament caused by the prolonged drought.
困厄 used as a noun, indicating the hardship resulting from the drought.
Despite the 困厄, they never lost hope.
Despite the adversity/hardship, they never lost hope.
困厄 used as a noun, often contrasted with positive emotions like hope.
The historical novel depicted the 困厄 of the common people.
The historical novel depicted the plight/hardship of the common people.
困厄 used as a noun to describe the general condition of a group.
He felt trapped in a cycle of 困厄.
He felt trapped in a cycle of distress/hardship.
困厄 used as a noun to describe a recurring difficult situation.
The nation endured immense 困厄 during the years of war and famine.
The nation endured immense distress/hardship during the years of war and famine.
困厄 used as a noun, signifying severe national hardship.
Many artists find themselves in a state of creative 困厄 when facing commercial pressures.
Many artists find themselves in a state of artistic predicament/difficulty when facing commercial pressures.
困厄 used metaphorically to describe a difficult situation in a specific profession.
The company's precarious financial situation bordered on 困厄.
The company's precarious financial situation bordered on dire straits/extreme difficulty.
困厄 used to describe a severe financial predicament.
Philosophers often contemplate the human condition and its inherent 困厄.
Philosophers often contemplate the human condition and its inherent suffering/hardship.
困厄 used in a philosophical context to describe fundamental human difficulties.
The protagonist's journey through personal 困厄 was the central theme of the novel.
The protagonist's journey through personal adversity/predicament was the central theme of the novel.
困厄 used as a noun to describe the protagonist's struggles.
They managed to survive the severe 困厄 of the harsh winter.
They managed to survive the severe hardship/predicament of the harsh winter.
困厄 used to describe the severe challenges posed by nature.
The political reforms aimed to alleviate the widespread 困厄 among the population.
The political reforms aimed to alleviate the widespread suffering/hardship among the population.
困厄 used as a noun referring to societal hardship.
He recounted the 困厄 his family faced during the economic crisis.
He recounted the dire straits/hardship his family faced during the economic crisis.
困厄 used as a noun to describe the difficulties faced by a family.
The historical account meticulously detailed the societal 困厄 that preceded the revolution.
The historical account meticulously detailed the societal distress/predicament that preceded the revolution.
困厄 used in a formal historical context to describe societal conditions.
The psychological toll of prolonged 困厄 can lead to severe mental health issues.
The psychological toll of prolonged hardship/distress can lead to severe mental health issues.
困厄 used to describe prolonged periods of hardship with psychological implications.
The author's prose vividly captured the existential 困厄 of the characters.
The author's prose vividly captured the existential predicament/suffering of the characters.
困厄 used in a literary analysis context, referring to existential struggles.
International aid organizations often work in regions grappling with extreme 困厄.
International aid organizations often work in regions grappling with extreme hardship/dire straits.
困厄 used to describe the severe conditions aid organizations address.
The philosophical treatise explored the nature of suffering and the human capacity to endure 困厄.
The philosophical treatise explored the nature of suffering and the human capacity to endure hardship/distress.
困厄 used in a philosophical discourse on suffering and endurance.
The economic sanctions plunged the country into unprecedented 困厄.
The economic sanctions plunged the country into unprecedented dire straits/hardship.
困厄 used to describe severe consequences of political actions.
Her memoir offered a poignant account of overcoming profound personal 困厄.
Her memoir offered a poignant account of overcoming profound personal adversity/hardship.
困厄 used in a memoir context, highlighting deep personal challenges.
The ancient civilization ultimately succumbed to a combination of environmental degradation and internal 困厄.
The ancient civilization ultimately succumbed to a combination of environmental degradation and internal distress/hardship.
困厄 used in an archaeological or historical context to explain societal collapse.
The chronicles of the period are replete with narratives of societal 困厄 and the ensuing social stratification.
The chronicles of the period are replete with narratives of societal distress/predicament and the ensuing social stratification.
困厄 used in a highly academic and formal historical context.
The existentialist literature frequently grapples with the inherent 困厄 of human existence.
The existentialist literature frequently grapples with the inherent suffering/predicament of human existence.
困厄 used in advanced literary and philosophical analysis.
The economic sanctions imposed a regime of profound 困厄 upon the civilian populace.
The economic sanctions imposed a regime of profound hardship/distress upon the civilian populace.
困厄 used to describe the severe, systemic impact of economic policies.
Her autobiographical work serves as a testament to the indomitable human spirit in the face of overwhelming 困厄.
Her autobiographical work serves as a testament to the indomitable human spirit in the face of overwhelming adversity/hardship.
困厄 used in a sophisticated literary context to emphasize extreme challenges.
The study meticulously analyzed the long-term psychological sequelae of prolonged 困厄 experienced during childhood.
The study meticulously analyzed the long-term psychological consequences of prolonged hardship/distress experienced during childhood.
困厄 used in a clinical or academic psychological context.
The collapse of the empire was attributed to a confluence of external invasions and internal 困厄.
The collapse of the empire was attributed to a confluence of external invasions and internal distress/hardship.
困厄 used in a complex historical analysis of societal decline.
The philosophical discourse delved into the dialectic between human agency and the inescapable 困厄 of fate.
The philosophical discourse delved into the dialectic between human agency and the inescapable suffering/predicament of fate.
困厄 used in a highly abstract philosophical discussion.
The geopolitical landscape was characterized by persistent 困厄 for marginalized communities.
The geopolitical landscape was characterized by persistent hardship/predicament for marginalized communities.
困厄 used in a sophisticated geopolitical analysis.
Colocações comuns
Frases Comuns
— To be in a state of hardship or predicament.
During the war, many civilians found themselves 身处 困厄.
— To get through a period of hardship or adversity.
With determination, they managed to 度过 困厄.
— To escape or get out of a difficult situation or predicament.
It took great effort to 摆脱 困厄.
— Economic hardship or distress.
The country is facing severe 经济 困厄.
— Hardship in daily life; difficult living conditions.
They were accustomed to a life of 生活 困厄.
— Hardship caused by war or conflict.
The region suffered from prolonged 战乱 困厄.
— Hardship caused by natural disasters.
The villagers faced 自然 困厄 from repeated droughts.
— To emerge from a difficult situation or predicament.
It is hoped that the country can soon 走出 困厄.
— To cope with or deal with hardship or adversity.
Learning to 应对 困厄 is a part of life.
— To be deeply trapped in a difficult situation or predicament.
The family had 深陷 困厄 for many years.
Frequentemente confundido com
困难 is a general term for 'difficulty' or 'problem.' 困厄 is much stronger, referring to severe hardship, distress, or a dire predicament, often implying being trapped.
艰难 is primarily an adjective meaning 'difficult' or 'arduous,' describing a task or process. 困厄 is a noun referring to the state of hardship itself.
苦难 means 'suffering' or 'tribulations.' While similar to 困厄, 困厄 often emphasizes the circumstances and the feeling of being trapped, whereas 苦难 focuses more on the experience of pain and distress.
Expressões idiomáticas
— Literally 'mountains exhausted, rivers dried up.' It describes a situation where one has reached the end of one's resources and is in a desperate predicament, facing insurmountable difficulties.
When his business failed and he lost all his savings, he felt like he had reached 山穷水尽.
Idiomatic— Literally 'no way to turn or flee.' It means to be in a desperate situation with no escape or recourse, a complete impasse.
After being framed for the crime, he felt 走投无路.
Idiomatic— Literally 'end of the road; final path.' It signifies a state of extreme destitution and desperation, often implying the end of one's life or career in a miserable state.
The once-wealthy merchant died in 穷途末路.
Idiomatic— Literally 'spilt water is hard to retrieve.' This idiom refers to something that has happened and cannot be undone, often used for regrets or irreversible mistakes. While not directly meaning 'hardship,' it implies a predicament that cannot be fixed.
He regretted his harsh words, but 覆水难收.
Idiomatic— Literally 'difficult to get off a tiger once you're riding it.' It describes a situation where one is involved in something dangerous or difficult and cannot easily back out.
Once he agreed to the risky deal, he found himself 骑虎难下.
Idiomatic— Literally 'hunger and cold press upon.' It describes a state of extreme suffering due to lack of food and warmth, often used to depict the plight of the poor or those in dire circumstances.
The refugees were 饥寒交迫.
Idiomatic— Describes a life of constant wandering and hardship, often due to war or persecution; displacement and suffering.
The war forced millions to live a life of 颠沛流离.
Idiomatic— To have no way out; to be in a desperate situation.
Facing bankruptcy, the small business owner felt 走投无路.
Idiomatic— Literally 'pulling the lapel reveals the elbow.' It describes poverty and lack of resources, where one is struggling to cover basic needs.
His financial situation was so bad that he was 捉襟见肘.
Idiomatic— Literally 'adding frost on top of snow.' It means to make a bad situation worse; adding to one's troubles.
Just when he thought things couldn't get worse, another problem arose, truly 雪上加霜.
IdiomaticFácil de confundir
Both relate to difficulties.
困难 is a general term for any difficulty, from minor to major. 困厄 specifically denotes severe hardship, distress, or a dire predicament, often implying a situation that is hard to escape from.
I have a difficult task (困难). The nation faced severe hardship (困厄) due to the war.
Both imply difficulty.
艰难 is typically used as an adjective to describe something that is difficult to do or endure (e.g., a difficult journey). 困厄 is a noun referring to the state of severe hardship or distress itself.
The climb was arduous (艰难). They lived in constant hardship (困厄).
Both refer to suffering and hardship.
苦难 is a broader term for suffering and tribulations. 困厄 often emphasizes the specific situation of being trapped in severe hardship or calamity, highlighting the predicament.
The refugees endured great suffering (苦难). The war plunged them into dire straits (困厄).
Both describe extreme difficulty.
绝境 means a desperate situation with no way out, an impasse. It is often more extreme and implies a complete lack of options. 困厄 implies severe hardship and being trapped, but there might still be a faint hope or a difficult path to escape.
He was in a desperate situation (绝境) with no hope. They were in dire straits (困厄) but still fought for survival.
Both refer to difficult situations.
窘境 usually refers to an embarrassing or awkward predicament, often social or financial, but typically less severe and dire than 困厄. 困厄 implies a more serious level of distress and hardship.
He found himself in an embarrassing predicament (窘境) when he forgot his keys. The nation was in severe hardship (困厄) after the economic collapse.
Padrões de frases
Subject + 面临/经历/遭受 + [Adjective] + 困厄
The refugees faced immense 困厄. 难民们<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>面临</mark>着<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>巨大的</mark><mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>。
处于 + 困厄 + 之中/状态
The country was in a state of economic 困厄. 该国<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>处于</mark>经济<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>之中。
克服/摆脱 + [Adjective] + 困厄
They managed to overcome the severe 困厄. 他们<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>设法</mark><mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>克服</mark>了<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>严重的</mark><mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>。
形容词 + 困厄 + 是 + [Noun Phrase]
This prolonged 困厄 was a major challenge. 这场<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>长期的</mark><mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>是一个巨大的挑战。
Subject + [Verb] + 困厄 + 的 + [Noun]
The novel describes the 困厄 of the common people. 这本小说<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>描绘</mark>了<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>普通人</mark>的<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>。
史书中记载了...的<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
Historical records document the 困厄 of the people during war. 史书中<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>记载</mark>了<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>战争</mark>时期人民的<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>。
Subject + [Verb] + 困厄 + 的 + [Consequence]
The prolonged 困厄 led to social unrest. <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>长期的</mark><mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>导致了社会动荡。
形容词 + 困厄 + 影响/后果
The severe 困厄 had lasting effects. <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>严重的</mark><mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>产生了深远的影响。
Família de palavras
Substantivos
Relacionado
Como usar
Low to Medium (in spoken language, more common in written/formal contexts)
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Using 困厄 for minor inconveniences.
→
Use words like 麻烦 (máfan) or 小困难 (xiǎo kùnnan) for minor issues.
困厄 signifies severe hardship, distress, or a dire predicament. Using it for trivial matters diminishes its impact and sounds overly dramatic.
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Confusing 困厄 with 困难.
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Recognize 困厄 as a stronger, more severe term than 困难.
困难 means general difficulty. 困厄 implies being trapped in severe hardship or calamity, often with no easy escape.
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Treating 困厄 as an adjective.
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Use 困厄 as a noun, often preceded by adjectives or followed by phrases indicating a state or situation.
困厄 describes a state or condition (noun), not an attribute (adjective). For example, 'a situation of 困厄' is more natural than 'a 困厄 situation'.
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Pronouncing the tones incorrectly.
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Ensure correct pronunciation of the third tone on 'kùn' and the fourth tone on 'è'.
Incorrect tones can lead to misunderstanding or make the word sound unnatural to native speakers.
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Using 困厄 in casual, informal speech.
→
Reserve 困厄 for formal writing, serious discussions, or when discussing genuinely dire situations.
Its formal register means it can sound pretentious or out of place in casual conversation.
Dicas
Visual Association
Picture someone trapped (困) by a terrible disaster (厄). This visual can help you recall the meaning of severe hardship and being stuck in a predicament.
Noun Usage
困厄 primarily functions as a noun, referring to the state of distress or adversity. It is often used with verbs like 'face' (面临), 'experience' (经历), or 'overcome' (克服).
Tones Matter
Pay close attention to the tones of both syllables, 'kùn' (third tone) and 'è' (fourth tone). Incorrect tones can alter the meaning or make the word sound unnatural.
Distinguish from 困难
While both relate to difficulty, 困难 (kùnnan) is general difficulty, whereas 困厄 implies a more severe, trapped, and calamitous situation.
Resilience in Culture
Chinese culture often emphasizes enduring hardship. 困厄 reflects this understanding, and stories of overcoming it are common themes in literature and history.
Sentence Building
Try creating your own sentences using 困厄, focusing on contexts like natural disasters, war, or significant personal struggles to practice its usage.
Synonym Nuances
Understand the subtle differences between 困厄 and similar words like 困境, 苦难, and 绝境 to choose the most precise term for your intended meaning.
Formal Register
When writing formally, using 困厄 can add depth and seriousness to your descriptions of challenging circumstances.
Contextual Clues
When you hear 困厄, listen for surrounding words and the overall tone of the conversation or text to confirm its meaning of severe hardship or predicament.
Memorize
Mnemônico
Imagine someone trapped (困) by a terrible disaster (厄). They are stuck in the mud during a hurricane, unable to move. That's 困厄.
Associação visual
Visualize a person literally trapped in a dark, narrow pit (困) with a storm cloud (厄) looming overhead, raining down difficult challenges.
Word Web
Desafio
Try to describe a challenging situation from your life or a story you've read using the word 困厄, focusing on the feeling of being trapped and the severity of the circumstances.
Origem da palavra
The word 困厄 (kùn'è) is a compound word formed from two characters, each contributing to its meaning. The character 困 (kùn) means 'to be trapped,' 'to be in difficulty,' or 'to be distressed.' The character 厄 (è) means 'calamity,' 'disaster,' 'hardship,' or 'suffering.' Together, they form a powerful expression for being trapped by calamity or severe hardship.
Significado original: To be trapped by disaster or severe hardship.
Sino-TibetanContexto cultural
When discussing 困厄, be mindful of the gravity of the term. It's not for trivial complaints but for genuine and severe difficulties. Using it appropriately shows a nuanced understanding of the language and the situation.
In English, we have words like 'adversity,' 'hardship,' 'dire straits,' 'predicament,' and 'tribulation' that capture similar meanings to 困厄. The choice depends on the specific nuance and formality.
Pratique na vida real
Contextos reais
Natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, droughts)
- 遭受<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- 面对<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>的灾民
War and conflict
- 战乱<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- 经历<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- 逃离<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
Economic hardship (poverty, recession, unemployment)
- 经济<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- 生活<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- 摆脱<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
Personal struggles (illness, loss, difficult life events)
- 个人<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- 身处<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- 克服<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
Historical narratives and literature
- 史书中的<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- 主人公的<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
- 描绘<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>困厄</mark>
Iniciadores de conversa
"Have you ever read a story where the characters faced immense 困厄?"
"How do you think people in ancient times coped with the 困厄 of their era?"
"What are some ways societies can help individuals overcome periods of severe 困厄?"
"When discussing challenges, when is it appropriate to use a strong word like 困厄?"
"Can you think of a historical event where a nation experienced profound 困厄?"
Temas para diário
Describe a time you or someone you know faced a significant challenge that felt like 困厄. What made it so difficult, and how did you (or they) get through it?
Imagine you are writing a historical fiction novel. How would you describe the 困厄 faced by your characters during a specific period of hardship?
Reflect on the meaning of resilience. How does one maintain hope and strength when enduring prolonged 困厄?
Consider the difference between 'difficulty' and 'predicament.' When does a difficult situation escalate into 困厄?
Write a short story where a character must make a difficult choice to escape a state of 困厄.
Perguntas frequentes
10 perguntasThe main difference lies in the intensity and scope. 困难 (kùnnan) is a general term for 'difficulty' or 'problem' and can range from minor to major. 困厄 (kùn'è) is a much stronger term, referring to severe hardship, distress, or a dire predicament that is often difficult to escape. Think of 困难 as a challenge, and 困厄 as being trapped in a crisis.
Not typically in casual, everyday conversation. 困厄 has a formal and serious tone. It's more commonly found in written contexts like literature, news reports, historical accounts, or when discussing very serious personal or societal issues. Using it for minor problems would sound overly dramatic.
Yes, 困厄 can be used metaphorically. For example, someone might describe being trapped in a difficult emotional state, like prolonged depression or anxiety, as experiencing psychological 困厄. This usage emphasizes the feeling of being stuck and the severity of the internal struggle.
Common collocations include '面临困厄' (to face hardship), '经历困厄' (to experience hardship), '克服困厄' (to overcome hardship), '经济困厄' (economic hardship), and '生活困厄' (hardship in life).
Both refer to suffering and hardship. 苦难 (kǔnàn) is a broader term for suffering and tribulations. 困厄 often emphasizes the specific circumstances and the feeling of being trapped in a severe predicament or calamity, highlighting the dire nature of the situation and the difficulty of escape.
You can remember it by associating 困 (kùn) with being 'trapped' and 厄 (è) with 'calamity' or 'disaster.' So, 困厄 means being trapped by a calamity or severe hardship. Imagine being stuck in a terrible disaster – that's 困厄.
困厄 is a strongly negative word. It describes a state of suffering, distress, and severe difficulty. There is no positive connotation associated with the word itself; however, overcoming 困厄 can be a demonstration of strength and resilience.
Antonyms include 顺利 (shùnlì - smooth), 安逸 (ānyì - comfortable/at ease), 繁荣 (fánróng - prosperous), and 亨通 (hēngtōng - smooth progress/successful).
You would use 困厄 when you want to emphasize the severity, dire nature, and inescapability of a difficult situation. 困境 (kùnjìng) is more general. For instance, a prolonged famine causing widespread suffering and starvation would be described as 困厄, while a temporary business setback might be 困境.
While 困厄 can describe both, it often implies a prolonged period of hardship or a state that is difficult to resolve quickly. The characters 困 (trapped) and 厄 (calamity) suggest a persistent and severe condition rather than a fleeting problem.
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Summary
困厄 (kùn'è) describes a state of severe hardship, distress, or a dire predicament, emphasizing the difficulty of escape and the depth of suffering involved. It is typically used in more formal or literary contexts to convey the gravity of a situation, such as national crises, prolonged poverty, or profound personal struggles.
- Severe hardship, distress, or a difficult predicament.
- Implies being trapped with few solutions.
- Often used in formal or literary contexts.
- Stronger than 'difficulty' (困难).
Context is Key
Remember that 困厄 is a strong word reserved for significant hardships. Using it appropriately in formal writing or serious discussions will enhance your vocabulary and convey the gravity of the situation effectively.
Visual Association
Picture someone trapped (困) by a terrible disaster (厄). This visual can help you recall the meaning of severe hardship and being stuck in a predicament.
Noun Usage
困厄 primarily functions as a noun, referring to the state of distress or adversity. It is often used with verbs like 'face' (面临), 'experience' (经历), or 'overcome' (克服).
Tones Matter
Pay close attention to the tones of both syllables, 'kùn' (third tone) and 'è' (fourth tone). Incorrect tones can alter the meaning or make the word sound unnatural.
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