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B2 verb 7 Min. Lesezeit

مرجع قرار دادن

marja' gharar dadan
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At the A1 level, the concept of 'citing a scholarly source' is too complex. However, students can learn the basic components. 'Marje' (مرجع) means a place to look for information, like a big book. 'Qarār dādan' (قرار دادن) means 'to put'. So, imagine putting a book on your desk to look at it. At this level, we focus on 'put' (gozāshtan/qarār dādan) and 'book' (ketāb). You might say 'I put the book here' (man ketāb rā injā qarār midaham). This builds the foundation for the compound verb you will use later at higher levels. Think of it as 'making something your main point.' Even though you won't use this exact long phrase in daily A1 talk, knowing 'qarār dādan' is very helpful for your basic Persian journey.
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At the A2 level, you start to understand formal settings. You might know that in a classroom, you use a dictionary. You can think of 'marje' qarār dādan' as 'using a dictionary to find a word.' You are beginning to use compound verbs. You know 'qarār dādan' means 'to place'. When you 'marje' qarār dādan' something, you are placing it as your 'go-to' source. For example, if you are playing a game and you use the rules as the final answer, you are using those rules as a 'marje'. In A2, you can practice simple sentences like 'The teacher says: use this book' (Mo'allem miguyad: in ketāb rā marje' qarār dehid). It's about following an authority or a guide.
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At the B1 level, you are moving into intermediate Persian where you discuss more abstract ideas. You understand that 'marje' qarār dādan' is used in schools and universities. When you write a simple essay, you need to say where you got your ideas. Instead of just saying 'I read it in a book,' you can say 'I used this book as my reference.' This shows you are becoming a more professional speaker. You start to see this phrase in news articles or in instructions for a project. You understand that the word 'marje' is related to 'returning'—you return to this source to make sure you are right. You should practice using it with the 'rā' particle correctly.
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At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'مرجع قرار دادن' correctly in academic or professional writing. You understand the nuance between this and simple verbs like 'using' or 'mentioning.' You know that this verb implies a scholarly citation. You can use it in the past, present, and perfect tenses to describe research methodologies. For instance, 'The researcher cited the 2020 census as the primary reference for the population data.' You also recognize the passive form 'marje' qarār gereftan' (to be cited as a reference). At this level, you should be able to debate whether a source is reliable enough to be 'marje' qarār dādan' in a serious discussion.
At the C1 level, you have a deep appreciation for the stylistic weight of 'مرجع قرار دادن.' You use it to navigate complex legal, philosophical, or literary texts. You understand its relationship to other academic verbs like 'estinād kardan' (to rely on) or 'erjā' dādan' (to refer to). You can use it to critique arguments, noting when an author has 'inappropriately cited' an unreliable source. You also understand the cultural history of the word 'marje' in Persian thought, including its religious and legal connotations. Your use of the verb is fluid, and you can integrate it into complex sentence structures with multiple clauses and sophisticated conjunctions.
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At the C2 level, 'مرجع قرار دادن' is a tool for precision in high-level discourse. You can use it to discuss the epistemological foundations of a work—how certain texts are 'set as references' to construct a specific worldview. You are aware of the subtle differences in tone when this verb is used in a legal brief versus a theological treatise or a scientific meta-analysis. You can manipulate the phrase in highly formal 'Ketābi' (bookish) Persian, using archaic or highly literary variations if necessary. You understand not just the meaning, but the 'authority-building' function this verb performs in the Persian language's intellectual architecture.
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مرجع قرار دادن in 30 Sekunden

  • A formal Persian compound verb meaning to cite a source as an authority.
  • Used predominantly in academic, legal, and scholarly writing and discussions.
  • Literally translates to 'to place as a reference' or 'to set as a source'.
  • Requires the direct object marker 'rā' and conjugates the light verb 'dādan'.

The Persian compound verb مرجع قرار دادن (marje' qarār dādan) is a sophisticated term primarily used in academic, legal, and formal contexts. At its core, it means 'to cite a source as a reference' or 'to treat something as an authoritative point of return.' In the world of Persian scholarship, which has a history spanning millennia, the act of referencing is not just a technical requirement but a sign of intellectual humility and depth. When a researcher or writer uses this phrase, they are signaling that they are building upon existing knowledge. The word marje' translates to 'reference' or 'authority,' and qarār dādan means 'to place' or 'to set.' Together, they literally mean 'to set as a reference.'

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Formal and Academic. You will encounter this in university lectures, research papers, legal documents, and high-level intellectual debates.
Semantic Range
While primarily academic, it can also be used in religious contexts (referring to a Marja' or religious authority) or in technical fields when setting a benchmark.

نویسنده برای اثبات ادعای خود، متون کلاسیک را مرجع قرار داد.

Translation: The author cited classical texts as a reference to prove his claim.

In a broader sense, مرجع قرار دادن involves the validation of information. If you are writing a thesis in Persian, your supervisor might ask you: "کدام منابع را مرجع قرار داده‌اید؟" (Which sources have you cited as references?). This verb is distinct from simply 'reading' or 'mentioning'; it implies that the source is the foundational authority for the statement being made. It is the Persian equivalent of the English 'to cite' or 'to refer to as an authority.'

دانشجویان باید استانداردهای جدید را مرجع قرار دهند.

Translation: Students must use the new standards as a reference.

Understanding this word is crucial for B2 learners because it bridges the gap between everyday conversational Persian and the sophisticated language of Iranian academia. When you use مرجع قرار دادن, you demonstrate a command of formal Persian syntax and a familiarity with the cultural value placed on citation and lineage of thought. It is not just about 'using' a source; it is about 'elevating' that source to the status of a reference point.

Common Contexts
Research papers, bibliography sections, legal arguments, theological discussions, and historical analysis.

Using مرجع قرار دادن correctly requires an understanding of Persian compound verb structures. The verb consists of a noun (marje'), a noun/adjective acting as a complement (qarār), and a light verb (dādan). In practice, you are 'placing' something in the 'position of a reference.' This structure is very common in Persian for creating complex meanings from simple building blocks.

در این مقاله، ما نتایج سرشماری سال گذشته را مرجع قرار داده‌ایم.

Translation: In this article, we have cited the results of last year's census as a reference.
Grammatical Pattern
[Source] + را (rā) + مرجع قرار دادن. The word 'marje' remains static while 'dādan' conjugates for tense and person.

When constructing sentences, pay attention to the tense. In academic writing, the present perfect (māzi-ye naghli) is frequently used to describe what has been cited in a study. For example, 'محققان این تئوری را مرجع قرار داده‌اند' (Researchers have cited this theory as a reference). If you are giving instructions in a manual, you might use the imperative: 'لطفاً نقشه پیوست را مرجع قرار دهید' (Please refer to the attached map as a reference).

او همیشه سخنان بزرگان را در زندگی خود مرجع قرار می‌دهد.

Translation: He always uses the words of great figures as a reference in his life.

Beyond academic papers, you might see this in legal settings. A judge might marje' qarār dādan a specific article of the constitution to justify a ruling. In this context, it carries the weight of law. It is also used in technical documentation, where a specific version of a software or a hardware manual is 'set as the reference' for all future updates.

While you won't hear مرجع قرار دادن in a casual conversation at a fruit market, it is ubiquitous in Iranian intellectual life. If you tune into a Persian-language documentary on history, art, or science, the narrator will frequently use this term when discussing sources. Similarly, in the Iranian news cycle, when legal experts discuss international treaties or domestic laws, they use this verb to describe which legal framework is being prioritized.

در دادگاه، قاضی قانون اساسی را مرجع قرار داد.

Translation: In the court, the judge cited the constitution as the reference.

In universities across Iran—from the University of Tehran to Sharif University—this phrase is a staple of student-teacher interactions. A professor might critique a student's bibliography by saying, 'شما نباید ویکی‌پدیا را مرجع قرار دهید' (You should not cite Wikipedia as a reference). This highlights the term's role in defining what counts as 'valid' or 'authoritative' knowledge in a Persian-speaking academic environment.

Media Usage
Found in editorials (Sarmaghaleh), scientific journals (Majallat-e Elmi), and televised debates (Monaazereh).

Another interesting place you hear this is in religious discourse. Since Iran has a tradition of Marja'-e Taqlid (Source of Emulation), the concept of 'referencing' an authority is deeply ingrained in the culture. While the religious term is specific, the general verb marje' qarār dādan is used when people discuss whose fatwas or opinions they are following as their primary guide.

One of the most common mistakes for English speakers learning Persian is confusing مرجع قرار دادن with estefāde kardan (to use). While you might 'use' a book, 'citing' it as a reference implies a much more formal and authoritative relationship. Using 'estefāde kardan' in a thesis when you mean 'to cite' can make your writing sound amateurish.

Mistake #1: Omitting 'rā'
Incorrect: 'من این کتاب مرجع قرار دادم.' Correct: 'من این کتاب را مرجع قرار دادم.' Because the reference is a specific direct object, 'rā' is mandatory.
Mistake #2: Wrong Light Verb
Learners sometimes try to use 'kardan' instead of 'dādan'. 'Marje' qarār kardan' is incorrect and sounds very unnatural to native speakers.

Another frequent error is the confusion between marje' and manba' (source). While they are related, manba' is where the information comes from, but marje' is the authority you return to. You can say 'manba' rā zekr kardan' (mention the source), but مرجع قرار دادن implies you are using that source as your primary benchmark or authority.

اشتباه: او مقاله را مرجع کرد. (Incorrect simplification)

درست: او مقاله را مرجع قرار داد.

To enrich your Persian vocabulary, it's helpful to know the synonyms and nuances of مرجع قرار دادن. Depending on the context—whether you are emphasizing the act of quoting, the act of relying on evidence, or simply mentioning a source—different verbs might be more appropriate.

استناد کردن (Estinād Kardan)
Meaning: To rely on or lean upon (a source). This is the most common academic synonym. It uses the preposition 'be' (to). Example: 'به این آمار استناد کردیم' (We relied on these statistics).
ارجاع دادن (Erjā' Dādan)
Meaning: To refer the reader to a source. This is used more for the technical act of providing a citation link or footnote. Example: 'نویسنده به فصل دوم ارجاع داد' (The author referred [the reader] to the second chapter).
ذکر کردن (Zekr Kardan)
Meaning: To mention or state. This is much broader and less formal than citing as an authority.

When comparing مرجع قرار دادن with estinād kardan, the former emphasizes that the source is the 'place of return' (the authority), while the latter emphasizes the 'leaning' or 'support' the source provides to your argument. In a formal bibliography, you might say 'Sources Cited' as 'منابع مورد استناد' or 'منابع مورد مرجع'.

تفاوت: استناد کردن بیشتر در متن استفاده می‌شود، اما مرجع قرار دادن به انتخاب کلی منبع اشاره دارد.

How Formal Is It?

Wusstest du?

The root 'r-j-' is the same one used in the famous phrase 'Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un' (We belong to God and to Him we shall return). In scholarship, you 'return' to the source to find the truth.

Aussprachehilfe

UK /mæɾ.dʒeː ɢæ.ɾɒːɾ dɒː.dæn/
US /mæɾ.dʒeɪ kɑː.rɑːr dɑː.dæn/
The stress falls on the last syllable of the light verb: dā-DÁN. In the noun part, 'mar-JÉ' and 'qa-RÁR' also carry secondary stress.
Reimt sich auf
یاد دادن (yād dādan) بر باد دادن (bar bād dādan) فریاد دادن (faryād dādan) امداد دادن (emdād dādan) تعداد دادن (te'dād dādan) بنیاد دادن (bonyād dādan) ارشاد دادن (ershād dādan) ایجاد دادن (ijād dādan)
Häufige Fehler
  • Pronouncing 'marje' as 'mar-jay' (long English A). It should be a short 'e' like in 'met'.
  • Swapping 'qarār' with 'gharār' (though they sound similar, the 'q' is distinct).
  • Stress on the first syllable of 'dādan'.
  • Failing to tap the 'r' sounds.
  • Merging 'marje' and 'qarār' into one word without a slight break.

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 4/5

Requires understanding of academic vocabulary and compound structures.

Schreiben 5/5

Challenging to use naturally without sounding overly stiff or making 'rā' errors.

Sprechen 4/5

Used in formal speeches, requires good command of register.

Hören 4/5

Common in documentaries and lectures, but can be missed if not familiar with 'marje'.

Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest

Voraussetzungen

کتاب (ketāb) قرار دادن (qarār dādan) منبع (manba') نوشتن (neveshtan) دانشگاه (dāneshgāh)

Als Nächstes lernen

استناد کردن (estinād kardan) تحقیق (tahghigh) پایان‌نامه (pāyān-nāmeh) نظریه (nazariyeh) روش‌شناسی (ravesh-shenāsi)

Fortgeschritten

هرمنوتیک (hermeneutics) ساختارزدایی (deconstruction) معرفت‌شناسی (epistemology) گفتمان (discourse) پارادایم (paradigm)

Wichtige Grammatik

Compound Verb Conjugation

In 'مرجع قرار دادن', only 'dādan' changes: 'مرجع قرار می‌دهم', 'مرجع قرار دادیم'.

Direct Object Marker 'rā'

Specific objects being cited must use 'rā': 'این مقاله را مرجع قرار داد'.

Subjunctive with Modals

After 'bāyad' (must), use the subjunctive: 'باید آن را مرجع قرار دهیم'.

Passive Voice Formation

Replace 'dādan' with 'gereftan': 'این کتاب مرجع قرار گرفت' (This book was cited).

Gerund Construction

'با مرجع قرار دادنِ...' (By citing...) uses the ezafe to connect the phrase.

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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

من کتاب را روی میز قرار می‌دهم.

I place the book on the table.

Uses 'qarār dādan' in its literal sense.

2

این کتاب مرجع است.

This book is a reference.

Simple noun 'marje' used as a predicate.

3

او عکس را قرار داد.

He/she placed the photo.

Past tense of 'qarār dādan'.

4

کدام کتاب را می‌خواهی؟

Which book do you want?

Basic question structure.

5

من به معلم گوش می‌دهم.

I listen to the teacher.

Establishing the concept of authority.

6

این یک منبع خوب است.

This is a good source.

Using 'manba' (source) as a simpler alternative.

7

لطفاً اینجا را ببینید.

Please look here.

Imperative for directing attention.

8

او اسم را نوشت.

He wrote the name.

Basic action related to citation.

1

ما باید این نقشه را مرجع قرار دهیم.

We must use this map as a reference.

Uses 'bāyad' (must) with the subjunctive.

2

او همیشه حرف پدرش را مرجع قرار می‌دهد.

He always uses his father's words as a guide/reference.

Metaphorical use of 'marje'.

3

آیا این سایت را مرجع قرار دادی؟

Did you use this site as a reference?

Simple past question.

4

معلم کتاب دیکشنری را مرجع قرار داد.

The teacher cited the dictionary as the reference.

Subject-Object-Verb order.

5

لطفاً این قوانین را مرجع قرار دهید.

Please use these rules as a reference.

Formal imperative 'dehid'.

6

من این رنگ را مرجع قرار می‌دهم.

I am using this color as a reference.

Present continuous sense.

7

آنها مقاله قدیمی را مرجع قرار دادند.

They cited the old article as a reference.

Plural subject with past tense.

8

او برای درس خود، این فیلم را مرجع قرار داد.

For his lesson, he cited this movie as a reference.

Prepositional phrase 'barāye' (for).

1

در این تحقیق، ما نتایج قبلی را مرجع قرار داده‌ایم.

In this research, we have cited previous results as a reference.

Present perfect tense for research.

2

شما نباید هر وبلاگی را مرجع قرار دهید.

You should not cite every blog as a reference.

Negative modal 'nabāyad'.

3

او برای نوشتن کتابش، تاریخ بیهقی را مرجع قرار داد.

To write his book, he cited the History of Bayhaqi as a reference.

Using a specific historical title.

4

نویسنده برای توصیف فضا، خاطرات خود را مرجع قرار می‌دهد.

The author uses his own memories as a reference to describe the atmosphere.

Present tense for habitual action in writing.

5

آیا می‌توانیم این آمار را مرجع قرار دهیم؟

Can we cite these statistics as a reference?

Modal 'tavānestan' (can).

6

دانشجویان باید منابع معتبر را مرجع قرار دهند.

Students must cite valid sources as references.

Adjective 'mo'tabar' (valid/reliable).

7

او برای اثبات حرفش، قانون را مرجع قرار داد.

To prove his word, he cited the law as a reference.

Infinitive of purpose 'barāye esbāt'.

8

ما تصمیم گرفتیم که این استاندارد را مرجع قرار دهیم.

We decided to cite this standard as a reference.

Complex sentence with 'ke' clause.

1

محقق با مرجع قرار دادن این سند، فرضیه خود را تقویت کرد.

By citing this document as a reference, the researcher strengthened his hypothesis.

Using the gerund-like 'bā ... qarār dādan' structure.

2

در بسیاری از پایان‌نامه‌ها، آثار این فیلسوف مرجع قرار می‌گیرد.

In many theses, the works of this philosopher are cited as a reference.

Passive voice 'marje' qarār migirad'.

3

او با دقت فراوان، نسخه‌های خطی را مرجع قرار داده است.

With great care, he has cited the manuscripts as a reference.

Adverbial phrase 'bā deghat-e farāvān'.

4

چرا این منبع غیرقابل اعتماد را مرجع قرار داده‌اید؟

Why have you cited this unreliable source as a reference?

Question word 'cherā' with present perfect.

5

این گزارش، داده‌های سازمان ملل را مرجع قرار می‌دهد.

This report cites UN data as a reference.

Formal report language.

6

ما در تحلیل خود، متون کلاسیک را مرجع قرار دادیم.

In our analysis, we cited classical texts as a reference.

Prepositional phrase 'dar tahlil-e khod'.

7

برای درک بهتر موضوع، باید متون اصلی را مرجع قرار داد.

To better understand the subject, one must cite the original texts as a reference.

Impersonal 'bāyad ... dād' structure.

8

او در سخنرانی خود، بیانیه‌های رسمی را مرجع قرار داد.

In his speech, he cited official statements as a reference.

Plural noun 'bayāniyeh-hā'.

1

نویسنده با مرجع قرار دادن آرای متفکران پست‌مدرن، به نقد ساختارها می‌پردازد.

By citing the views of postmodern thinkers as a reference, the author critiques structures.

Advanced 'be ... mi-pardāzad' construction.

2

این مقاله به دلیل مرجع قرار دادن منابع ثانویه، مورد انتقاد قرار گرفت.

This article was criticized for citing secondary sources as references.

Reasoning clause 'be dalil-e'.

3

او با مرجع قرار دادن سنت‌های دیرین، هویت جدیدی برای خود تعریف کرد.

By citing long-standing traditions as a reference, he defined a new identity for himself.

Metaphorical and sociological usage.

4

در تدوین این لایحه، قوانین بین‌المللی مرجع قرار داده شده است.

In the drafting of this bill, international laws have been cited as a reference.

Passive perfect 'dāde shode ast'.

5

منتقد ادبی، ایهام‌های حافظ را مرجع قرار داده تا معنای متن را بشکافد.

The literary critic cited Hafez's ambiguities as a reference to unpack the text's meaning.

Subjunctive of purpose 'tā ... beshkāfad'.

6

او بدون مرجع قرار دادن هیچ منبعی، ادعاهای بزرگی مطرح کرد.

Without citing any source as a reference, he made grand claims.

Negative prepositional phrase 'bedun-e'.

7

رویکرد ما در این پژوهش، مرجع قرار دادن داده‌های دست‌اول است.

Our approach in this research is to cite first-hand data as a reference.

Gerund phrase as a predicate.

8

او همواره عقل سلیم را در تصمیم‌گیری‌هایش مرجع قرار می‌دهد.

He always cites common sense as the reference in his decision-making.

Abstract usage of the verb.

1

واکاوی متون کهن ایجاب می‌کند که ما هر واژه را در بستر تاریخی‌اش مرجع قرار دهیم.

The analysis of ancient texts requires that we cite each word within its historical context as a reference.

High-level vocabulary like 'vākāvi' and 'ijāb kardan'.

2

در این جستار، نویسنده با مرجع قرار دادن پارادایم‌های حاکم، به بازخوانی تاریخ می‌نشیند.

In this essay, the author, by citing dominant paradigms as references, sets out to re-read history.

Literary 'be ... mi-neshinad' structure.

3

عدم مرجع قرار دادن اصول اخلاقی در علم، می‌تواند پیامدهای ناگواری داشته باشد.

Failure to cite ethical principles as a reference in science can have dire consequences.

Complex noun phrase 'adam-e marje' qarār dādan'.

4

او با مرجع قرار دادن آرای متناقض، سعی در ایجاد یک سنتز فکری دارد.

By citing contradictory views as references, he attempts to create an intellectual synthesis.

Advanced logical construction.

5

این نظریه، تجربه زیسته را به عنوان تنها مرجع قرار دادن حقیقت برمی‌گزیند.

This theory chooses lived experience as the sole reference point for truth.

Highly abstract epistemological usage.

6

هرگونه تلاش برای بازسازی هویت ملی باید تاریخ را مرجع قرار دهد.

Any attempt to reconstruct national identity must cite history as a reference.

Universal quantifier 'har-guneh'.

7

او در نقد خود، معیارهای زیبایی‌شناسی کلاسیک را مرجع قرار داده است.

In his critique, he has cited classical aesthetic criteria as a reference.

Specific domain vocabulary 'zibāyi-shenāsi'.

8

فیلسوف با مرجع قرار دادن سکوت، به تبیین ناگفتنی‌ها می‌پردازد.

The philosopher, by citing silence as a reference, proceeds to explain the unspeakable.

Poetic/Philosophical paradox.

Synonyme

استناد کردن ارجاع دادن نقل کردن ذکر کردن سند قرار دادن مبنا قرار دادن الگو قرار دادن ملاک قرار دادن

Gegenteile

نادیده گرفتن سرقت ادبی کردن حذف کردن تکذیب کردن

Häufige Kollokationen

منبع را مرجع قرار دادن
کتاب را مرجع قرار دادن
قانون را مرجع قرار دادن
آمار را مرجع قرار دادن
نسخه اصلی را مرجع قرار دادن
سخنان را مرجع قرار دادن
استاندارد را مرجع قرار دادن
نقشه را مرجع قرار دادن
قرارداد را مرجع قرار دادن
نظریه را مرجع قرار دادن

Häufige Phrasen

مرجع قرار دادن منابع

— The act of citing sources.

مرجع قرار دادن منابع در پایان‌نامه ضروری است.

بدون مرجع قرار دادن

— Without citing a reference.

او بدون مرجع قرار دادن هیچ کتابی صحبت کرد.

لزوم مرجع قرار دادن

— The necessity of citing references.

استاد بر لزوم مرجع قرار دادن منابع تاکید کرد.

روش مرجع قرار دادن

— The method of citation (e.g., APA, MLA).

روش مرجع قرار دادن در این مجله متفاوت است.

اشتباه در مرجع قرار دادن

— An error in citation.

اشتباه در مرجع قرار دادن می‌تواند باعث رد مقاله شود.

مرجع قرار دادن متون دینی

— Citing religious texts as authority.

او در بحث خود متون دینی را مرجع قرار داد.

مرجع قرار دادن داده‌ها

— Citing data as a reference.

مرجع قرار دادن داده‌های خام اهمیت دارد.

مرجع قرار دادن تجربیات

— Using experiences as a reference point.

او تجربیات گذشته را مرجع قرار داد.

مرجع قرار دادن فرهنگ لغت

— Using a dictionary as a reference.

برای معنی کلمات، فرهنگ لغت را مرجع قرار دهید.

مرجع قرار دادن آرای دیگران

— Citing the opinions of others.

مرجع قرار دادن آرای دیگران نشانه تواضع علمی است.

Wird oft verwechselt mit

مرجع قرار دادن vs استفاده کردن

English 'to use'. General use, whereas 'marje' qarār dādan' is specific to citation.

مرجع قرار دادن vs ارجاع دادن

To refer someone to something. It focuses on the redirection, not the authority.

مرجع قرار دادن vs نگاه کردن

To look at. Too simple for a scholarly context.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"حرف کسی را وحی منزل مرجع قرار دادن"

— To treat someone's words as absolute, unquestionable truth (like divine revelation).

او حرف‌های رئیس را وحی منزل مرجع قرار می‌دهد.

Informal/Critical
"خود را مرجع کل قرار دادن"

— To act as if one is the ultimate authority on everything.

او همیشه خود را مرجع کل قرار می‌دهد.

Informal/Sarcastic
"مرجع قرار دادن باد"

— Metaphorically citing something unstable or unreliable.

شایعات را مرجع قرار دادن مانند تکیه بر باد است.

Literary
"سنگ محک را مرجع قرار دادن"

— To use a touchstone or standard as the reference for quality.

او اخلاق را سنگ محک مرجع قرار داد.

Formal
"قبله‌نما را مرجع قرار دادن"

— To use something as a directional guide or moral compass.

او وجدانش را قبله‌نما مرجع قرار داد.

Literary
"آینه را مرجع قرار دادن"

— To use self-reflection as a reference point.

او آینه را مرجع قرار داد تا عیوب خود را ببیند.

Poetic
"ترازوی عدالت را مرجع قرار دادن"

— To cite the scales of justice as the ultimate reference.

قاضی ترازوی عدالت را مرجع قرار داد.

Formal/Legal
"چراغ راه را مرجع قرار دادن"

— To use a 'guiding light' (wisdom/advice) as a reference.

او سخنان پیران را چراغ راه مرجع قرار داد.

Literary
"ریشه را مرجع قرار دادن"

— To cite the root or origin as the primary reference.

باید ریشه کلمات را مرجع قرار دهیم.

Formal
"سند زنده را مرجع قرار دادن"

— To cite a 'living document' or eyewitness as a reference.

او بازماندگان جنگ را سند زنده مرجع قرار داد.

Journalistic

Leicht verwechselbar

مرجع قرار دادن vs منبع

Both mean 'source' or 'reference'.

'Manba' is the origin of information, 'Marje' is the authority you cite. You cite a manba as a marje.

کتاب منبع من بود و آن را مرجع قرار دادم.

مرجع قرار دادن vs مأخذ

Both used in bibliographies.

'Ma'ākhez' is a more formal, plural term for sources/citations.

فهرست مآخذ در انتهای کتاب است.

مرجع قرار دادن vs استناد

Both mean citation.

'Estinād' is the act of leaning on evidence, 'Marje' qarār dādan' is the act of setting a source as the authority.

او به مدارک استناد کرد.

مرجع قرار دادن vs رجوع

Same root.

'Ruju' is the general act of returning or referring to something.

او به صفحه قبل رجوع کرد.

مرجع قرار دادن vs سند

Both imply proof.

'Sanad' is the physical document or evidence itself.

این سند بسیار معتبر است.

Satzmuster

B2

[Author] [Source] را مرجع قرار داد.

دکتر معین فرهنگ دهخدا را مرجع قرار داد.

B2

باید برای [Action]، [Source] را مرجع قرار دهیم.

باید برای ترجمه، این لغت‌نامه را مرجع قرار دهیم.

C1

با مرجع قرار دادن [Source]، می‌توان دریافت که...

با مرجع قرار دادن تاریخ، می‌توان دریافت که صلح پایدار است.

C1

[Source] به عنوان مرجع قرار داده شده است.

این سند به عنوان مرجع قرار داده شده است.

C2

عدم مرجع قرار دادن [Source] منجر به [Result] شد.

عدم مرجع قرار دادن حقیقت منجر به گمراهی شد.

C2

هر آنچه [Subject] مرجع قرار می‌دهد، بر پایه [Basis] است.

هر آنچه او مرجع قرار می‌دهد، بر پایه عقل است.

B1

من می‌خواهم این کتاب را مرجع قرار دهم.

من می‌خواهم این کتاب را مرجع قرار دهم.

B1

آیا او مقاله را مرجع قرار داد؟

آیا او مقاله را مرجع قرار داد؟

Wortfamilie

Substantive

مرجع (marje' - reference)
مراجع (marāje' - references/authorities)
ارجاع (erjā' - referral)
رجوع (ruju' - return/referring)
مرجعیت (marja'iyyat - authority/status of being a reference)

Verben

ارجاع دادن (erjā' dādan - to refer)
رجوع کردن (ruju' kardan - to refer/return to)
استناد کردن (estinād kardan - to cite/rely on)

Adjektive

مرجع (marje' - used as an adjective, e.g., ketāb-e marje')
ارجاعی (erjā'i - referential)
مستند (mostanad - documented/cited)

Verwandt

منبع (manba' - source)
مآخذ (ma'ākhez - sources/references)
کتابشناسی (ketābshenāsi - bibliography)
پانویس (pānevis - footnote)
نقل‌قول (naghl-e ghoul - quotation)
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So verwendest du es

frequency

Common in written Persian and formal speech; rare in daily casual conversation.

Häufige Fehler
  • من کتاب مرجع قرار دادم. → من کتاب را مرجع قرار دادم.

    Missing the direct object marker 'rā'.

  • او مقاله را مرجع کرد. → او مقاله را مرجع قرار داد.

    Shortening the compound verb incorrectly.

  • آنها به این منبع مرجع قرار دادند. → آنها این منبع را مرجع قرار دادند.

    Using 'be' instead of 'rā'. 'Estinād kardan' uses 'be', but 'marje' qarār dādan' uses 'rā'.

  • ما باید این را مرجع قرار بکنیم. → ما باید این را مرجع قرار دهیم.

    Using the wrong light verb 'kardan' instead of 'dādan'.

  • مرجع قرار دادن ویکی‌پدیا خوب نیست. → مرجع قرار دادنِ ویکی‌پدیا خوب نیست.

    Missing the ezafe when using the verb as a gerund/noun phrase.

Tipps

Don't forget the 'rā'

Since the reference is usually a specific book or source, you must use the object marker 'rā' after it.

Academic Tone

Use this verb in your Persian essays to instantly elevate the formal tone of your writing.

Noun Form

The noun form 'marje' can also mean 'authority' or 'source' on its own.

Respect

Citing correctly is a sign of respect for the original author in Iranian intellectual circles.

News Watch

Listen for this word in Persian news when they discuss legal rulings or international reports.

Subjunctive

Practice saying 'bāyad ... rā marje' qarār dahim' for a natural formal flow.

Bibliography

In a bibliography, you might see the heading 'Marāje'' (References).

Return to the Source

Associate 'marje' with 'return' to remember that you return to a reference for verification.

Not for People

While you can cite a person's *words*, you usually cite a *source* (book/paper) as the marje.

Avoid 'Kardan'

Never say 'marje' qarār kardan'. The light verb is always 'dādan'.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of 'Marje' as a 'Map' and 'Qarār Dādan' as 'Setting'. When you cite, you are 'Setting the Map' for your readers to follow your logic back to the source.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a scholar in a library taking a huge book and placing it firmly on a pedestal. That pedestal is the 'qarār' (settled place) and the book is the 'marje' (authority).

Word Web

Reference Source Authority Citation Scholarly Academic Evidence Footnote

Herausforderung

Write three sentences about your favorite hobby, citing one 'authority' or 'expert' using 'مرجع قرار دادن' in different tenses.

Wortherkunft

The word 'marje' (مرجع) is an Arabic loanword from the root 'r-j-' (ر ج ع), meaning 'to return'. The prefix 'ma-' creates a noun of place, meaning 'the place of return'. 'Qarār' (قرار) is also Arabic, meaning 'stability' or 'settling'. 'Dādan' is a native Persian verb from Middle Persian 'dātan'.

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: To make a place of return or a settled point for something.

Indo-European (Persian) with Semitic (Arabic) loanwords.

Kultureller Kontext

Be careful when using 'marje' in religious contexts, as it specifically refers to high-ranking clerics. Stick to the full verb 'marje' qarār dādan' to keep it general.

English speakers often use 'cite' or 'reference' casually. In Persian, 'marje' qarār dādan' is strictly formal. You wouldn't use it for citing a funny meme, but you would for a legal case.

Used in the 'Farhang-e Loghat-e Dehkhoda' (Dehkhoda Dictionary) to explain how words are cited. Commonly heard in 'Ketāb-e Sāl' (Book of the Year) award speeches in Iran. Found in the prefaces of major academic works like 'History of Persian Literature'.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

University Thesis Writing

  • منابع را مرجع قرار دادن
  • فهرست مراجع
  • استناد به منابع
  • مرجع معتبر

Legal Proceedings

  • ماده قانونی را مرجع قرار دادن
  • سند رسمی
  • رای دادگاه
  • مرجع قانونی

Scientific Research

  • داده‌های آماری را مرجع قرار دادن
  • مقالات پیشین
  • آزمایش‌های مرجع
  • استاندارد جهانی

Literary Criticism

  • متن اصلی را مرجع قرار دادن
  • نسخه بدل
  • شرح و تفسیر
  • سبک‌شناسی

Religious Studies

  • کتب آسمانی را مرجع قرار دادن
  • فتوا
  • سنت
  • اجتهاد

Gesprächseinstiege

"شما در پایان‌نامه خود کدام نویسنده را مرجع قرار داده‌اید؟"

"آیا فکر می‌کنید می‌توان هوش مصنوعی را به عنوان مرجع قرار داد؟"

"در فرهنگ شما، چه کتابی معمولاً مرجع قرار می‌گیرد؟"

"چرا اساتید بر مرجع قرار دادن منابع اصلی تاکید دارند؟"

"بهترین راه برای مرجع قرار دادن یک وب‌سایت چیست؟"

Tagebuch-Impulse

درباره کتابی بنویسید که در زندگی خود آن را مرجع قرار داده‌اید.

چرا مرجع قرار دادن منابع در یک جامعه علمی اهمیت دارد؟

اگر بخواهید یک قانون جدید بنویسید، چه چیزی را مرجع قرار می‌دهید؟

تفاوت بین مرجع قرار دادن تجربه و مرجع قرار دادن کتاب چیست؟

یک خاطره از زمانی بنویسید که مرجع قرار دادن یک منبع اشتباه باعث دردسر شد.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

No, it can apply to people (experts), laws, statistics, religious texts, or even personal experiences in a philosophical context. Anything that serves as an authority can be 'marje' qarār dādan'.

It would sound very stiff and overly formal. In a friendly letter, you would likely use 'az ... estefāde kardan' or 'be ... negāh kardan'.

'Erjā' dādan' is the technical action of referring (like a link), while 'marje' qarār dādan' is the intellectual action of establishing authority.

You say: 'من منبع را مرجع قرار دادم' (Man manba' rā marje' qarār dādam).

Yes, if you are giving a formal speech or presentation, it is perfectly appropriate to use this verb.

Yes, like the 'j' in 'judge'. The word is 'mar-je'.

The passive form is 'مرجع قرار گرفتن' (marje' qarār gereftan), meaning 'to be cited as a reference'.

Yes, e.g., 'من این وب‌سایت را مرجع قرار دادم.' It is common in modern Persian.

Extremely common. Lawyers and judges use it constantly to refer to statutes and precedents.

The Arabic root is r-j-' (رجوع), which means 'to return'. A reference is a place you return to for truth.

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writing

Write a sentence in Persian about citing a book for your university project.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'Researchers have cited several articles as references.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Explain in Persian why citing sources is important.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a formal request to your professor asking which book to use as a reference.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Describe a time you used a map as a reference in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a sentence using 'marje' qarār dādan' in the passive voice.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'We must cite international standards in our report.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Use the gerund form 'bā marje' qarār dādan' in a sentence.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a sentence about not citing unreliable sources.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'The judge cited the constitution to make his decision.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a sentence about a famous scientist citing an older theory.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'Which sources did you cite in your bibliography?'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a sentence using 'marje' qarār dādan' in the future tense.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Explain the difference between a 'manba' and a 'marje' in one Persian sentence.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write an imperative sentence for a student: 'Cite the dictionary!'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'Without citing a reference, your argument is weak.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a sentence about citing your parents' advice.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'The author cited many classical texts.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write a sentence about citing a specific law article.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Translate: 'We decided to cite this new data.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'I cited the source' in Persian.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Ask your teacher if you should cite this book.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Tell your friend not to cite Wikipedia.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'We have cited the new statistics' formally.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Give a short presentation sentence about your thesis reference.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Pronounce 'marje' qarār dādan' focusing on the 'q' and 'r'.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'Please use this map as a reference' to a group.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Explain using 'bāyad' that sources must be cited.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'I am using his words as a guide' using this verb.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Ask 'Which source did you cite?'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'It is important to cite the original text.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Tell someone 'The judge cited the law.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'They will cite this report tomorrow.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'Without citing a reference, we cannot prove it.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Express: 'This theory has been cited in many works.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'I always cite the dictionary for meanings.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Ask 'Why didn't you cite the primary source?'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'Let's cite the results of the census.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'He cited the history of Iran.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'You must cite the author's name.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the source: 'استاد گفت که باید مقالات علمی را مرجع قرار دهید.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen for the tense: 'ما این سند را مرجع قرار داده بودیم.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and answer: 'چرا نویسنده این کتاب را مرجع قرار نداد؟' What is the speaker asking?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen for the subject: 'آنها قوانین جدید را مرجع قرار دادند.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen to the instruction: 'لطفاً صفحه ده را مرجع قرار دهید.' What page should you cite?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Identify the tone: 'هرگز نباید این سایت را مرجع قرار داد!'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and answer: 'در دادگاه چه چیزی مرجع قرار گرفت؟' (قاضی قانون اساسی را مرجع قرار داد.)

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen for the object: 'من اشعار حافظ را مرجع قرار می‌دهم.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

What action is being described? 'ارجاع به منابع و مرجع قرار دادن آن‌ها ضروری است.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen for the reason: 'چون این آمار قدیمی است، آن را مرجع قرار ندادیم.' Why wasn't it cited?

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and translate: 'باید متون اصلی را مرجع قرار داد.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Identify the verb: 'او همواره عقل را مرجع قرار می‌دهد.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen for the negative: 'ما این نظریه را مرجع قرار نمی‌دهیم.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and answer: 'چه کسی کتاب را مرجع قرار داد؟' (دانشجو کتاب را مرجع قرار داد.)

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen for the modal: 'می‌توان این سند را مرجع قرار داد.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:

/ 200 correct

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