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B1 verb #2,000 am häufigsten 8 Min. Lesezeit

损害

sunhai Top 2,000

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At the A1 level, you don't need to use '损害' (sǔnhài) often, as it is a bit formal. Instead, you might use simpler words like '坏' (huài - bad/broken) or '不好' (bù hǎo - not good). However, it's good to know that '损害' means something is being made 'bad' or 'broken' in a serious way. For example, if you eat too much candy, it is '不好' for your teeth. In more grown-up Chinese, we say it '损害' your teeth. Think of it as a 'big' word for 'making something bad.' You will mostly see it in signs or hear it when people talk about health. Just remember: 损害 = Harm/Damage. It's like when a toy gets broken, but we use it for things like health or reputation. Even at A1, you can start to recognize the '损' character, which often relates to losing or decreasing something. If you see '损害' on a medicine bottle, it's telling you about potential side effects or things that could go wrong. It's a useful word to recognize early on, even if you don't use it in your daily 'Hello, how are you?' conversations.

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At the A2 level, you are starting to talk about more complex topics like health and work. '损害' (sǔnhài) becomes more useful here. You can use it to say things like '吸烟损害健康' (Smoking damages health). This is a very common sentence structure. At this level, you should distinguish '损害' from '坏'. '坏' is for things like a broken chair or spoiled food. '损害' is for more abstract things like your health or your interests. If someone does something that makes your life harder or takes away your benefits, they are '损害' your interests (利益). You might also hear it in the news when they talk about the environment. For example, 'pollution damages the air.' In Chinese: '污染损害空气质量.' It's a step up from basic vocabulary and helps you sound more serious and precise. When you use '损害', you are focusing on the negative effect something has on another thing's quality or value. It's a great word to add to your 'cause and effect' vocabulary list.

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At the B1 level, '损害' (sǔnhài) is a key vocabulary word. You should be able to use it comfortably in both speaking and writing, especially when discussing social issues, health, and professional environments. You'll notice that '损害' often appears with specific nouns like '名誉' (reputation), '利益' (interests), and '环境' (environment). At this level, you should also understand the difference between '损害' and '伤害' (shānghài). While '伤害' is often about emotional or physical pain (like hurting someone's feelings), '损害' is about the impairment of a system or a status. For instance, if you lie about a friend, you '伤害' their feelings, but you '损害' their reputation. You should also be familiar with the phrase '损害赔偿' (compensation for damages), which is common in news and legal contexts. Using '损害' correctly shows that you can handle formal topics and express the idea of 'harm' with nuance. It's a versatile verb that fits perfectly into essays about the pros and cons of technology, environmental protection, or healthy lifestyles.

At the B2 level, you are expected to use '损害' (sǔnhài) with precision in academic and professional contexts. You should be able to use it as both a verb and a noun. For example, '造成了严重的损害' (caused serious damage). You should also be aware of its collocations with abstract concepts like '威信' (prestige), '主权' (sovereignty), and '公信力' (public credibility). At this level, you should be able to analyze how '损害' functions in complex sentences, such as those using the '被' construction or '受到' (shòudào). For example: '公司的声誉受到了严重损害' (The company's reputation suffered serious damage). You should also be able to distinguish it from '危害' (wēihài), which implies a threat or danger, and '损失' (sǔnshī), which refers to a quantitative loss. B2 learners should use '损害' to describe the negative impacts of policies, economic trends, or social behaviors. It is a word that adds a layer of formality and authority to your speech and writing, making it essential for passing higher-level exams and participating in professional discussions in Chinese.

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At the C1 level, '损害' (sǔnhài) is a word you should not only use correctly but also understand in its most subtle legal and philosophical applications. You will encounter it in legal codes, high-level political discourse, and academic journals. At this level, you should be familiar with specific legal terms like '侵权损害' (tortious damage) and '精神损害' (moral/psychological damage). You should be able to discuss the nuances of '损害' in the context of international law or economic theory, where it might refer to the impairment of market efficiency or the erosion of diplomatic trust. Your usage should reflect an understanding of the word's formal register. For instance, instead of saying 'doing this is bad for the country,' a C1 learner would say '此举损害了国家的核心利益' (This move damages the core interests of the country). You should also be able to use '损害' in sophisticated rhetorical structures, perhaps pairing it with its antonyms to highlight a conflict of interest. At C1, '损害' is no longer just a word for 'damage'; it is a tool for precise analytical expression in various professional fields.

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At the C2 level, your mastery of '损害' (sǔnhài) should be indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. you should be able to use it in the most formal written styles, such as '公文' (official documents) and '学术论文' (academic papers). You should understand its historical development and how it fits into the broader landscape of Chinese synonyms for 'harm' and 'loss.' At this level, you can use '损害' to describe extremely abstract or systemic issues, such as '损害了法律的尊严' (damaged the dignity of the law) or '损害了社会的公平正义' (damaged the social fairness and justice). You should be able to navigate the complexities of '损害赔偿' in various legal systems and discuss the philosophical implications of '损害' in ethics. Your ability to use '损害' should extend to creative writing as well, where you might use it metaphorically to describe the erosion of time or the decay of an ideal. At C2, '损害' is a versatile instrument in your linguistic repertoire, used with absolute precision to convey gravity, formality, and analytical depth in any given context.

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损害 in 30 Sekunden

损害 (sǔnhài) is a formal verb meaning 'to damage' or 'to harm' abstract things like health, interests, or reputation.
It is composed of '损' (loss) and '害' (harm), implying a reduction in value or quality.
Commonly used in legal, medical, and news contexts to describe serious negative impacts.
Distinguish it from '伤害' (personal/emotional pain) and '破坏' (physical destruction/breaking).

The Chinese word 损害 (sǔnhài) is a sophisticated verb that translates to 'to damage,' 'to harm,' or 'to impair.' It is a compound word consisting of 损 (sǔn), meaning to decrease or lose, and 害 (hài), meaning harm or evil. Together, they describe an action that reduces the value, quality, or integrity of something, whether it be a physical object, a person's health, or an abstract concept like a reputation or national interest.

Core Concept: The essence of 损害 lies in the negative impact on the utility or status of the target. It is not just about breaking something; it is about the resulting loss of value or function.

长时间看手机会损害视力。(Long-term phone use will damage your eyesight.)

In a broader sense, 损害 is frequently used in legal and formal contexts. When we talk about 'damages' in a lawsuit, we are referring to the 损害 experienced by the plaintiff. This can range from 经济损害 (jīngjì sǔnhài)—economic damage—to 名誉损害 (míngyù sǔnhài)—damage to reputation. The word carries a weight of seriousness; you wouldn't typically use it for a minor scratch on a toy, but rather for significant harm that requires attention or compensation.

Abstract Application: It often targets intangible things like 'interests' (利益), 'prestige' (威信), or 'health' (健康). If an action makes these things worse, 损害 is the appropriate verb.

这种行为损害了公司的利益。(This behavior damaged the company's interests.)

Furthermore, 损害 is often paired with specific objects in formal Chinese. For instance, in environmental discussions, we speak of 损害生态环境 (sǔnhài shēngtài huánjìng). In international relations, one might hear about 损害国家主权 (sǔnhài guójiā zhǔquán)—damaging national sovereignty. The versatility of the word across different domains—from medicine to law to politics—makes it a cornerstone of intermediate and advanced Chinese vocabulary.

环境污染严重损害了当地居民的健康。(Environmental pollution has seriously damaged the health of local residents.)

Usage Note: While '破坏' (pòhuài) implies destruction or breaking, '损害' implies a negative impact or impairment. You '破坏' a bridge, but you '损害' your health.

不要做任何损害他人名誉的事。(Do not do anything that damages others' reputations.)

过度的压力会损害心理健康。(Excessive stress can damage mental health.)

Using 损害 (sǔnhài) correctly requires understanding its grammatical flexibility and its typical collocations. As a verb, it usually takes a direct object that represents something valuable or functional. It is rarely used for trivial physical damage (like a scratch on a pen) and is instead reserved for systemic or significant harm.

Common Objects: 1. Health (健康), 2. Interests (利益), 3. Reputation (名誉), 4. Environment (环境), 5. Relationship (关系).

In a sentence, 损害 often follows an adverb of degree like 严重 (yánzhòng - seriously), 极大 (jídà - greatly), or 不可逆转地 (bùkě nìzhuǎn de - irreversibly). This emphasizes the extent of the harm. For example, '严重损害' is a very common phrase in news reports.

工厂的废水严重损害了河流的生态系统。(The factory's wastewater has seriously damaged the river's ecosystem.)

It can also function as a noun in formal contexts, meaning 'damage' or 'harm' itself. For instance, 造成损害 (zàochéng sǔnhài) means 'to cause damage.' This is standard in legal and insurance documents where the specific nature of the harm must be categorized.

Sentence Structure: [Subject] + [损害] + [Object]. Example: 这种药物损害了肝脏 (This medicine damaged the liver).

他的言论损害了两国之间的友好关系。(His remarks damaged the friendly relations between the two countries.)

In professional writing, you will often see 损害 used in the passive voice or with the '被' (bèi) construction, though it is more common in the active voice. For example, '利益受到损害' (interests suffered damage) is a standard way to express that someone's rights were infringed upon.

消费者的权益不应受到损害。(Consumers' rights and interests should not be damaged.)

Professional Context: In business, '损害公司形象' (damaging the company image) is a serious charge often found in employment contracts.

任何损害集体利益的行为都是不允许的。(Any behavior that damages the collective interest is not allowed.)

长期熬夜会损害免疫系统。(Staying up late for a long time will damage the immune system.)

You will encounter 损害 (sǔnhài) in various formal and semi-formal settings. It is a staple of news broadcasts, legal proceedings, medical consultations, and corporate communications. Understanding the context helps in grasping the gravity of the word.

News & Media: Journalists use it to describe the impact of policies, scandals, or natural disasters. '损害国家形象' (damaging the national image) is a frequent headline.

In the legal world, the term 损害赔偿 (sǔnhài péicháng) is essential. If you are watching a legal drama or reading a contract, this term refers to the compensation paid for harm caused. It covers both physical damage and economic loss.

法院判决被告支付十万元的损害赔偿金。(The court ordered the defendant to pay 100,000 yuan in damages.)

In medical contexts, doctors use 损害 to describe the impairment of organs or bodily functions. You might hear about 肝损害 (gān sǔnhài - liver damage) or 神经损害 (shénjīng sǔnhài - nerve damage) in a diagnosis.

Medical Context: It describes the functional decline of an organ. '这种病毒会损害肺部功能' (This virus will damage lung function).

吸烟对肺部造成的损害是巨大的。(The damage caused by smoking to the lungs is enormous.)

In corporate environments, 损害 is used in discussions about brand equity and market share. A PR crisis is often described as something that 损害了品牌声誉 (damaged the brand reputation). It is also used in internal policies regarding conflict of interest.

这次丑闻严重损害了该品牌的诚信度。(This scandal seriously damaged the brand's integrity.)

Environmental Discussions: Used to describe the impact of human activity on nature. '损害生物多样性' (damaging biodiversity).

过度捕捞会损害海洋生态平衡。(Overfishing will damage the marine ecological balance.)

不公平的竞争会损害市场秩序。(Unfair competition will damage market order.)

While 损害 (sǔnhài) is a versatile word, learners often confuse it with other words that mean 'harm' or 'damage,' such as 伤害 (shānghài), 破坏 (pòhuài), and 损失 (sǔnshī). Distinguishing these is key to sounding natural.

损害 vs. 伤害: '伤害' (shānghài) is usually used for physical injuries to people or emotional hurt. '损害' is for the impairment of functions, interests, or reputations. You '伤害' someone's feelings, but you '损害' their reputation.

Another common error is using 损害 for simple physical destruction. For that, 破坏 (pòhuài) is better. 破坏 implies breaking or destroying something (like a building or a plan), whereas 损害 implies a loss of value or health. You '破坏' a wall, but you '损害' your health by working too hard.

错误: 他损害了我的杯子。(Incorrect: He damaged my cup - use 弄坏 or 破坏 instead.)

Learners also confuse 损害 (sǔnhài) with 损失 (sǔnshī). 损害 is a verb (to damage) or a noun (harm), while 损失 is primarily a noun (loss) or a verb meaning 'to lose' (usually money or troops). If you lose money in the stock market, that is a 损失, not a 损害.

损害 vs. 损失: '损害' focuses on the act of harming/impairing. '损失' focuses on the resulting loss (especially quantitative loss like money or time).

这次火灾造成了巨大的经济损失。(The fire caused huge economic losses - not 损害.)

Lastly, be careful with the object. You cannot '损害' a person directly in the sense of hitting them; you '损害' their 健康 (health) or 名誉 (reputation). To say 'he damaged me' in Chinese using 损害, you must specify what part of 'you' was damaged.

错误: 这种药损害了我。(Incorrect: This medicine damaged me - specify '损害了我的健康'.)

Collocation Error: Avoid using 损害 with small, everyday objects. It sounds overly dramatic or grammatically awkward.

正确: 谣言损害了他的声誉。(Correct: Rumors damaged his reputation.)

这种做法会损害长期的合作关系。(This practice will damage the long-term cooperative relationship.)

Understanding the nuances between 损害 (sǔnhài) and its synonyms will elevate your Chinese proficiency. Here is a detailed comparison of words often confused with 损害.

伤害 (shānghài): Focuses on physical or emotional pain inflicted on a person or animal. Example: 伤害感情 (hurt feelings).
破坏 (pòhuài): Focuses on the destruction of structures, systems, or rules. Example: 破坏公物 (destroy public property).
损伤 (sǔnshāng): Often used for physical trauma or wear and tear, especially in medical or technical contexts. Example: 肌肉损伤 (muscle strain/damage).
危害 (wēihài): Focuses on the danger or jeopardy posed to something. Example: 危害国家安全 (endanger national security).

While 损害 and 伤害 both mean 'harm,' 损害 is more objective and formal, often dealing with functional impairment. 伤害 is more personal and subjective. For example, if a company pollutes a river, they 损害 the environment (impairing its function) and 伤害 the local people's health (causing physical suffering).

对比: 这种药损害了肝脏 (impaired the liver) vs. 这种药伤害了他的身体 (hurt his body).

When compared to 破坏, 损害 is less 'violent.' 破坏 often implies a total breakdown or a deliberate act of vandalism. 损害 can be a side effect or a gradual decline. You 破坏 a marriage (break it up), but you 损害 a relationship (make it worse/weaker).

Summary Table: 损害: Impairment/Loss of value. 伤害: Pain/Injury. 破坏: Destruction/Violation. 危害: Danger/Jeopardy.

吸烟危害健康 (Smoking endangers health) vs. 吸烟损害了肺部 (Smoking damaged the lungs).

不要因为眼前的利益而损害长远的发展。(Don't damage long-term development for short-term interests.)

How Formal Is It?

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Wichtige Grammatik

The use of '会' for future consequences.

The '受到' passive construction.

Adverbial modifiers like '严重' and '极大'.

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Beispiele nach Niveau

吸烟损害健康。

Smoking damages health.

Simple Subject + Verb + Object structure.

不要损害你的眼睛。

Don't damage your eyes.

Negative imperative '不要' + Verb + Object.

这会损害牙齿。

This will damage teeth.

Use of '会' to indicate future possibility.

他在损害公物。

He is damaging public property.

Progressive aspect '在' + Verb.

这种水损害身体。

This water damages the body.

Simple declarative sentence.

大雨损害了花。

The heavy rain damaged the flowers.

Verb + '了' for completed action.

别损害小草。

Don't damage the grass.

Informal imperative '别'.

这药会损害胃。

This medicine will damage the stomach.

Subject + '会' + Verb + Object.

经常熬夜会损害你的皮肤。

Staying up late often will damage your skin.

Adverbial phrase '经常熬夜' as the subject.

这种行为损害了班级的名誉。

This behavior damaged the class's reputation.

Abstract object '名誉'.

噪音损害了我们的听力。

The noise damaged our hearing.

Verb + '了' + possessive object.

不要做损害他人利益的事。

Don't do things that damage others' interests.

Relative clause '损害他人利益的' modifying '事'.

这种化学品会损害环境。

This chemical will damage the environment.

Future possibility with '会'.

过度的压力损害了他的健康。

Excessive stress damaged his health.

Abstract subject '压力'.

不好的习惯会损害成功。

Bad habits will damage success.

Abstract cause and effect.

这种做法损害了我们的关系。

This practice damaged our relationship.

Focus on interpersonal impact.

虚假广告损害了消费者的利益。

False advertising damaged the interests of consumers.

Formal subject and object.

这种丑闻严重损害了政府的形象。

This scandal seriously damaged the government's image.

Use of the adverb '严重' (seriously).

任何损害国家主权的行为都是不可接受的。

Any act that damages national sovereignty is unacceptable.

Complex subject with a relative clause.

他因为损害公物而被罚款。

He was fined for damaging public property.

Passive construction '因为...而被...'.

为了短期利益而损害长期发展是不明智的。

It is unwise to damage long-term development for short-term interests.

Contrastive structure '为了...而...'.

污染正在损害该地区的生物多样性。

Pollution is damaging the biodiversity of the region.

Continuous aspect '正在'.

法院要求他赔偿所造成的损害。

The court required him to compensate for the damage caused.

Noun usage of '损害'.

不公平的竞争会损害整个行业的健康发展。

Unfair competition will damage the healthy development of the entire industry.

Abstract object '健康发展'.

该政策如果实施，可能会损害小企业的生存空间。

If implemented, this policy might damage the survival space of small businesses.

Conditional '如果...可能会...'.

这种言论极大地损害了他的个人威信。

Such remarks greatly damaged his personal prestige.

Adverb '极大地' (greatly).

过度开采资源会损害子孙后代的利益。

Over-exploitation of resources will damage the interests of future generations.

Temporal scope '子孙后代'.

该药品的副作用可能会损害患者的神经系统。

The side effects of the drug may damage the patient's nervous system.

Scientific/Medical context.

这种不负责任的行为损害了社会的公信力。

This irresponsible behavior damaged the social credibility.

Abstract noun '公信力'.

我们必须采取措施防止环境受到进一步损害。

We must take measures to prevent the environment from being further damaged.

Passive structure '受到...损害'.

任何损害集体荣誉的行为都应受到谴责。

Any behavior that damages collective honor should be condemned.

Modal verb '应' (should).

贸易战损害了两国消费者的实际购买力。

The trade war damaged the actual purchasing power of consumers in both countries.

Economic context.

这种做法无疑会损害法律的严肃性和权威性。

This practice will undoubtedly damage the seriousness and authority of the law.

Formal academic tone.

他因涉嫌损害商业秘密而被起诉。

He was prosecuted for allegedly damaging trade secrets.

Legal terminology '涉嫌' and '商业秘密'.

该项研究指出，长期暴露在噪音中会损害认知功能。

The study pointed out that long-term exposure to noise damages cognitive function.

Reporting a research finding.

这种排外心理损害了国际间的文化交流。

This xenophobic mentality damaged international cultural exchange.

Sociological analysis.

企业不应为了追求利润而损害员工的身心健康。

Enterprises should not damage the physical and mental health of employees for the sake of profit.

Ethical/Corporate responsibility context.

这种制度性的缺陷严重损害了行政效率。

This institutional defect seriously damaged administrative efficiency.

Political science context.

任何形式的歧视都会损害社会的公平正义。

Any form of discrimination will damage social fairness and justice.

Philosophical/Social justice context.

原告要求被告就其名誉损害进行公开道歉。

The plaintiff demanded the defendant make a public apology for the damage to their reputation.

Legal noun usage.

这种急功近利的做法，本质上是在损害国家发展的根基。

This short-sighted approach is essentially damaging the foundation of national development.

High-level metaphorical language.

在处理国际争端时，不应采取损害他国正当权益的手段。

In dealing with international disputes, means that damage the legitimate rights and interests of other countries should not be adopted.

Diplomatic/Formal register.

网络谣言的泛滥，不仅损害了个人的名誉，更损害了社会的诚信体系。

The proliferation of online rumors not only damages individual reputations but also damages the social credit system.

Correlative conjunction '不仅...更...'.

法律应当严厉打击任何损害未成年人身心健康的犯罪行为。

The law should severely crack down on any criminal acts that damage the physical and mental health of minors.

Legal/Policy directive.

这种排他性的贸易协议，可能会损害全球多边贸易体制的稳定性。

This exclusive trade agreement may damage the stability of the global multilateral trading system.

Economic/Geopolitical analysis.

文化霸权主义会损害世界文化的多样性和丰富性。

Cultural hegemonism will damage the diversity and richness of world cultures.

Critical theory context.

该项技术若被误用，将对人类的隐私权造成不可估量的损害。

If misused, this technology will cause immeasurable damage to human privacy rights.

Future conditional with '若...将...'.

在追求经济增长的同时，我们决不能以损害生态环境为代价。

While pursuing economic growth, we must never do so at the cost of damaging the ecological environment.

Fixed expression '以...为代价'.

Synonyme

破坏伤害损伤危害

Gegenteile

保护维护修复

Häufige Kollokationen

损害健康 (damage health)

损害利益 (damage interests)

损害名誉 (damage reputation)

损害形象 (damage image)

损害关系 (damage relationship)

损害环境 (damage environment)

严重损害 (seriously damage)

造成损害 (cause damage)

受到损害 (suffer damage)

不可逆转的损害 (irreversible damage)

Häufige Phrasen

损害赔偿 (damages/compensation)

损害公物 (damage public property)

精神损害 (moral damage)

经济损害 (economic damage)

名誉损害 (reputation damage)

利益损害 (interest damage)

身体损害 (bodily harm)

功能损害 (functional impairment)

生态损害 (ecological damage)

权利损害 (damage to rights)

Wird oft verwechselt mit

损害 vs 伤害 (shānghài) - focus on pain/injury

损害 vs 破坏 (pòhuài) - focus on destruction

损害 vs 损失 (sǔnshī) - focus on quantitative loss

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"损人利己 (sǔn rén lì jǐ) - to harm others to benefit oneself"

"损兵折将 (sǔn bīng zhé jiàng) - to suffer heavy losses in troops and generals"

"为害不浅 (wéi hài bù qiǎn) - to cause no small harm"

"自损八百 (zì sǔn bā bǎi) - to hurt oneself significantly while attacking others"

"伤天害理 (shāng tiān hài lǐ) - to do things that outrage nature and reason"

"有害无益 (yǒu hài wú yì) - harmful and not beneficial"

"损名丧德 (sǔn míng sàng dé) - to ruin one's reputation and lose one's virtue"

"因小失大 (yīn xiǎo shī dà) - to lose the big for the small"

"两败俱伤 (liǎng bài jù shāng) - both sides suffer"

"毁誉参半 (huǐ yù cān bàn) - mixed praise and blame"

Leicht verwechselbar

损害 vs

Satzmuster

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So verwendest du es

Verb vs Noun

Can be both, but more common as a verb.

Object restriction

Usually takes abstract or systemic objects.

Häufige Fehler

Using it for small physical items (e.g., '损害了我的笔').
Confusing it with '伤害' for emotional feelings.
Using it instead of '损失' for monetary loss.
Forgetting that it's a formal word and using it in very casual slang.
Misplacing the object in a '受到' construction.

Tipps

Formal Contexts

Use '损害' in your HSK essays to sound more professional when discussing problems.

Health First

The most common use for beginners is '损害健康' (damage health).

Legal Terms

In law, '损害' refers to the harm itself, while '赔偿' is the money paid for it.

Passive Voice

Remember the pattern '受到损害' (to suffer damage).

Word Family

Learn '损失' (loss) alongside '损害' to see the difference in usage.

Abstract Objects

Always check if your object is abstract (reputation, interests) before using '损害'.

Tone Accuracy

Make sure the third tone in '损' is deep and low.

News Keywords

When you hear '损害' on the news, listen for what follows to know what was harmed.

Subtract Harm

Think: 损 (Subtract) + 害 (Harm) = Damage that reduces value.

Face and Reputation

In China, '损害名誉' is a very serious accusation.

Einprägen

Wortherkunft

Kultureller Kontext

损害赔偿 is a standard term in the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China.

The concept of '损人利己' is a major moral taboo in Confucian ethics.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Gesprächseinstiege

"你觉得过度使用社交媒体会损害心理健康吗？"

"什么样的行为会损害一个人的名誉？"

"如果你的利益受到了损害，你会怎么办？"

"你认为环境污染对我们的生活造成了哪些损害？"

"在工作中，什么样的事情会损害团队的合作？"

Tagebuch-Impulse

写一写你曾经因为某种坏习惯而损害健康的经历。

讨论一下网络谣言是如何损害社会诚信的。

如果你是一家公司的经理，你会如何防止员工的行为损害公司形象？

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

No, for a broken phone, use '弄坏' (nòng huài) or '损坏' (sǔnhuài - similar but slightly different). 损害 is usually for abstract things or health.

伤害 is for physical pain or emotional hurt to a person. 损害 is for the impairment of a system, status, or function (like reputation or health).

Yes, it is quite formal and commonly used in news, law, and professional writing.

You use '损害赔偿' (sǔnhài péicháng).

Yes, it can mean 'damage' or 'harm' as a noun, e.g., '造成损害'.

No, if you mean 'break my heart', use '伤了我的心'. 损害 is not used for emotional heartbreak.

Common adverbs include 严重 (seriously), 极大 (greatly), and 故意 (intentionally).

Yes, '损害环境' or '损害生态系统' are very common phrases.

Common opposites are 保护 (protect) or 维护 (maintain/safeguard).

No. 损害 is the act of harming/impairing. 损失 is the resulting loss (usually money or quantity).

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