A2 Relative Clauses 5 min read سهل

Relative Pronoun 'Som'

Think of 'som' as the universal glue for joining two sentences about the same thing.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'som' to connect two sentences by replacing a repeated noun, acting as 'who', 'which', or 'that'.

  • Use 'som' as the subject of a relative clause: 'Mannen som står där är min bror.'
  • Use 'som' as the object of a relative clause: 'Boken som jag läser är bra.'
  • Never omit 'som' in Swedish, unlike English where 'that' can be dropped.
Noun + [som] + Verb/Clause

نظرة عامة

## Overview
The word som is the absolute backbone of Swedish sentence complexity. In English, we often juggle 'who', 'which', 'that', and sometimes we just drop the pronoun entirely (e.g., 'The book I read'). In Swedish, you don't have to worry about these choices because som does it all.
It acts as the bridge between a noun and a description. Whether you are talking about a person, a thing, or an abstract concept, som is your go-to tool. It is invariable, meaning it doesn't change based on gender (en/ett) or number (plural).
This makes it one of the most learner-friendly grammar points in the language. By mastering som, you immediately stop speaking in short, choppy sentences and start creating fluid, natural-sounding Swedish. It is the difference between saying 'I have a car.
It is blue.' and 'I have a car that is blue.'
## How to Form It
Forming a relative clause with som is straightforward. You take your main sentence, identify the noun you want to describe, and place som immediately after it. Then, you add the rest of the information.
Structure: [Main Noun] + [som] + [Verb/Clause].
Example: 'Jag ser en man.' (I see a man) + 'Mannen är snäll.' (The man is kind) = 'Jag ser en man som är snäll.' (I see a man who is kind).
In negative sentences, the negation inte usually comes after the verb in the relative clause: 'Jag har en vän som inte röker.' (I have a friend who doesn't smoke).
It works exactly the same way for questions: 'Vem är mannen som pratar med henne?' (Who is the man who is talking to her?).
## When to Use It
You will use som in almost every conversation. When texting, you use it to describe people or events: 'Såg du filmen som gick på TV?' (Did you see the movie that was on TV?). In professional settings, it is essential for clarity: 'Här är rapporten som vi diskuterade igår.' (Here is the report that we discussed yesterday).
When ordering food, you might say: 'Jag vill ha pizzan som har mest ost.' (I want the pizza that has the most cheese). It is omnipresent in travel, social media, and daily life. Because it is so versatile, you can use it in any register, from casual slang to formal business presentations without ever needing to change the word itself.
## Common Mistakes
The biggest mistake learners make is trying to translate English 'who', 'which', or 'that' directly into different Swedish words. Some learners try to use 'vilken' or 'vad' where som belongs. Another common error is omitting the pronoun, which is common in English but grammatically incorrect in Swedish.
Wrong: 'Boken jag läste var bra.' (Missing 'som')
Correct: 'Boken som jag läste var bra.'
Wrong: 'Mannen vilken bor här...' (Using 'vilken' incorrectly)
Correct: 'Mannen som bor här...'
## How It's Different From...
Learners often confuse som with vad. While som is a relative pronoun linking a noun to a clause, vad is an interrogative pronoun (what) or a relative pronoun used when referring to an entire previous clause (e.g., 'He arrived late, which was annoying' -> 'Han kom sent, vilket var irriterande'). Som is for nouns; vilket (or vad) is for whole situations.
Another confusion is with vilken/vilket/vilka, which are used in questions or as specific determiners, not as general relative pronouns for nouns.
## CEFR-Level Explanations
A1: Use 'som' to connect two small sentences. If you have a person or a thing, just put 'som' after it to describe it. It is like saying 'that' or 'who' in English. It is very easy because it never changes. You use it to talk about friends, food, or things you see.
A2: At this level, you start using 'som' to create more complex descriptions. You can now describe objects and people in detail. Remember that in Swedish, you cannot leave 'som' out, even if you could in English. It works for both subjects and objects in your sentences.
B1: You can now use 'som' in more varied contexts, including negative relative clauses and questions. You should also start distinguishing between 'som' (for nouns) and 'vilket' (for entire clauses). This allows you to express more nuanced thoughts about events and situations.
B2: At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'som' in formal writing and complex sentence structures. You will notice that while 'som' is universal, there are stylistic preferences in formal Swedish to avoid excessive repetition of 'som' by using participial phrases where appropriate, though 'som' remains the primary connector.
C1: Mastery of 'som' involves understanding its role in restrictive versus non-restrictive relative clauses. While Swedish doesn't always mark these with commas as strictly as English, you should understand the pragmatic difference. You can now integrate 'som' into sophisticated academic or literary prose.
C2: At the C2 level, you recognize the historical evolution of 'som' from the Old Norse 'sem'. You can navigate subtle dialectal variations and understand how 'som' interacts with other particles in idiomatic expressions, maintaining perfect flow in near-native speech.

Relative Pronoun Usage

Function Swedish English Equivalent Example
Subject
som
who/which/that
Hunden som skäller
Object
som
who/which/that
Boken som jag läser
Time
som
that
Dagen som vi träffades
Place
som
where/that
Platsen som vi besökte
Person
som
who
Kvinnan som sjunger
Thing
som
which
Huset som brann

Meanings

The relative pronoun 'som' is used to introduce a relative clause that provides more information about a noun mentioned earlier.

1

Subjective Relative

Refers to the subject of the following verb.

“Hunden som skäller är min.”

“Flickan som sjunger är glad.”

2

Objective Relative

Refers to the object of the following verb.

“Filmen som jag såg var bra.”

“Matchen som vi vann var spännande.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Relative Pronoun 'Som'
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Noun + som + Verb
Flickan som skrattar
Negative
Noun + som + inte + Verb
Flickan som inte skrattar
Question
Vem + är + Noun + som + Verb?
Vem är flickan som skrattar?
Object
Noun + som + Subject + Verb
Boken som jag läser
Past
Noun + som + Subject + Verb(past)
Boken som jag läste
Future
Noun + som + Subject + ska + Verb
Boken som jag ska läsa

طيف الرسمية

رسمي
Mannen som står där är min broder.

Mannen som står där är min broder. (Describing family)

محايد
Mannen som står där är min bror.

Mannen som står där är min bror. (Describing family)

غير رسمي
Killen som står där är min brorsa.

Killen som står där är min brorsa. (Describing family)

عامية
snubben som står där är min bror.

snubben som står där är min bror. (Describing family)

The 'Som' Bridge

som

People

  • Mannen The man
  • Kvinnan The woman

Things

  • Boken The book
  • Bilen The car

Som vs. English

English
Who Person
Which Thing
That Either
Swedish
Som Universal

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Jag har en hund som är snäll.

I have a dog that is kind.

2

Det här är flickan som bor här.

This is the girl who lives here.

3

Jag vill ha boken som är röd.

I want the book that is red.

4

Här är maten som jag lagade.

Here is the food that I cooked.

1

Mannen som jag pratade med är lärare.

The man I spoke with is a teacher.

2

Har du sett filmen som alla pratar om?

Have you seen the movie everyone is talking about?

3

Det är en person som jag inte känner.

That is a person who I don't know.

4

Var är nyckeln som låg på bordet?

Where is the key that was on the table?

1

Det var en upplevelse som jag aldrig kommer glömma.

It was an experience that I will never forget.

2

Vi behöver en lösning som fungerar för alla.

We need a solution that works for everyone.

3

Hon är en av de få som förstår problemet.

She is one of the few who understands the problem.

4

Det finns inget som jag hellre vill göra.

There is nothing I would rather do.

1

Projektet som vi påbörjade i januari har nu avslutats.

The project that we started in January has now been completed.

2

Det är en komplex fråga som kräver noggrann analys.

It is a complex question that requires careful analysis.

3

Människor som lever under press presterar ofta annorlunda.

People who live under pressure often perform differently.

4

Det är den enda metoden som har visat sig vara effektiv.

It is the only method that has proven to be effective.

1

Det är en teori som, trots sin enkelhet, förklarar fenomenet väl.

It is a theory that, despite its simplicity, explains the phenomenon well.

2

Den politik som förs idag speglar inte folkets vilja.

The policy that is being pursued today does not reflect the will of the people.

3

Det är en konstnär som lyckas fånga det flyktiga ögonblicket.

It is an artist who manages to capture the fleeting moment.

4

Vi söker en kandidat som besitter både erfarenhet och vision.

We are looking for a candidate who possesses both experience and vision.

1

Det är en text som bär spår av en svunnen tid.

It is a text that bears traces of a bygone era.

2

Det är en sanning som, om än obekväm, måste uttalas.

It is a truth that, albeit uncomfortable, must be spoken.

3

Den struktur som språket vilar på är djupt rotad i historien.

The structure that the language rests upon is deeply rooted in history.

4

Det är en händelse som, sedd i backspegeln, förändrade allt.

It is an event that, seen in retrospect, changed everything.

سهل الخلط

Relative Pronoun 'Som' مقابل Som vs. Vilket

Learners use 'som' for whole clauses.

Relative Pronoun 'Som' مقابل Som vs. Vad

Learners use 'vad' as a relative pronoun.

Relative Pronoun 'Som' مقابل Som vs. Som om

Learners confuse 'som' (that) with 'som om' (as if).

أخطاء شائعة

Boken jag läser.

Boken som jag läser.

You cannot omit the relative pronoun in Swedish.

Mannen vilken bor här.

Mannen som bor här.

Do not use 'vilken' as a relative pronoun for persons.

Huset som den är röd.

Huset som är rött.

Adjective agreement is still required.

Flickan som hon sjunger.

Flickan som sjunger.

Do not repeat the subject pronoun.

Det är en sak som jag inte vet vad det är.

Det är en sak som jag inte vet vad är.

Avoid redundant pronouns.

Mannen som jag såg honom.

Mannen som jag såg.

The relative pronoun replaces the object.

Boken som jag läste den.

Boken som jag läste.

Redundant object pronoun.

Han kom sent, som var tråkigt.

Han kom sent, vilket var tråkigt.

Use 'vilket' for whole clauses, not 'som'.

Det är den person som jag litar på.

Det är den person som jag litar på.

Wait, this is correct, but learners often add 'honom' at the end.

Det är en bil som jag köpte den.

Det är en bil som jag köpte.

Redundant object pronoun.

Den politik som de för den är dålig.

Den politik som de för är dålig.

Redundant object pronoun.

Det är en teori som, den förklarar allt.

Det är en teori som förklarar allt.

Redundant pronoun.

أنماط الجُمل

Jag har en ___ som ___.

Det är den ___ som ___.

Finns det någon ___ som ___?

Det ___ som ___ är ___.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Kommer du till festen som är ikväll?

Social Media very common

Här är bilden som jag tog igår.

Job Interviews common

Jag har erfarenhet som jag tror är relevant.

Travel common

Var är tåget som går till Malmö?

Food Delivery occasional

Jag vill ha pizzan som har extra ost.

Academic Writing very common

Studien som vi genomförde visar...

💡

Don't overthink

If you are unsure which pronoun to use, 'som' is almost always the right choice.
⚠️

Don't drop it

In English, you can say 'The book I read'. In Swedish, you MUST say 'Boken som jag läste'.
🎯

Listen for it

Listen to how native speakers use 'som' to connect thoughts. It's the secret to their flow.
💬

Be direct

Using 'som' helps you structure your sentences clearly, which is appreciated in Swedish culture.

Smart Tips

Always insert 'som' immediately after the noun.

Boken jag läser är bra. Boken som jag läser är bra.

Use 'som' for both.

Mannen vilken bor här. Mannen som bor här.

Switch from 'som' to 'vilket'.

Han kom sent, som var tråkigt. Han kom sent, vilket var tråkigt.

Avoid repeating 'som' too many times in one sentence.

Det är en man som bor där som jobbar som lärare. Det är en man som bor där och jobbar som lärare.

النطق

/sɔm/

Vowel length

The 'o' in 'som' is short, like the 'o' in 'hot'.

Relative clause rise

Mannen som står där ↗ är min bror ↘

The rise indicates the start of the relative clause.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Som is the glue that sticks two thoughts together.

ربط بصري

Imagine a giant tube of superglue labeled 'SOM'. You are taking two separate puzzle pieces (sentences) and sticking them together with this glue.

Rhyme

When you want to connect a noun to a clause, just use 'som' without a pause.

Story

Once there was a boy who loved books. He found a book. The book was old. He said, 'I found a book som is old.' Now he is happy because he can connect his thoughts.

Word Web

somnounverbclausebridgeconnect

تحدٍّ

Write 5 sentences today describing things around you using 'som'.

ملاحظات ثقافية

Swedes value directness. Using 'som' correctly helps you get to the point quickly.

In some dialects, the use of 'som' is even more frequent and sometimes combined with other particles.

Younger speakers might sometimes drop 'som' in very casual, rapid speech, though it is technically incorrect.

Comes from Old Norse 'sem', which was used as a relative particle.

بدايات محادثة

Vilken är den bästa filmen som du har sett?

Har du en vän som bor i en annan stad?

Vad är det som gör dig glad?

Finns det någon bok som har förändrat ditt liv?

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

Describe your favorite room in your house using 'som'.
Write about a person who inspires you.
Reflect on a decision you made that changed your life.
Discuss a global issue that concerns you.

أخطاء شائعة

Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with 'som'.

Hunden ___ skäller är min.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
Use 'som' to connect the noun to the clause.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Boken jag läste var bra.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Boken som jag läste var bra.
You cannot omit 'som'.
Choose the correct sentence. اختيار متعدد

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mannen som bor här.
'Som' is the correct relative pronoun.
Combine the sentences. Sentence Transformation

Jag har en bil. Bilen är röd.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jag har en bil som är röd.
Use 'som' to link the two sentences.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Vem är flickan? B: Flickan ___ sjunger.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
'Som' introduces the relative clause.
Sort the words. Grammar Sorting

som / läser / boken / jag

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Boken som jag läser
The noun comes first, then 'som'.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

huset / som / är / stort

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Huset som är stort
Correct relative clause structure.
Match the sentence parts. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som bor i Malmö
'Som' is the correct connector.

Score: /8

تمارين تطبيقية

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with 'som'.

Hunden ___ skäller är min.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
Use 'som' to connect the noun to the clause.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Boken jag läste var bra.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Boken som jag läste var bra.
You cannot omit 'som'.
Choose the correct sentence. اختيار متعدد

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mannen som bor här.
'Som' is the correct relative pronoun.
Combine the sentences. Sentence Transformation

Jag har en bil. Bilen är röd.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jag har en bil som är röd.
Use 'som' to link the two sentences.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Vem är flickan? B: Flickan ___ sjunger.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
'Som' introduces the relative clause.
Sort the words. Grammar Sorting

som / läser / boken / jag

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Boken som jag läser
The noun comes first, then 'som'.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

huset / som / är / stort

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Huset som är stort
Correct relative clause structure.
Match the sentence parts. Match Pairs

Jag har en vän... / ...som bor i Malmö.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som bor i Malmö
'Som' is the correct connector.

Score: /8

الأسئلة الشائعة (8)

Yes, 'som' is universal and works for people, animals, and objects.

No, in Swedish relative clauses, 'som' is mandatory.

Use 'vilket' instead of 'som'.

No, 'som' is invariable.

Yes, it is standard in all registers.

It is a multi-purpose word. It means 'as' in comparisons and 'that/who' in clauses.

Omitting it, as English speakers are used to doing.

Yes, 'att' is a conjunction (that) while 'som' is a relative pronoun.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

que

Spanish has more complex relative pronouns like 'quien' or 'el cual'.

French partial

qui/que

Swedish 'som' is universal, while French requires choosing based on function.

German low

der/die/das/welcher

Swedish 'som' is invariable, German is highly inflected.

Japanese none

Relative clause before noun

Swedish uses a connector after the noun; Japanese uses word order.

Arabic partial

alladhi/allati

Swedish 'som' is simple and invariant.

Chinese low

de (的)

Swedish uses a full clause structure with 'som'.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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