만성 in 30 Sekunden
- Chronic; long-lasting illness or condition.
- Describes persistent, not short-term, issues.
- Common in medical contexts, also used metaphorically.
- Implies need for long-term management or attention.
The Korean word '만성' (manseong) is an adjective that translates to 'chronic' in English. It is used to describe conditions, illnesses, or situations that persist for a long time, often without a clear end in sight or with recurring periods of severity. Unlike acute conditions which are sudden and short-lived, chronic ones develop slowly and can last for months, years, or even a lifetime. This term is frequently encountered in medical contexts, but it can also be applied metaphorically to persistent problems or issues.
- Medical Context
- In medicine, '만성' is used to classify diseases and disorders that require long-term management. Examples include 만성 질환 (chronic illness), 만성 통증 (chronic pain), and 만성 피로 (chronic fatigue). Doctors and patients use this term to understand the nature and expected duration of a health problem.
- Metaphorical Use
- Beyond health, '만성' can describe any persistent, ongoing problem. For instance, one might refer to 만성 교통 체증 (chronic traffic congestion) in a city or 만성적인 문제 (a chronic problem) in a business. It highlights a situation that is not easily resolved and has become a long-standing issue.
이것은 만성 질환으로 진단받았습니다.
Understanding '만성' is crucial for comprehending discussions about health conditions and persistent societal issues in Korean. It signifies a long-term nature, differentiating it from temporary or acute situations. The word itself is derived from Chinese characters: '만' (慢) meaning slow or prolonged, and '성' (性) meaning nature or character. Together, they encapsulate the idea of a slow-developing, persistent characteristic.
In everyday conversations, you'll often hear it in relation to health. For example, someone might say they have '만성 두통' (chronic headache) or '만성 위염' (chronic gastritis). The implication is that these are not minor ailments but conditions that have been present for a significant duration and likely require a sustained approach to treatment or coping. The term carries a weight that suggests a need for serious consideration and long-term planning.
Beyond personal health, '만성' is also used in broader contexts. A city planner might discuss '만성적인 대기 오염' (chronic air pollution), or an economist might analyze '만성적인 경제 침체' (chronic economic recession). In these instances, '만성' emphasizes the entrenched and enduring nature of the problem, suggesting that simple, short-term solutions are unlikely to be effective. It points to systemic issues that have developed over time and require comprehensive, long-term strategies for resolution.
The concept of '만성' is vital for understanding public health discourse and discussions about societal challenges. It helps to differentiate between transient issues and those that are deeply ingrained and require sustained effort to address. When encountering this word, it's important to consider the context to determine whether it refers to a medical condition or a persistent problem in a broader sense.
The adjective '만성' (manseong) is typically placed before the noun it modifies, functioning as a descriptive term. It is commonly used with nouns related to illnesses, diseases, conditions, pain, fatigue, and sometimes even abstract concepts like problems or issues that have become long-standing. Understanding its placement and the types of nouns it typically accompanies will help you construct accurate and natural-sounding Korean sentences.
- Modifying Illnesses and Diseases
- The most frequent use of '만성' is to describe long-term health conditions. For example, '만성 질환' (chronic illness), '만성 질병' (chronic disease), '만성 병' (chronic sickness), '만성 폐쇄성 폐질환' (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - COPD), and '만성 신부전' (chronic renal failure) are common medical terms. These phrases indicate conditions that require ongoing management and are not easily cured.
- Describing Symptoms and Conditions
- '만성' can also modify specific symptoms or states that persist over time. '만성 통증' (chronic pain), '만성 피로' (chronic fatigue), '만성 불면증' (chronic insomnia), and '만성 기침' (chronic cough) are examples. These phrases highlight the enduring nature of the discomfort or ailment.
- Applying to Abstract and Societal Issues
- In a broader, metaphorical sense, '만성' can describe persistent problems. You might hear '만성적인 문제' (a chronic problem), '만성 교통 체증' (chronic traffic congestion), '만성적인 불황' (chronic recession), or '만성적인 고용 불안' (chronic employment insecurity). This usage emphasizes that the issue is long-standing and difficult to resolve.
그는 만성 요통으로 고생하고 있습니다.
Let's look at sentence structures. You can use '만성' as the subject complement, though this is less common than direct modification. For example, '그의 문제는 만성적이다' (His problem is chronic). However, it's more natural to say '그는 만성적인 문제를 가지고 있다' (He has a chronic problem). The adverbial form '만성적으로' (chronically) is also very common, used to describe how an action or state occurs over a long period, such as '만성적으로 피곤하다' (to be chronically tired).
When discussing health, you'll often see sentences like: '의사는 제게 만성 기관지염이라고 진단했습니다.' (The doctor diagnosed me with chronic bronchitis.) or '만성 질환을 앓고 있는 환자들이 많습니다.' (There are many patients suffering from chronic illnesses.). In these examples, '만성' clearly defines the nature of the illness as long-lasting.
For non-medical contexts, consider sentences such as: '이 도시는 만성적인 교통 체증 문제에 시달리고 있습니다.' (This city is suffering from chronic traffic congestion problems.) or '그 회사는 만성적인 인력 부족에 직면해 있습니다.' (That company is facing chronic labor shortages.). These illustrate how the term is used to highlight enduring difficulties.
The key is to pair '만성' with nouns that represent conditions, issues, or states that persist over an extended period. The word adds a layer of seriousness and implies a need for long-term understanding and management.
The word '만성' (manseong) is most frequently heard in environments where health and well-being are discussed, but its usage extends to broader societal and even personal contexts. Recognizing these contexts will help you understand when and how Koreans use this term in their daily lives and professional settings.
- Medical Settings
- This is the primary domain for '만성'. You'll hear it in doctor's offices, hospitals, pharmacies, and in health-related television programs or articles. When a doctor diagnoses a patient with a condition that is long-term, they will use '만성'. For example, '만성 관절염' (chronic arthritis), '만성 간염' (chronic hepatitis), '만성 우울증' (chronic depression), and '만성 고혈압' (chronic hypertension) are all terms you might encounter. Patients discussing their conditions with doctors or family members will also use this word.
- News and Public Health Announcements
- News reports often cover public health issues, and '만성' is a common descriptor for prevalent or long-standing health concerns. You might hear about efforts to combat '만성 질환' (chronic diseases) or statistics on people suffering from '만성 통증' (chronic pain). Public health campaigns aimed at prevention or management of such conditions will also utilize this term.
- Discussions About Lifestyle and Well-being
- In conversations about diet, exercise, stress management, and overall lifestyle, '만성' can be used to describe the negative consequences of unhealthy habits. For instance, someone might complain about '만성 피로' (chronic fatigue) due to overwork or poor sleep, or discuss how stress can lead to '만성 소화 불량' (chronic indigestion). Health coaches and lifestyle bloggers frequently use this word.
- Societal and Economic Discussions
- Metaphorically, '만성' appears in discussions about persistent societal problems. You might hear about '만성적인 실업률' (chronic unemployment rate), '만성적인 집값 상승' (chronic rise in housing prices), or '만성적인 교통 체증' (chronic traffic congestion). Think of news segments about urban planning or economic analysis; these are places where such usage is common.
- Personal Anecdotes and Complaints
- In casual conversations among friends or family, people might share their ongoing health struggles using '만성'. Someone might say, '저는 어릴 때부터 만성 비염이 있어요.' (I've had chronic rhinitis since I was young.) or '요즘 계속 만성 피로에 시달려요.' (Lately, I've been suffering from chronic fatigue.). It's a way to convey that the issue is not new or temporary.
만성 질환 관리에 대한 새로운 연구 결과가 발표되었습니다.
You'll also encounter '만성' in academic papers, textbooks, and professional journals related to medicine, public health, sociology, and economics. These sources use the term with precision to categorize and analyze long-term phenomena.
Even in entertainment, such as dramas or movies, characters might discuss their '만성 질환' or grapple with '만성적인 어려움', making the word familiar across various media.
When learning Korean, especially a word like '만성' (manseong) which has specific connotations, learners might make certain mistakes. These errors often stem from direct translation, incorrect grammatical usage, or misunderstanding the nuances of its application. Being aware of these common pitfalls can significantly improve your fluency and accuracy.
- Confusing with Acute Conditions
- Mistake: Using '만성' to describe a sudden, short-term illness. For example, saying '만성 감기' (chronic cold) when you mean a regular cold that just started. Correct: A cold is typically acute. '만성' specifically refers to conditions that persist for a long time. For a short-term cold, you would simply say '감기' (gamgi).
- Incorrect Placement or Usage
- Mistake: Using '만성' as a standalone noun or in incorrect grammatical structures. For example, saying '나는 만성이 있다' (I have a chronic) or '만성은 고치기 어렵다' (Chronic is hard to fix). Correct: '만성' is an adjective and must modify a noun. It should be used as '만성 [Noun]' (e.g., '만성 질환') or its adverbial form '만성적으로' (chronically) can be used to modify verbs or adjectives. For instance, '그는 만성적으로 피곤해한다' (He is chronically tired).
- Overuse in Non-Medical Contexts
- Mistake: Applying '만성' to any minor, recurring inconvenience that isn't truly long-standing or serious. For example, calling a slightly annoying habit '만성 습관' (chronic habit) without proper justification. Correct: While '만성' can be used metaphorically for persistent problems, it usually implies a significant, entrenched issue. For less serious recurring things, other terms might be more appropriate. Use '만성' when the problem has a substantial duration and impact.
- Direct Translation Issues
- Mistake: Translating English phrases directly without considering Korean usage. For example, trying to translate 'chronic problem' as '만성 문제' without considering if it sounds natural in every context. Correct: While '만성 문제' is often correct, the specific noun needs to be considered. For example, '만성적인 문제' is more common when 'problem' is used abstractly. Always check if the combination sounds natural to a native speaker or consult a dictionary/translation tool for common collocations.
- Pronunciation Errors
- Mistake: Mispronouncing the word, especially the 'ㅇ' (ng) sound in '성' (seong), or the aspiration of 'ㅁ' (m). Correct: Practice the pronunciation carefully. '만성' is pronounced roughly as 'man-seong'. The 'ㅇ' at the end of '성' is a silent placeholder for the nasal ending, and the 'ㅅ' (s) sound is clearly articulated. Ensure the 'ㅁ' (m) sound is clear and not too aspirated.
그는 만성적인 두통을 겪고 있습니다.
Another common mistake is confusing '만성' with similar-sounding words or words with related meanings but different applications. For instance, while '오래된' (old) or '지속적인' (continuous) might seem similar, '만성' carries a specific medical or deeply entrenched problem connotation that these other words lack.
When in doubt, it's always best to consult a Korean dictionary or a native speaker to ensure you are using '만성' correctly in your sentences. Pay attention to how native speakers use it in various contexts to build an intuitive understanding.
While '만성' (manseong) specifically denotes a condition that persists for a long time, especially in a medical context, there are other Korean words that can convey related meanings of duration, persistence, or recurrence. Understanding these nuances helps in choosing the most appropriate word for a given situation.
- 지속적인 (jisokjeogin) - Continuous, Persistent
- Comparison: '지속적인' is a broader term meaning 'continuous' or 'persistent'. It can apply to ongoing actions, states, or phenomena that do not stop. While it can overlap with '만성' in implying duration, '지속적인' doesn't necessarily carry the negative or medical connotation that '만성' often does. A '지속적인 노력' (continuous effort) is positive, whereas '만성 질환' is negative.
Example: 지속적인 연습이 중요합니다. (Continuous practice is important.) vs. 만성적인 스트레스는 건강에 해롭습니다. (Chronic stress is harmful to health.) - 영구적인 (yeonggujeogin) - Permanent
- Comparison: '영구적인' means 'permanent' or 'everlasting'. This is a stronger term than '만성'. A chronic condition might be managed or controlled, but a permanent one implies it will never change or go away. For example, '만성 질환' might be managed, but '영구적인 손상' (permanent damage) suggests a lasting impairment.
Example: 그 사고로 영구적인 장애를 입었습니다. (He suffered permanent disability from that accident.) vs. 만성적인 불면증으로 힘들어하고 있습니다. (He is struggling with chronic insomnia.) - 오래된 (oraedoen) - Old, Long-standing
- Comparison: '오래된' simply means 'old' or 'long-standing'. It's a general descriptor for something that has existed for a long time. It can be used for objects, relationships, or situations. While a '만성 질환' is certainly '오래된', not everything that is '오래된' is '만성'. '오래된 친구' (old friend) is a neutral term, whereas '만성적인 문제' implies a persistent difficulty.
Example: 이것은 오래된 건물입니다. (This is an old building.) vs. 만성적인 교통 체증 때문에 지각했습니다. (I was late because of chronic traffic congestion.) - 재발하는 (jaebalhaneun) - Recurrent, Relapsing
- Comparison: '재발하는' specifically refers to something that happens again after a period of absence or improvement. Many chronic conditions have recurrent phases. While '만성' describes the overall long-term nature, '재발하는' describes the pattern of onset and remission within that chronic condition. For example, '재발성 암' (recurrent cancer) is a type of '만성 질환'.
Example: 그녀는 재발하는 편도선염으로 고통받고 있습니다. (She is suffering from recurrent tonsillitis.) vs. 만성 간염은 꾸준한 관리가 필요합니다. (Chronic hepatitis requires consistent management.) - 습관적인 (seupgwanjeogin) - Habitual
- Comparison: '습관적인' relates to habits – actions performed regularly, often unconsciously. While some chronic conditions might develop due to habitual behaviors, '습관적인' focuses on the act itself, whereas '만성' focuses on the resulting long-term condition. For example, '습관적인 야식' (habitual late-night eating) might lead to health problems, but the condition itself would be described differently.
Example: 그는 습관적인 거짓말쟁이입니다. (He is a habitual liar.) vs. 만성적인 스트레스는 심각한 건강 문제를 야기할 수 있습니다. (Chronic stress can cause serious health problems.)
이 문제는 지속적인 관심이 필요합니다.
In summary, while several words can imply duration, '만성' is distinct in its emphasis on long-term, often serious, conditions, particularly in medicine. Choose the word that best reflects the specific nuance of persistence, permanence, or recurrence you wish to convey.
How Formal Is It?
Wusstest du?
The concept of '만성' is crucial in traditional Korean medicine (Hanbang) as well, where diagnoses often differentiate between acute (급성) and chronic (만성) conditions, influencing treatment approaches. Many herbal remedies are prescribed for long-term management of '만성 질환'.
Aussprachehilfe
- Pronouncing the final 'ㅇ' in '성' as a hard 'g' sound.
- Aspirating the 'ㅁ' (m) sound too strongly.
- Confusing the vowel sounds 'ㅏ' (a) and 'ㅓ' (eo).
Schwierigkeitsgrad
CEFR B1-B2 level. While the core meaning is simple, understanding its nuances in medical and metaphorical contexts requires more advanced vocabulary and comprehension skills. Recognizing its use in specialized fields like medicine or economics can be challenging.
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Fortgeschritten
Wichtige Grammatik
Adjective + Noun structure
'만성' is an adjective, so it typically precedes the noun it modifies, like '만성 질환' (chronic illness).
Adverbial form '-적으로'
The adverbial form '만성적으로' (chronically) modifies verbs or adjectives, e.g., '만성적으로 피곤하다' (to be chronically tired).
Noun + 이/가 + Adjective (Copula)
When used predicatively, the adjective can follow the noun with the copula, e.g., '그의 병은 만성적이다.' (His illness is chronic.)
Particles indicating cause/reason (-으로/로)
'만성 통증으로 잠을 못 잔다.' (Cannot sleep due to chronic pain.)
Topic-marking particle (-은/는)
'만성 스트레스는 건강에 해롭습니다.' (Chronic stress is harmful to health.)
Beispiele nach Niveau
이것은 만성입니다.
This is chronic.
'만성' is used as a noun here, implying a chronic condition.
만성 통증이 있어요.
I have chronic pain.
'만성' modifies '통증' (pain).
만성 피로입니다.
It is chronic fatigue.
'만성' modifies '피로' (fatigue).
만성 질환입니다.
It is a chronic illness.
'만성' modifies '질환' (illness).
만성 기침이 있어요.
I have a chronic cough.
'만성' modifies '기침' (cough).
만성 두통이 심해요.
My chronic headache is severe.
'만성' modifies '두통' (headache).
만성 소화 불량입니다.
It is chronic indigestion.
'만성' modifies '소화 불량' (indigestion).
만성 알레르기예요.
It's a chronic allergy.
'만성' modifies '알레르기' (allergy).
이 만성 질환은 치료가 어렵습니다.
This chronic illness is difficult to treat.
'만성' acts as an adjective modifying '질환' (illness).
만성적인 통증 때문에 잠을 못 자요.
I can't sleep because of chronic pain.
'만성적인' is the adjectival form, modifying '통증' (pain).
만성 피로 증후군이라는 진단을 받았습니다.
I was diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome.
'만성' modifies '피로 증후군' (chronic fatigue syndrome).
그녀는 만성 기관지염을 앓고 있어요.
She is suffering from chronic bronchitis.
'만성' modifies '기관지염' (bronchitis).
만성적인 스트레스는 건강에 좋지 않습니다.
Chronic stress is not good for health.
'만성적인' modifies '스트레스' (stress).
이 문제는 만성적인 사회 문제입니다.
This problem is a chronic social issue.
'만성적인' modifies '사회 문제' (social issue).
의사는 만성 요통을 치료하기 위해 운동을 추천했습니다.
The doctor recommended exercise to treat chronic lower back pain.
'만성' modifies '요통' (lower back pain).
만성 고혈압 환자들은 정기 검진이 필수입니다.
Patients with chronic hypertension need regular check-ups.
'만성' modifies '고혈압' (hypertension).
만성 질환을 앓고 있는 사람들에게는 꾸준한 관리가 필수적입니다.
Consistent management is essential for people suffering from chronic illnesses.
'만성' modifies '질환' (illness). The sentence structure uses '-에게는' (for) and '-이/가 필수적입니다' (is essential).
만성적인 불면증으로 인해 낮 동안 집중하기가 어렵습니다.
Due to chronic insomnia, it is difficult to concentrate during the day.
'만성적인' modifies '불면증' (insomnia). The phrase '집중하기가 어렵습니다' (difficult to concentrate) is used.
만성 폐쇄성 폐질환(COPD)은 호흡 곤란을 유발하는 심각한 상태입니다.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious condition that causes difficulty breathing.
'만성' modifies '폐쇄성 폐질환' (obstructive pulmonary disease). The term is often abbreviated as COPD.
만성적인 경제 침체는 실업률 상승으로 이어질 수 있습니다.
A chronic economic recession can lead to an increase in unemployment rates.
'만성적인' modifies '경제 침체' (economic recession). The causal relationship '이어질 수 있습니다' (can lead to) is used.
그는 만성적인 통증을 완화하기 위해 다양한 치료법을 시도해 보았습니다.
He has tried various treatments to alleviate his chronic pain.
'만성적인' modifies '통증' (pain). '완화하기 위해' (to alleviate) and '다양한 치료법을 시도해 보았습니다' (has tried various treatments) are key phrases.
만성적인 교통 체증은 도시 생활의 큰 골칫거리입니다.
Chronic traffic congestion is a major headache in urban life.
'만성적인' modifies '교통 체증' (traffic congestion). '큰 골칫거리' (major headache/nuisance) is a common expression.
만성적인 염증은 여러 질병의 원인이 될 수 있으므로 주의해야 합니다.
Chronic inflammation can be the cause of various diseases, so caution is advised.
'만성적인' modifies '염증' (inflammation). The structure '원인이 될 수 있으므로 주의해야 합니다' (can be the cause, so caution is advised) is used.
만성 간 질환 환자들의 식이요법은 매우 중요합니다.
Dietary management is very important for patients with chronic liver disease.
'만성' modifies '간 질환' (liver disease). '식이요법' (dietary therapy/management) is a specific term.
만성적인 질병의 관리는 환자뿐만 아니라 가족에게도 큰 부담이 될 수 있습니다.
Managing chronic diseases can be a significant burden not only for the patient but also for the family.
'만성적인' modifies '질병' (disease). The structure 'A뿐만 아니라 B에게도' (not only A but also B) is used.
현대 사회에서 만성 스트레스는 정신 건강에 심각한 악영향을 미칩니다.
In modern society, chronic stress has a serious negative impact on mental health.
'만성' modifies '스트레스' (stress). '심각한 악영향을 미칩니다' (has a serious negative impact) is a sophisticated phrase.
만성 통증 환자들을 위한 포괄적인 치료 접근 방식이 필요합니다.
A comprehensive treatment approach is needed for patients with chronic pain.
'만성' modifies '통증' (pain). '포괄적인 치료 접근 방식' (comprehensive treatment approach) is a specialized term.
만성적인 사회적 불평등은 장기적인 경제 성장 잠재력을 저해할 수 있습니다.
Chronic social inequality can hinder long-term economic growth potential.
'만성적인' modifies '사회적 불평등' (social inequality). '잠재력을 저해하다' (hinder potential) is a formal expression.
만성 신부전 투석 환자들은 엄격한 식이 조절을 따라야 합니다.
Patients undergoing dialysis for chronic renal failure must follow strict dietary control.
'만성' modifies '신부전' (renal failure). '투석' (dialysis) and '식이 조절' (dietary control) are specific medical terms.
만성적인 환경 오염 문제는 미래 세대의 건강을 위협합니다.
Chronic environmental pollution problems threaten the health of future generations.
'만성적인' modifies '환경 오염 문제' (environmental pollution problem). '미래 세대의 건강을 위협합니다' (threaten the health of future generations) is a strong statement.
만성적인 관절염으로 인해 일상생활에 불편함을 겪는 사람들이 많습니다.
Many people experience inconvenience in their daily lives due to chronic arthritis.
'만성적인' modifies '관절염' (arthritis). '일상생활에 불편함을 겪다' (experience inconvenience in daily life) is a common phrase.
만성적인 문제 해결을 위해서는 근본적인 원인 분석이 선행되어야 합니다.
For solving chronic problems, an analysis of the root causes must precede.
'만성적인' modifies '문제' (problem). '근본적인 원인 분석' (analysis of root causes) and '선행되어야 합니다' (must precede) are formal expressions.
만성 질환의 예방과 관리에 대한 사회적 인식 개선이 시급합니다.
Improving social awareness regarding the prevention and management of chronic diseases is urgent.
'만성' modifies '질환' (disease). '사회적 인식 개선' (improvement of social awareness) and '시급합니다' (is urgent) are formal expressions.
만성적인 삶의 질 저하는 개인의 행복과 사회 전체의 생산성에 부정적인 영향을 미칩니다.
A chronic decline in the quality of life negatively impacts individual happiness and the productivity of society as a whole.
'만성적인' modifies '삶의 질 저하' (decline in quality of life). '사회 전체의 생산성' (productivity of society as a whole) and '부정적인 영향을 미칩니다' (negatively impacts) are advanced vocabulary and grammar.
만성 통증은 단순한 신체적 고통을 넘어 심리적, 사회적 어려움을 동반하는 복합적인 상태입니다.
Chronic pain is a complex condition that goes beyond simple physical suffering, accompanied by psychological and social difficulties.
'만성' modifies '통증' (pain). '단순한 신체적 고통을 넘어' (beyond simple physical suffering) and '심리적, 사회적 어려움을 동반하는 복합적인 상태' (a complex condition accompanied by psychological and social difficulties) are sophisticated constructions.
만성적인 경기 침체 속에서 기업들은 생존을 위한 혁신적인 전략을 모색하고 있습니다.
Amidst a chronic economic downturn, companies are seeking innovative strategies for survival.
'만성적인' modifies '경기 침체' (economic downturn). '생존을 위한 혁신적인 전략을 모색하고 있습니다' (are seeking innovative strategies for survival) is formal and analytical.
만성 질환의 조기 진단 및 적극적인 관리는 환자의 예후를 크게 개선할 수 있습니다.
Early diagnosis and proactive management of chronic diseases can significantly improve patient prognosis.
'만성' modifies '질환' (disease). '조기 진단' (early diagnosis), '적극적인 관리' (proactive management), and '환자의 예후를 크게 개선하다' (significantly improve patient prognosis) are medical and academic terms.
만성적인 대기 오염은 호흡기 질환뿐만 아니라 심혈관 질환의 발병률도 높입니다.
Chronic air pollution increases the incidence of not only respiratory diseases but also cardiovascular diseases.
'만성적인' modifies '대기 오염' (air pollution). '뿐만 아니라' (not only...but also) and '발병률을 높입니다' (increases the incidence) are common in scientific contexts.
만성적인 스트레스는 인지 기능 저하와 더불어 정서적 불안정성을 야기할 수 있습니다.
Chronic stress can cause cognitive impairment as well as emotional instability.
'만성적인' modifies '스트레스' (stress). '인지 기능 저하' (cognitive impairment) and '정서적 불안정성' (emotional instability) are psychological terms.
만성 질환자들의 삶의 질 향상을 위한 정책적 지원이 강화되어야 합니다.
Policy support for improving the quality of life for chronic disease patients must be strengthened.
'만성' modifies '질환자' (patients with chronic disease). '삶의 질 향상' (improvement of quality of life) and '정책적 지원이 강화되어야 합니다' (policy support must be strengthened) are formal and policy-oriented.
만성 질환의 병태생리학적 메커니즘을 이해하는 것은 효과적인 치료법 개발의 초석이 됩니다.
Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic diseases serves as the cornerstone for developing effective treatments.
'만성' modifies '질환' (disease). '병태생리학적 메커니즘' (pathophysiological mechanisms), '효과적인 치료법 개발' (development of effective treatments), and '초석이 됩니다' (serves as the cornerstone) are highly specialized medical and academic terms.
만성적인 사회경제적 불평등은 개인의 건강 결과뿐만 아니라 사회 통합에도 심각한 영향을 미칩니다.
Chronic socioeconomic inequality profoundly affects not only individual health outcomes but also social cohesion.
'만성적인' modifies '사회경제적 불평등' (socioeconomic inequality). '건강 결과' (health outcomes), '사회 통합' (social cohesion), and '심각한 영향을 미칩니다' (profoundly affects) are advanced sociological and academic phrases.
만성 통증의 신경생물학적 기전 규명은 새로운 통증 관리 전략 수립에 필수적입니다.
Elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms of chronic pain is crucial for establishing new pain management strategies.
'만성' modifies '통증' (pain). '신경생물학적 기전 규명' (elucidation of neurobiological mechanisms), '새로운 통증 관리 전략 수립' (establishing new pain management strategies), and '필수적입니다' (is crucial) are highly technical terms.
만성적인 도시화 과정에서 발생하는 환경 부하 증가는 지속 가능한 발전을 저해하는 주요 요인으로 작용합니다.
The increasing environmental burden resulting from chronic urbanization acts as a major factor hindering sustainable development.
'만성적인' modifies '도시화 과정' (urbanization process). '환경 부하 증가' (increasing environmental burden), '지속 가능한 발전' (sustainable development), and '저해하는 주요 요인으로 작용합니다' (acts as a major factor hindering) are advanced environmental and policy terms.
만성 질환의 유전적 소인과 환경적 요인 간의 상호작용에 대한 심층적인 연구가 요구됩니다.
In-depth research into the interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in chronic diseases is required.
'만성' modifies '질환' (disease). '유전적 소인' (genetic predisposition), '환경적 요인' (environmental factors), '상호작용' (interplay), and '심층적인 연구가 요구됩니다' (in-depth research is required) are advanced research terms.
만성적인 사회적 고립은 노인 인구의 정신 건강 악화에 상당한 기여를 합니다.
Chronic social isolation significantly contributes to the deterioration of mental health in the elderly population.
'만성적인' modifies '사회적 고립' (social isolation). '노인 인구' (elderly population), '정신 건강 악화' (deterioration of mental health), and '상당한 기여를 합니다' (significantly contributes) are advanced sociological terms.
만성 염증과 암 발생 간의 연관성에 대한 분자생물학적 메커니즘 규명은 새로운 예방 전략 개발의 가능성을 열어줍니다.
Elucidating the molecular biological mechanisms behind the association between chronic inflammation and cancer development opens possibilities for developing new prevention strategies.
'만성' modifies '염증' (inflammation). '암 발생' (cancer development), '연관성' (association), '분자생물학적 메커니즘 규명' (elucidation of molecular biological mechanisms), and '새로운 예방 전략 개발의 가능성을 열어줍니다' (opens possibilities for developing new prevention strategies) are highly specialized scientific terms.
만성적인 팬데믹 상황은 글로벌 공급망의 취약성을 드러내며, 이에 대한 구조적 개선이 불가피합니다.
The chronic pandemic situation exposes the vulnerabilities of global supply chains, necessitating structural improvements.
'만성적인' modifies '팬데믹 상황' (pandemic situation). '글로벌 공급망' (global supply chains), '취약성' (vulnerabilities), '구조적 개선' (structural improvements), and '불가피합니다' (is inevitable/necessary) are advanced economic and geopolitical terms.
Häufige Kollokationen
Häufige Phrasen
— To be suffering from a chronic illness.
많은 노인들이 만성 질환을 앓고 있습니다.
— To suffer from chronic pain.
그는 만성 통증에 시달리며 힘들어하고 있습니다.
— To suffer from chronic fatigue.
과도한 업무로 만성 피로에 시달리는 사람들이 많습니다.
— To experience a chronic problem.
이 도시는 만성적인 교통 체증 문제를 겪고 있습니다.
— Chronic symptoms.
그녀는 만성적인 기침 증상을 보이고 있습니다.
— Chronic suffering/pain.
만성적인 고통은 삶의 질을 크게 저하시킵니다.
— A chronic situation.
이것은 우리 사회가 만성적인 상황에 직면해 있다는 것을 보여줍니다.
— Management of chronic diseases.
만성 질환 관리를 위한 새로운 치료법이 개발되었습니다.
— Chronic anxiety.
만성적인 불안은 정신 건강에 해롭습니다.
— Chronic depression.
만성적인 우울증은 전문가의 도움이 필요합니다.
Wird oft verwechselt mit
'급성' refers to sudden, short-term conditions, whereas '만성' refers to long-term ones. They are direct opposites in medical contexts.
'지속적인' is a broader term for persistence and doesn't necessarily imply a negative health impact or long-term management like '만성' often does.
'일시적인' describes something that lasts only for a short time, contrasting directly with the prolonged nature of '만성'.
Leicht verwechselbar
Both relate to the duration of an illness.
'급성' means 'acute', referring to illnesses that start suddenly and are severe but short-lived. '만성' means 'chronic', describing illnesses that develop slowly and persist for a long time. They are antonyms in medical contexts.
감기는 보통 급성 질환이지만, 천식은 만성 질환일 수 있습니다. (A cold is usually an acute illness, but asthma can be a chronic illness.)
Both imply duration.
'지속적인' means 'continuous' or 'persistent' and can apply to actions, states, or phenomena that don't stop. It's a more general term. '만성' specifically implies a long-term, often negative or medical, condition that requires management. For example, '지속적인 노력' (continuous effort) is positive, while '만성적인 문제' (chronic problem) is negative.
지속적인 노력으로 문제를 해결할 수 있지만, 만성적인 질병은 꾸준한 관리가 필요합니다. (With continuous effort, problems can be solved, but chronic diseases require consistent management.)
Both relate to long duration.
'영구적인' means 'permanent', implying something that will never change or go away. '만성' means 'chronic', which implies a long duration but doesn't necessarily mean it's permanent or incurable; it often requires management. A permanent condition is a subset of chronic conditions, but not all chronic conditions are permanent.
그는 사고로 영구적인 장애를 얻었지만, 만성적인 통증은 치료를 통해 완화될 수 있습니다. (He got permanent disabilities from the accident, but chronic pain can be alleviated through treatment.)
Both refer to something existing for a long time.
'오래된' simply means 'old' or 'long-standing' and can apply to anything that has existed for a long time, like objects or relationships. '만성' is specifically used for conditions or problems that persist over an extended period, often with negative health or significant societal implications. Something that is '오래된' is not necessarily '만성'.
이것은 오래된 건물입니다. (This is an old building.) 하지만, 만성적인 교통 체증은 도시의 문제입니다. (However, chronic traffic congestion is a problem for the city.)
Both relate to conditions that return or persist.
'재발하는' means 'recurrent' or 'relapsing', describing something that happens again after a period of remission. '만성' refers to the overall long-term nature of a condition. Many chronic conditions have recurrent phases. So, a condition can be both '만성' and '재발하는'.
만성적인 알레르기가 있어서, 계절마다 재발하는 증상으로 고생합니다. (I have chronic allergies, so I suffer from recurring symptoms every season.)
Satzmuster
만성 + Noun
만성 질환은 관리가 중요합니다.
만성적인 + Noun
만성적인 피로를 느끼고 있습니다.
Noun + 이/가 만성적이다
그의 문제는 만성적이다.
만성적으로 + Adjective/Verb
그는 만성적으로 아픕니다.
만성 + Noun + -으로/로 + Verb
만성 통증으로 일상생활이 어렵습니다.
만성적인 + Noun + -은/는 + Topic
만성적인 스트레스는 정신 건강에 좋지 않습니다.
만성 질환을 앓다
많은 사람들이 만성 질환을 앓고 있습니다.
만성적인 + Noun + -은/는 + 심각한 + Noun + -을/를 야기하다
만성적인 환경 오염은 생태계를 파괴합니다.
Wortfamilie
Substantive
Adjektive
Verwandt
So verwendest du es
High, especially in medical and health-related contexts.
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Using '만성' for short-term illnesses.
→
Using '급성' or simply the noun for the illness.
'만성' specifically refers to conditions that persist for a long time. For sudden, short-term illnesses like a common cold, use '감기' (gamgi), not '만성 감기'.
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Treating '만성' as a noun.
→
Using it as an adjective before a noun or using its adverbial form.
You cannot say '나는 만성이 있다' (I have a chronic). Instead, say '나는 만성 질환이 있다' (I have a chronic illness) or '나는 만성적으로 아프다' (I am chronically sick).
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Confusing '만성' with '지속적인' in all contexts.
→
Using '만성' for long-term health conditions or deeply rooted problems, and '지속적인' for general ongoing actions or states.
'지속적인' is broader and can be positive ('지속적인 노력' - continuous effort). '만성' usually implies a negative or medical context of long duration.
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Applying '만성' to minor recurring annoyances.
→
Using '만성' for significant, long-standing issues that require management.
While '만성' can be used metaphorically, it implies a substantial and enduring problem. Minor recurring annoyances might be better described with other terms unless they represent a serious, long-term issue.
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Mispronouncing the final 'ㅇ' in '성'.
→
Pronouncing it as a nasal ending, not a hard 'g'.
The final 'ㅇ' in Korean syllables like '성' (seong) is a silent placeholder indicating a nasal sound. It should be pronounced like the 'ng' in 'sing', not like the 'g' in 'go'.
Tipps
Medical vs. Metaphorical
While '만성' is most commonly used in medical contexts to describe chronic illnesses, it's also frequently used metaphorically for persistent societal or personal problems. Always consider the context to understand its precise meaning.
Adjective Placement
Remember that '만성' functions as an adjective and usually comes directly before the noun it modifies, like '만성 질환' (chronic illness) or '만성 통증' (chronic pain).
Nasal Ending
Pay attention to the pronunciation of the final syllable '성' (seong). The 'ㅇ' at the end indicates a nasal sound, not a hard 'g'. Practice saying 'man-seong' clearly.
Contrast with Acute
To better understand '만성' (chronic), contrast it with its opposite, '급성' (geupseong - acute). '급성' refers to sudden, short-term conditions, while '만성' refers to long-lasting ones.
Duration is Key
The core meaning of '만성' is duration. If a condition or problem has been present for a long time and is not easily resolved, '만성' is likely the appropriate term.
Mnemonic Association
Connect '만성' to the idea of a 'man' (만) whose nature ('성') is slow and persistent, leading to long-lasting issues. This can help you remember its meaning.
Beyond 'Long Time'
While '오래된' (old) also means long-lasting, '만성' carries a stronger connotation of a persistent, often difficult-to-manage condition or problem, especially in medical and serious contexts.
Adverbial Form
Don't forget the adverbial form '만성적으로' (chronically), which can be used to describe how an action or state occurs over a long period, e.g., '만성적으로 피곤하다' (to be chronically tired).
Severity and Management
While '만성' implies duration, it often also suggests a condition that requires ongoing management or attention, rather than a temporary inconvenience.
Contextual Practice
The best way to master '만성' is to encounter it in various contexts – news articles, medical discussions, or even everyday conversations. Pay attention to how native speakers use it.
Einprägen
Eselsbrücke
Imagine a 'man' (만) who is so 'slow' (慢) that his problems become 'long-lasting' (성 nature). He never gets better quickly, his issues are a part of his nature. Think of a slow-moving man whose slowness becomes a permanent characteristic.
Visuelle Assoziation
Visualize a tortoise (slow) with a very long, winding road behind it, symbolizing a long, persistent journey. The tortoise represents the slow onset and the road represents the long duration characteristic of '만성'.
Word Web
Herausforderung
Try to describe three things in your life (or things you observe) that could be considered '만성'. It could be a health issue, a recurring problem in your community, or even a personal habit that's hard to break. Focus on why they are '만성' – their long duration and persistent nature.
Wortherkunft
The word '만성' (manseong) originates from Chinese characters. The character '만' (慢) means 'slow' or 'prolonged', and the character '성' (性) means 'nature' or 'character'. Together, they literally translate to 'slow nature' or 'prolonged character', aptly describing a condition that develops slowly and persists over time.
Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: Slow nature, prolonged characteristic.
Sino-Korean (derived from Chinese characters)Kultureller Kontext
When discussing '만성' conditions, especially in medical contexts, it's important to be sensitive and empathetic. These are not minor ailments but significant health challenges that require ongoing care and management.
In English-speaking cultures, 'chronic' is also primarily used in medical contexts to describe long-term illnesses. However, its metaphorical use for persistent societal issues is also common, similar to Korean usage.
Im Alltag üben
Kontexte aus dem Alltag
Discussing personal health issues with a doctor or family.
- 만성 질환을 앓고 있습니다.
- 만성 통증이 심해요.
- 만성 피로 때문에 힘들어요.
Reading medical information or news articles about health.
- 만성 질환 예방 캠페인
- 만성 통증 치료법
- 만성 피로 증후군 진단
Talking about persistent societal problems.
- 만성적인 교통 체증
- 만성적인 실업 문제
- 만성적인 경기 침체
Describing long-term personal difficulties.
- 만성적인 스트레스에 시달려요.
- 만성적인 어려움을 겪고 있어요.
Academic or professional discussions on health or social issues.
- 만성 염증의 병태생리
- 만성적인 불평등의 영향
Gesprächseinstiege
"Do you know anyone who suffers from a chronic illness?"
"What are some common chronic diseases people talk about?"
"Can you think of any problems in our city that seem chronic?"
"How do you think chronic stress affects people's lives?"
"What's the difference between an acute illness and a chronic one?"
Tagebuch-Impulse
Describe a time you or someone you know experienced a chronic condition. How did it affect your daily life?
Reflect on any persistent challenges or problems you've faced. Could any of them be described as '만성적인'?
Imagine you are a doctor. How would you explain a chronic illness to a patient in simple terms?
Consider a societal issue that seems to be ongoing. Why do you think it persists, and could it be called '만성적'?
What are some healthy habits that can help prevent chronic diseases or manage chronic stress?
Häufig gestellte Fragen
10 Fragen'만성' (manseong) means 'chronic', describing an illness or condition that persists for a long time. '급성' (geupseong) means 'acute', referring to an illness that starts suddenly, is severe, and usually lasts for a short period. They are direct opposites in medical contexts. For example, '급성 위염' (acute gastritis) is sudden and short-term, while '만성 위염' (chronic gastritis) is long-lasting.
Yes, '만성' can be used metaphorically to describe persistent societal or personal problems that have lasted for a long time and are difficult to resolve. For example, '만성적인 교통 체증' (chronic traffic congestion) or '만성적인 문제' (a chronic problem). In these cases, it emphasizes the entrenched and enduring nature of the issue.
Common examples of '만성 질환' (chronic illnesses) include 만성 고혈압 (chronic hypertension), 만성 당뇨병 (chronic diabetes), 만성 관절염 (chronic arthritis), 만성 간염 (chronic hepatitis), 만성 신부전 (chronic renal failure), and 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - COPD).
In medical contexts, '만성' usually refers to conditions that require ongoing management and can negatively impact quality of life. However, when used metaphorically for societal issues, it simply describes persistence and doesn't inherently carry a negative judgment, though the problem itself is usually undesirable. For example, '만성적인 도시 발전' (chronic urban development) could be neutral, but '만성적인 교통 체증' (chronic traffic congestion) is negative.
'만성' is an adjective and typically precedes the noun it modifies. For example: '만성 통증' (chronic pain). You can also use the adverbial form '만성적으로' (chronically) before a verb or adjective, like '만성적으로 피곤하다' (to be chronically tired). Sometimes, the noun itself can be described as '만성적이다' (is chronic), e.g., '그의 병은 만성적이다' (His illness is chronic).
'만성' specifically refers to long-term illnesses or deeply rooted problems, often with negative health implications or requiring ongoing management. '지속적인' is a broader term meaning 'continuous' or 'persistent' and can apply to any ongoing action or state, not necessarily negative. For instance, '지속적인 노력' (continuous effort) is positive, while '만성 질환' (chronic illness) is negative.
'만성' is pronounced 'man-seong'. The first syllable '만' has an 'm' sound, the vowel 'a' (as in father), and an 'n' sound. The second syllable '성' has an 's' sound, the vowel 'eo' (similar to the 'u' in 'sun'), and ends with a nasal placeholder 'ng'. The final 'ㅇ' is silent and indicates the nasal ending.
Common mistakes include using it for short-term illnesses (confusing it with '급성'), using it incorrectly as a noun, or overusing it for minor recurring issues instead of significant long-term problems. It's important to remember '만성' implies a persistent, long-duration condition or issue.
The direct opposite of '만성' (chronic) in medical contexts is '급성' (geupseong), meaning 'acute'. More generally, '단기적인' (dangijeogin - short-term) or '일시적인' (ilsijeogin - temporary) can also be considered antonyms.
Yes, for example, '만성적인 교통 체증' (chronic traffic congestion) describes a traffic problem that has persisted for a very long time and is difficult to solve. Another example is '만성적인 인력 부족' (chronic labor shortage) in a company or industry.
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Summary
The Korean word '만성' (manseong) signifies a condition or problem that persists over a long period, distinguishing it from acute or temporary situations. It is most commonly used in medical contexts to describe chronic illnesses, pain, or fatigue, but can also be applied metaphorically to long-standing societal issues. For example, '만성 질환' means chronic illness, and '만성적인 문제' means a chronic problem.
- Chronic; long-lasting illness or condition.
- Describes persistent, not short-term, issues.
- Common in medical contexts, also used metaphorically.
- Implies need for long-term management or attention.
Medical vs. Metaphorical
While '만성' is most commonly used in medical contexts to describe chronic illnesses, it's also frequently used metaphorically for persistent societal or personal problems. Always consider the context to understand its precise meaning.
Adjective Placement
Remember that '만성' functions as an adjective and usually comes directly before the noun it modifies, like '만성 질환' (chronic illness) or '만성 통증' (chronic pain).
Nasal Ending
Pay attention to the pronunciation of the final syllable '성' (seong). The 'ㅇ' at the end indicates a nasal sound, not a hard 'g'. Practice saying 'man-seong' clearly.
Contrast with Acute
To better understand '만성' (chronic), contrast it with its opposite, '급성' (geupseong - acute). '급성' refers to sudden, short-term conditions, while '만성' refers to long-lasting ones.
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비정상이다
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누적되다
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몸살나다
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쑤시다
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에취
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급성적이다
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급성이다
A2Bezeichnet eine Krankheit mit schnellem Beginn und kurzem Verlauf; akut sein.
