el cactus
When you hear el cactus, think of a plant that lives in the desert. It's often green and can be very big or small. Be careful though, because it has sharp spines! Many people like to have a cactus in their home because they are easy to take care of.
When you hear el cactus, think of a plant that lives in the desert. It's often green and has sharp points, called spines, to protect itself.
You might see them in a garden, or in pictures of dry, sunny places. Many people keep small ones as houseplants. They don't need much water, which makes them easy to care for!
§ What does it mean and when do people use it?
Alright, let's get straight to it. Today we're looking at "el cactus." This isn't a tricky word, but it's good to understand its context and common uses. You're probably already guessing what it means, and you're likely right.
- DEFINITION
- A succulent plant with a thick, fleshy stem and spines, typically found in deserts.
Simple enough, right? "El cactus" means exactly what it sounds like: a cactus. In Spanish, like in English, it refers to that spiky, often desert-dwelling plant. You'll hear and use this word in pretty much the same situations you'd use "cactus" in English. Think about talking about plants, gardening, desert landscapes, or even metaphors involving resilience or toughness.
Here’s the thing about Spanish nouns: they have gender. "Cactus" is a masculine noun, so it takes the masculine definite article "el" (the). You'll always say "el cactus," never "la cactus." This is a basic but important point for all Spanish nouns.
Mira ese cactus tan grande en el desierto. (Look at that big cactus in the desert.)
Tengo un pequeño cactus en mi ventana. (I have a small cactus on my window.)
People use "el cactus" when they are specifically talking about the plant. This could be in a casual conversation about home decor, describing a trip through a desert, or even in a scientific context discussing botany. It's a very straightforward word in terms of its primary meaning.
You might also encounter "el cactus" in figurative language. Because cactuses are known for their ability to survive in harsh conditions and their protective spines, the word can sometimes be used to describe someone or something resilient, tough, or even a bit prickly in personality. However, this is less common than its literal use and you'll usually understand it from context.
Ella es como un cactus, fuerte y capaz de soportar mucho. (She is like a cactus, strong and able to withstand a lot.)
When you're out and about in a Spanish-speaking country, particularly in regions with arid climates, you'll hear this word quite often. Whether you're visiting a botanical garden, hiking in a desert, or just seeing a potted plant in a store, knowing "el cactus" will be genuinely useful. It's not an abstract concept; it's a concrete, visible thing.
So, in short, when do people use it? Any time they need to refer to a cactus plant. It's that straightforward. Don't overthink it. Focus on getting the article right and using it in context, just like you would in English. Your vocabulary will grow naturally as you see and hear the word in different situations.
- Use it when identifying the plant: "Vi un cactus enorme." (I saw a huge cactus.)
- Use it when describing a setting: "El paisaje estaba lleno de cactus." (The landscape was full of cacti.)
- Use it when talking about owning one: "Mi abuela tiene muchos cactus en su jardín." (My grandmother has many cacti in her garden.)
The plural form, by the way, is "los cactus." Spanish words ending in -s or -x that are accented on the penultimate syllable usually don't change in the plural. So, one cactus is "el cactus," and many cacti are "los cactus." Easy peasy.
- PLURAL
- Los cactus
This word is a good example of how many Spanish nouns directly translate and are used very similarly to their English counterparts. Don't let the gender or plural rules scare you; with a little practice, they become second nature.
How Formal Is It?
"El cacto es una planta suculenta que se adapta bien a climas áridos. (The cactus is a succulent plant that adapts well to arid climates.)"
"Hay muchos tipos de cactus en el desierto. (There are many types of cactus in the desert.)"
"Mira ese cactus, ¡qué espinas tan grandes! (Look at that cactus, what big thorns!)"
"Cuidado con el cactus, ¡tiene pinchos! (Be careful with the cactus, it has prickles!)"
"Ese tipo es un cactus, no habla con nadie. (That guy is a cactus, he doesn't talk to anyone.)"
Schwierigkeitsgrad
short
short
short
short
Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest
Voraussetzungen
Als Nächstes lernen
Fortgeschritten
Wichtige Grammatik
Nouns ending in '-us' are typically masculine. For example, 'el autobús' (the bus) or 'el virus' (the virus).
El cactus es verde. (The cactus is green.)
The definite article 'el' is used with masculine singular nouns.
Compré el cactus. (I bought the cactus.)
Pluralize nouns ending in '-s' or '-x' that are preceded by a vowel by adding '-es' if the stress falls on the last syllable, otherwise, they remain unchanged and only the article changes. However, 'cactus' is an exception and remains the same in the plural.
Hay muchos cactus en el desierto. (There are many cacti in the desert.)
Adjectives describing masculine singular nouns must also be in the masculine singular form. For example, 'alto' (tall).
El cactus es alto. (The cactus is tall.)
The preposition 'en' is used to indicate 'in' or 'on' a place.
El cactus está en la maceta. (The cactus is in the pot.)
Beispiele nach Niveau
Mira el cactus.
Look at the cactus.
Simple command. 'Mira' is 'look'.
El cactus es verde.
The cactus is green.
'Es' is 'is'.
Tiene espinas el cactus.
The cactus has thorns.
'Tiene' is 'has'. 'Espinas' are 'thorns' or 'spines'.
El cactus está en el desierto.
The cactus is in the desert.
'Está' is 'is' (location). 'En' is 'in' or 'on'.
Es un cactus grande.
It is a big cactus.
'Es' is 'is' (description). 'Grande' means 'big'.
Me gusta el cactus.
I like the cactus.
'Me gusta' means 'I like'.
No toques el cactus.
Don't touch the cactus.
Negative command. 'No toques' is 'don't touch'.
El cactus necesita agua.
The cactus needs water.
'Necesita' means 'needs'. 'Agua' is 'water'.
El cactus del desierto puede vivir muchos años.
The desert cactus can live many years.
Use 'el' for masculine singular nouns like 'cactus'.
Ten cuidado, las espinas del cactus son afiladas.
Be careful, the cactus's thorns are sharp.
'Espinas' is a feminine plural noun, so it takes 'las'.
Puse un cactus pequeño en mi escritorio.
I put a small cactus on my desk.
'Pequeño' (small) agrees in gender with 'cactus'.
Los cactus necesitan poco agua para sobrevivir.
Cacti need little water to survive.
'Poco' (little) agrees in gender with 'agua' (water), which is feminine despite ending in -a.
Hay muchos tipos de cactus en esa región.
There are many types of cacti in that region.
'Tipos' is masculine plural, so 'muchos' (many) agrees with it.
Me gusta la flor que sale del cactus.
I like the flower that comes out of the cactus.
'La flor' (the flower) is feminine singular.
No toques el cactus sin guantes.
Don't touch the cactus without gloves.
'Guantes' (gloves) is masculine plural.
El cactus es una planta muy resistente.
The cactus is a very resistant plant.
'Resistente' (resistant) is an adjective that can be used for both masculine and feminine nouns.
El desierto de Sonora es famoso por sus enormes saguaros, un tipo de cactus.
Sonora Desert is famous for its huge saguaros, a type of cactus.
Here, 'saguaros' is a specific type of cactus, showing how the general term can be applied to particular varieties.
Ten cuidado al tocar el cactus; sus espinas son muy afiladas.
Be careful when touching the cactus; its thorns are very sharp.
'Sus espinas' refers to 'its thorns,' demonstrating possession for a non-human subject.
Compramos un pequeño cactus para decorar la oficina.
We bought a small cactus to decorate the office.
'Pequeño' (small) is an adjective modifying 'cactus', placed before the noun to emphasize its size.
Algunos cactus producen flores hermosas y coloridas.
Some cacti produce beautiful and colorful flowers.
Notice the plural form 'cactus' remains the same in Spanish, but the verb 'producen' (they produce) indicates plurality.
Para sobrevivir en el desierto, el cactus almacena agua en su tallo.
To survive in the desert, the cactus stores water in its stem.
'Para sobrevivir' (to survive) uses the preposition 'para' to indicate purpose.
El jardín botánico tiene una impresionante colección de cactus de todo el mundo.
The botanical garden has an impressive collection of cacti from all over the world.
'De todo el mundo' (from all over the world) is a common phrase to indicate global origin.
Muchos animales del desierto dependen del cactus como fuente de alimento y agua.
Many desert animals depend on the cactus as a source of food and water.
'Dependen del cactus' (they depend on the cactus) uses the preposition 'de' with the article 'el' to form 'del'.
Puse mi cactus en la ventana para que recibiera mucha luz solar.
I put my cactus on the window so that it would receive a lot of sunlight.
'Para que recibiera' (so that it would receive) uses the subjunctive mood after 'para que' to express purpose or intention.
El jardinero plantó un el cactus en la maceta.
The gardener planted a cactus in the pot.
Here 'el cactus' is the direct object of the verb 'plantar'.
El desierto está lleno de el cactus de diferentes tamaños.
The desert is full of cacti of different sizes.
'Lleno de' means 'full of'. 'Cactus' is both singular and plural in Spanish.
Ten cuidado de no pincharte con las espinas del el cactus.
Be careful not to prick yourself with the spines of the cactus.
'Pinchate' is a reflexive verb, meaning 'to prick oneself'. 'Las espinas' means 'the spines'.
Mi abuela tiene un el cactus muy antiguo en su balcón.
My grandmother has a very old cactus on her balcony.
'Antiguo' means 'old' or 'ancient'. 'Balcón' means 'balcony'.
Algunas especies de el cactus producen flores hermosas.
Some cactus species produce beautiful flowers.
'Especies' means 'species'. 'Hermosas' means 'beautiful'.
El el cactus saguaro es un símbolo del suroeste de Estados Unidos.
The saguaro cactus is a symbol of the southwestern United States.
'Símbolo' means 'symbol'. 'Suroeste' means 'southwest'.
Aprendí que el cactus puede sobrevivir con muy poca agua.
I learned that cacti can survive with very little water.
'Sobrevivir' means 'to survive'. 'Poca agua' means 'little water'.
Pintaron un mural con un enorme el cactus en la pared del restaurante.
They painted a mural with a huge cactus on the restaurant wall.
'Pintaron' is the preterite form of 'pintar' (to paint). 'Enorme' means 'huge'.
En la inmensidad del desierto, el cactus solitario se erige como un guardián silencioso, desafiando la aridez con su estoicismo y su verdor persistente, un testimonio viviente de la adaptabilidad de la naturaleza frente a las condiciones más extremas.
In the vastness of the desert, the solitary cactus stands like a silent guardian, defying the aridity with its stoicism and persistent greenery, a living testament to nature's adaptability in the face of the most extreme conditions.
Uses 'se erige' (to stand/rise up) reflexively, emphasizing the cactus's self-standing posture.
La resiliencia del cactus frente a la escasez hídrica es un paradigma de supervivencia que inspira a botánicos y ecologistas a desentrañar los mecanismos fisiológicos que le permiten prosperar donde otras especies sucumben sin remedio.
The cactus's resilience in the face of water scarcity is a paradigm of survival that inspires botanists and ecologists to unravel the physiological mechanisms that allow it to thrive where other species succumb without remedy.
'Frente a' means 'in the face of' or 'confronting'.
Observar el intrincado diseño de las espinas del cactus revela una sofisticada estrategia evolutiva para disuadir a los depredadores y minimizar la pérdida de agua por transpiración, evidenciando la genialidad de la selección natural.
Observing the intricate design of the cactus's spines reveals a sophisticated evolutionary strategy to deter predators and minimize water loss through transpiration, evidencing the genius of natural selection.
Uses 'minimizar la pérdida de agua' (to minimize water loss), a common phrase in scientific contexts.
Aunque su apariencia a menudo sugiere una fortaleza impenetrable, algunas especies de cactus producen flores de una belleza efímera y deslumbrante, revelando una delicadeza insospechada en su robusta estructura.
Although its appearance often suggests an impenetrable strength, some cactus species produce ephemeral and dazzlingly beautiful flowers, revealing an unsuspected delicacy in their robust structure.
'Aunque' introduces a concession (although), followed by a main clause.
Los pueblos indígenas de América han venerado al cactus por sus propiedades medicinales y alimenticias durante milenios, integrándolo en su cosmovisión y en sus prácticas culturales como un símbolo de resistencia y vida.
Indigenous peoples of America have revered the cactus for its medicinal and nutritional properties for millennia, integrating it into their worldview and cultural practices as a symbol of resistance and life.
'Han venerado' is the present perfect, indicating an action that started in the past and continues to have relevance.
La proliferación indiscriminada de ciertas especies invasoras de cactus representa una amenaza significativa para los ecosistemas nativos, desplazando a la flora autóctona y alterando el equilibrio biológico de la región.
The indiscriminate proliferation of certain invasive cactus species represents a significant threat to native ecosystems, displacing indigenous flora and altering the biological balance of the region.
'Representa una amenaza' is a common way to express a threat or danger.
Para aquellos que se aventuran en el desierto, aprender a identificar los diferentes tipos de cactus es crucial, no solo por su valor estético, sino también para evitar el contacto con especies venenosas o punzantes.
For those who venture into the desert, learning to identify the different types of cactus is crucial, not only for their aesthetic value but also to avoid contact with poisonous or prickly species.
'No solo... sino también...' is a common structure meaning 'not only... but also...'
La sombra proyectada por un cactus de saguaro en el atardecer del desierto pinta un cuadro de serenidad y majestuosidad, invitando a la contemplación de la grandiosidad de la naturaleza en su estado más puro.
The shadow cast by a saguaro cactus at sunset in the desert paints a picture of serenity and majesty, inviting contemplation of the grandeur of nature in its purest state.
'Invitando a la contemplación' uses the gerund form to express an ongoing action or consequence.
Wortfamilie
Substantive
Adjektive
So verwendest du es
'El cactus' is a masculine noun, so it always uses the masculine definite article 'el' before it. It refers to a cactus plant. This is a common and straightforward word.
A common mistake might be to use the feminine article 'la' instead of 'el', as some English speakers might not immediately recognize its gender. For example, saying 'la cactus' is incorrect. Remember: 'el cactus'.
Tipps
Gender and Articles
Remember that 'el cactus' uses the masculine definite article 'el'. All nouns in Spanish have a gender, either masculine or feminine. You'll often see 'el' for masculine nouns and 'la' for feminine nouns. Pay attention to this as you learn new vocabulary.
Plural Form
To make 'el cactus' plural, you add '-es' to the end: 'los cactus'. Wait, that's not quite right! For words ending in -s, like 'cactus', the plural form is often the same as the singular. So, it's 'el cactus' (one cactus) and 'los cactus' (many cacti). The article changes, but the noun itself remains the same. This is a common exception for words ending in an unstressed -s. Another example is 'el lunes' (Monday) and 'los lunes' (Mondays).
Pronunciation Practice
Practice pronouncing 'el cactus' correctly. The 'c' sounds like a 'k' in English, and the 'u' is like the 'oo' in 'moon'. The stress is on the first syllable. Say it out loud: el CAK-toos.
Visual Association
When you think of 'el cactus', try to picture a desert scene with a cactus in it. This visual association can help you remember the word better. You can even find a picture of a cactus and label it 'el cactus' in Spanish.
Contextual Learning
Learn 'el cactus' in a sentence. For example: 'El cactus tiene espinas' (The cactus has thorns/spines). This helps you see how the word is used naturally.
Related Words
Think of other words related to 'el cactus'. For example: 'el desierto' (the desert), 'la espina' (the thorn/spine), 'la flor' (the flower - some cacti have beautiful flowers), 'la planta' (the plant).
Flashcards
Create a flashcard for 'el cactus'. On one side, write 'el cactus' and on the other, draw a picture or write the English definition. This is a classic and effective method for vocabulary memorization.
False Friends (Not Applicable Here)
While 'cactus' is very similar in English and Spanish, be aware of 'false friends' when learning other vocabulary. These are words that look or sound similar in two languages but have different meanings. Fortunately, 'cactus' is a true cognate!
Cactus in Culture
Cacti are iconic in many Spanish-speaking regions, especially Mexico. You might see them depicted in art, textiles, or even as ingredients in some foods. Knowing this can add a deeper layer to your understanding of the word.
Different Types of Cacti
If you want to go further, learn about different types of cacti in Spanish. For example, 'el nopal' is a common type of prickly pear cactus, often used in Mexican cuisine. This shows a more advanced understanding of the vocabulary.
Teste dich selbst 42 Fragen
El ___ es una planta del desierto.
The sentence is talking about a desert plant. 'Cactus' is the correct word for a desert plant.
Yo veo un ___ grande en el jardín.
The sentence describes something 'large in the garden'. A 'cactus' can be large and is found in a garden.
No toques el ___, tiene espinas.
The sentence warns not to touch something because 'it has thorns'. A 'cactus' has thorns.
Compré un ___ pequeño para mi casa.
The sentence mentions buying something 'small for my house'. A 'cactus' can be a small houseplant.
En el desierto hay muchos ___.
The sentence states 'there are many' of something 'in the desert'. 'Cactus' is a common plant in deserts.
El ___ necesita poca agua.
The sentence says something 'needs little water'. A 'cactus' is known for needing little water.
This sentence means 'The cactus has thorns.' We put the subject 'El cactus' first, then the verb 'tiene' (has), and finally the object 'espinas' (thorns).
This sentence means 'The cactus lives in the desert.' We start with the subject 'El cactus', followed by the verb 'vive' (lives), and then the prepositional phrase 'en el desierto' (in the desert).
This sentence means 'The cactus needs little water.' The structure is subject 'El cactus', verb 'necesita' (needs), and direct object 'poca agua' (little water).
Imagine you are describing a desert scene to a friend. Write a sentence or two incorporating 'el cactus'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
En el desierto, vi un cactus muy grande con muchas espinas.
You are writing a short note to a friend about a plant you bought for your home. Mention 'el cactus' and something about its care.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Compré un cactus nuevo para la casa. No necesita mucha agua.
Describe a common characteristic of 'el cactus' using a complete sentence.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
El cactus tiene espinas para protegerse de los animales.
¿Dónde es común encontrar el cactus?
Read this passage:
En muchas partes de América, especialmente en los desiertos, es muy común encontrar el cactus. Estas plantas son muy resistentes y pueden vivir con poca agua. Sus espinas los protegen de los animales que quieren comerlos.
¿Dónde es común encontrar el cactus?
El pasaje menciona que el cactus es común en los desiertos.
El pasaje menciona que el cactus es común en los desiertos.
¿Qué necesita el cactus en casa además de poca agua?
Read this passage:
Algunas personas tienen un cactus pequeño en su casa como decoración. Es importante recordar que aunque no necesitan mucha agua, sí necesitan sol. También, hay que tener cuidado con las espinas.
¿Qué necesita el cactus en casa además de poca agua?
El pasaje dice que el cactus en casa necesita sol.
El pasaje dice que el cactus en casa necesita sol.
¿Cuál es una característica que todos los cactus comparten?
Read this passage:
El cactus es una planta fascinante. Hay muchos tipos diferentes de cactus, algunos muy grandes y otros muy pequeños. Todos comparten la característica de tener un tallo grueso y espinas.
¿Cuál es una característica que todos los cactus comparten?
El pasaje indica que todos los cactus comparten la característica de tener un tallo grueso y espinas.
El pasaje indica que todos los cactus comparten la característica de tener un tallo grueso y espinas.
¿Cuál de estas plantas es conocida por sus espinas y su capacidad para sobrevivir en ambientes desérticos?
Los cactus son plantas suculentas con tallos gruesos y espinas, adaptadas a climas áridos como los desiertos.
Si ves una planta con un tallo carnoso y espinas, ¿qué es lo más probable que sea?
El cactus se caracteriza por tener un tallo grueso y carnoso, además de espinas, para almacenar agua y protegerse.
Para decorar un jardín de estilo desértico, ¿qué tipo de planta sería ideal?
Los cactus son perfectos para jardines desérticos debido a su resistencia a la sequía y su aspecto característico.
Los cactus necesitan mucha agua para sobrevivir.
Los cactus son conocidos por su capacidad para sobrevivir con muy poca agua, ya que están adaptados a ambientes áridos.
Los cactus tienen espinas para protegerse de los animales y reducir la pérdida de agua.
Las espinas de los cactus cumplen una función protectora contra los depredadores y ayudan a minimizar la transpiración del agua.
Es común encontrar cactus creciendo en la selva tropical.
Los cactus son plantas típicas de climas desérticos y secos, no de las selvas tropicales que son húmedas.
A pesar de las duras condiciones del desierto, el ___ florece, mostrando una resistencia asombrosa.
The sentence speaks of something that 'florece' (flourishes) in the desert despite harsh conditions, which aligns with the resilient nature of a cactus.
La adaptación del ___ a la aridez es un testimonio fascinante de la evolución natural.
The sentence refers to an adaptation to 'aridez' (aridity), a characteristic associated with the cactus.
Los intrincados patrones de espinas en el ___ no solo son una defensa, sino también una obra de arte natural.
The sentence mentions 'espinas' (spines) and 'defensa', which are key features of a cactus.
El fotógrafo capturó la majestuosidad solitaria del ___ erguido contra el atardecer desértico.
The sentence describes something 'erguido' (erect) in a desert sunset, fitting the image of a cactus.
Para sobrevivir en su hábitat, el ___ ha desarrollado mecanismos eficientes para almacenar agua.
The sentence refers to storing water for survival in a habitat, a well-known adaptation of the cactus.
La diversidad de formas y tamaños de cada ___ es sorprendente, desde pequeños hasta gigantes imponentes.
The sentence talks about a diversity of forms and sizes, from small to imposing giants, which is true for different species of cacti.
Choose the most appropriate synonym for 'el cactus' in the context of its common characteristics.
'El cactus' is a type of succulent plant, making 'la suculenta' the most fitting synonym.
Which of the following environments is 'el cactus' typically associated with?
Cacti are well-known for thriving in arid desert environments due to their ability to store water.
What is a distinguishing feature of 'el cactus'?
The presence of spines is a characteristic feature of cacti, serving as a protective mechanism.
All cacti produce edible fruit.
While some cacti produce edible fruit (like prickly pear), not all varieties do.
Cacti are native to every continent.
Cacti are primarily native to the Americas, with only a few exceptions found elsewhere.
The thick stem of 'el cactus' is primarily for water storage.
The fleshy stem of a cactus is adapted to store water, which is crucial for its survival in dry climates.
Focus on the description of the desert landscape and the cactuses.
Listen for details about the saguaro cactus and its lifespan.
Pay attention to the uses of the nopal cactus by indigenous communities.
Read this aloud:
Describe la resiliencia del cactus frente a condiciones climáticas extremas.
Focus: resiliencia, condiciones, climáticas, extremas
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Read this aloud:
¿Qué papel crees que juega el cactus en la biodiversidad de los ecosistemas áridos?
Focus: biodiversidad, ecosistemas, áridos
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Read this aloud:
Imagina que estás escribiendo un poema sobre un cactus solitario en el desierto. ¿Qué emociones o simbolismos le atribuirías?
Focus: poema, solitario, simbolismos, atribuirías
Du hast gesagt:
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/ 42 correct
Perfect score!
Gender and Articles
Remember that 'el cactus' uses the masculine definite article 'el'. All nouns in Spanish have a gender, either masculine or feminine. You'll often see 'el' for masculine nouns and 'la' for feminine nouns. Pay attention to this as you learn new vocabulary.
Plural Form
To make 'el cactus' plural, you add '-es' to the end: 'los cactus'. Wait, that's not quite right! For words ending in -s, like 'cactus', the plural form is often the same as the singular. So, it's 'el cactus' (one cactus) and 'los cactus' (many cacti). The article changes, but the noun itself remains the same. This is a common exception for words ending in an unstressed -s. Another example is 'el lunes' (Monday) and 'los lunes' (Mondays).
Pronunciation Practice
Practice pronouncing 'el cactus' correctly. The 'c' sounds like a 'k' in English, and the 'u' is like the 'oo' in 'moon'. The stress is on the first syllable. Say it out loud: el CAK-toos.
Visual Association
When you think of 'el cactus', try to picture a desert scene with a cactus in it. This visual association can help you remember the word better. You can even find a picture of a cactus and label it 'el cactus' in Spanish.
Beispiel
El desierto está lleno de diferentes tipos de cactus.
Verwandte Inhalte
Mehr nature Wörter
a través
B1Moving from one side to the other of (an area, object, or structure).
abeja
A1Bee; a stinging winged insect that produces honey.
abismo
B1A deep or seemingly bottomless chasm.
abundantemente
B2In large quantities; plentifully.
acampar
B1To set up a camp; to stay in a tent or camp.
acaso
B1Perhaps; maybe.
acequia
B1An irrigation ditch or channel, especially in arid regions.
acuático
B1Relating to water; living in or near water.
adaptación
B1The process of adjusting to new conditions.
adaptarse
B1To adjust to new conditions.
