B2 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read Medio

Indirect Speech (Непряка реч) - Introduction

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Indirect speech turns direct quotes into 'that' clauses, shifting pronouns and perspectives while keeping the original message intact.

  • Use 'че' (that) to connect the reporting verb to the statement: Той каза, че е гладен.
  • Shift pronouns to match the new speaker's perspective: 'Аз' (I) usually becomes 'той/тя' (he/she).
  • Use 'дали' (whether) for yes/no questions and 'да' (to) for commands or requests.
👤 + 🗣️ (каза/пита) + 🔗 (че/дали/да) + 💬 (променено изречение)

Common Reporting Verbs (Present Tense)

Verb (BG) Translation Followed by... Usage
Казвам
To say
че / да / дали
General reporting
Питам
To ask
дали / въпр. дума
Questions
Мисля
To think
че
Opinions
Твърдя
To claim
че
Strong statements
Моля
To ask/beg
да
Requests
Заповядвам
To command
да
Orders
Обяснявам
To explain
че
Clarifications
Обещавам
To promise
че / да
Commitments

Meanings

Indirect speech is a grammatical mechanism used to report the content of someone else's statement, question, or command without quoting them word-for-word. It integrates the original speech into the reporter's own sentence structure.

1

Reporting Statements

Using the conjunction 'че' to relay factual information or opinions shared by another person.

“Той сподели, че проектът е завършен.”

“Те твърдят, че не са знаели за промяната.”

2

Reporting Questions

Using 'дали' or question words (кой, кога, къде) to relay an inquiry made by someone else.

“Тя ме попита дали искам кафе.”

“Иван попита кога започва филмът.”

3

Reporting Commands/Requests

Using the particle 'да' to relay an order, advice, or a plea.

“Лекарят ми каза да пия повече вода.”

“Шефът ни помоли да останем до по-късно.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Indirect Speech (Непряка реч) - Introduction
Direct Speech Indirect Speech Key Change
'Аз съм тук.'
Той каза, че е там.
Pronoun (Аз -> Той)
'Къде си?'
Тя ме попита къде съм.
Question word remains
'Ела!'
Той ми каза да отида.
Imperative -> 'да' clause
'Обичаш ли ме?'
Той ме попита дали го обичам.
Yes/No -> 'дали'
'Ние ще дойдем.'
Те казаха, че ще дойдат.
Pronoun (Ние -> Те)
'Това е моята книга.'
Тя каза, че това е нейната книга.
Possessive (Моята -> Нейната)
'Не пушете!'
Той ни каза да не пушим.
Negative command -> 'да не'
'Ще вали ли?'
Тя попита дали ще вали.
Future question -> 'дали'

Espectro de formalidad

Formal
Той заяви, че ще присъства.

Той заяви, че ще присъства. (Reporting someone's arrival)

Neutral
Той каза, че ще дойде.

Той каза, че ще дойде. (Reporting someone's arrival)

Informal
Вика, че идва.

Вика, че идва. (Reporting someone's arrival)

Jerga
Разправя, че ще набие преса.

Разправя, че ще набие преса. (Reporting someone's arrival)

The Indirect Speech Bridge

Indirect Speech

Statements

  • че that

Questions

  • дали whether
  • кой/кога who/when

Commands

  • да to

Direct vs. Indirect

Direct Speech
Аз съм гладен. I am hungry.
Indirect Speech
Той каза, че е гладен. He said that he is hungry.

Choosing the Conjunction

1

Is it a statement?

YES
Use 'че'
NO
Go to next
2

Is it a Yes/No question?

YES
Use 'дали'
NO
Go to next
3

Is it a command?

YES
Use 'да'
NO
Use question word

Reporting Verbs by Function

ℹ️

Information

  • казвам
  • съобщавам
  • обяснявам

Inquiry

  • питам
  • се интересувам
  • запитвам
🎬

Action

  • моля
  • заповядвам
  • съветвам

Ejemplos por nivel

1

Той каза, че е гладен.

He said that he is hungry.

2

Тя казва, че работи.

She says that she is working.

3

Мама каза, че идва.

Mom said that she is coming.

4

Иван каза, че е тук.

Ivan said that he is here.

1

Той ме попита дали съм добре.

He asked me if I am okay.

2

Тя ми каза да чакам.

She told me to wait.

3

Учителят каза, че нямаме домашно.

The teacher said that we don't have homework.

4

Попитах го кога ще дойде.

I asked him when he will come.

1

Той обеща, че ще ми помогне утре.

He promised that he will help me tomorrow.

2

Тя обясни, че не е разбрала въпроса.

She explained that she hadn't understood the question.

3

Лекарят ме посъветва да спра да пуша.

The doctor advised me to stop smoking.

4

Те ни помолиха да не вдигаме шум.

They asked us not to make noise.

1

Директорът обяви, че проектът е бил одобрен.

The director announced that the project had been approved.

2

Тя се интересуваше дали бихме могли да се срещнем по-рано.

She was interested (wondered) if we could meet earlier.

3

Той отрече, че е взел парите без разрешение.

He denied that he had taken the money without permission.

4

Полицията ни предупреди да не пресичаме улицата тук.

The police warned us not to cross the street here.

1

Свидетелят твърдеше, че не бил видял нищо подозрително.

The witness claimed that he hadn't seen anything suspicious (renarrative).

2

В доклада се посочва, че икономиката щяла да се стабилизира догодина.

The report states that the economy would stabilize next year (renarrative).

3

Тя подметна, че може би не сме били съвсем искрени.

She hinted that perhaps we hadn't been entirely sincere.

4

Той се зачуди дали пък не са го подвели нарочно.

He wondered whether they might have misled him on purpose.

1

Авторът внушава, че истината е субективно понятие.

The author suggests that truth is a subjective concept.

2

Беше изтъкнато, че въпросните събития не кореспондирали с официалната версия.

It was pointed out that the events in question did not correspond with the official version.

3

Той се оправда с това, че обстоятелствата го били принудили да действа така.

He justified himself by saying that circumstances had forced him to act that way.

4

Министърът подчерта, че било от жизненоважно значение да се постигне консенсус.

The minister emphasized that it was of vital importance to reach a consensus.

Fácil de confundir

Indirect Speech (Непряка реч) - Introduction vs Че vs. Да

Learners often use 'че' when they should use 'да' for commands.

Indirect Speech (Непряка реч) - Introduction vs Дали vs. Ли

Mixing the direct question particle 'ли' with the indirect 'дали'.

Indirect Speech (Непряка реч) - Introduction vs Indicative vs. Renarrative

Not knowing when to use the special 'reported' verb forms.

Errores comunes

Той каза: Аз съм добре.

Той каза, че е добре.

In indirect speech, you must use 'че' and change the pronoun.

Тя каза че тя е тук.

Тя каза, че е тук.

Bulgarian often drops the subject pronoun if it's clear from the verb ending.

Иван каза че гладен.

Иван каза, че е гладен.

Don't forget the verb 'to be' (съм/е).

Той каза че идвам.

Той каза, че идва.

The verb must agree with the new subject (He), not the original (I).

Тя ме попита дали искам ли кафе.

Тя ме попита дали искам кафе.

Do not use 'ли' and 'дали' together.

Той ми каза че да дойда.

Той ми каза да дойда.

Commands use 'да', not 'че да'.

Майка ми каза да си измия зъбите ми.

Майка ми ми каза да си измия зъбите.

Use reflexive possessives (си) for your own body parts.

Той каза, че ще дойде днес (when reporting a week later).

Той каза, че ще дойде онзи ден.

Time markers must shift if the reporting happens much later.

Тя попита къде живея аз.

Тя ме попита къде живея.

Unnecessary use of the personal pronoun at the end of the sentence.

Той отрече че е видял го.

Той отрече, че го е видял.

Clitic placement (го) must be correct in the reported clause.

Той каза, че е бил там (when he actually was there).

Той каза, че е бил там / Той каза, че бил там.

Misusing the renarrative mood can imply you don't believe the speaker.

Директорът заяви да се спазват правилата.

Директорът заяви, че трябва да се спазват правилата.

The verb 'заявявам' usually takes 'че', not a direct 'да' command.

Patrones de oraciones

Той каза, че ___.

Тя ме попита дали ___.

Шефът ми каза да ___.

В новините съобщиха, че ___.

Real World Usage

Texting a friend constant

Той писа, че ще закъснее.

Job Interview common

Предишният ми шеф каза, че съм много организиран.

Ordering Food occasional

Тя попита дали може да сменим гарнитурата.

News Broadcast very common

Министърът обяви, че цените ще се стабилизират.

Doctor's Visit common

Лекарят ми каза да пия тези хапчета два пъти на ден.

Social Media Gossip very common

Видя ли, че тя е написала, че се мести в Лондон?

💡

The 'Dali' Trick

If you can answer a question with 'Yes' or 'No', use 'дали' to report it. If not, use the question word (who, where, when).
⚠️

Pronoun Pitfall

Always double-check your pronouns. If you don't change 'I' to 'He/She', you are reporting that YOU did the action!
🎯

Dropping 'Че'

In very fast, informal Bulgarian, people sometimes drop 'че', but as a learner, always keep it to sound more articulate and avoid confusion.
💬

The Gossip 'Вика'

In casual speech, use 'Той вика...' instead of 'Той каза...' to sound more like a native speaker when sharing a story.

Smart Tips

Check if it's a Yes/No question. If yes, use 'дали'. If it has a question word (who, what, etc.), use that word instead.

Тя попита: 'Имаш ли пари?' Тя попита дали имам пари.

This always indicates a command or a request. The verb following 'да' should be in the present tense, matching the person being told what to do.

Той ми каза че трябва да дойда. Той ми каза да дойда.

You still need to use 'че', but you don't change the pronoun 'аз'.

Казах: 'Ще дойда'. Казах, че ще дойда.

Use 'да не' followed by the verb.

Той каза: 'Не пуши!' Той ми каза да не пуша.

Pronunciación

Той каза, че [low] Е [high] тук.

Intonation of 'че'

The voice usually drops slightly in pitch on the conjunction 'че' and rises on the following key information.

da-LÌ

Dalì stress

The stress in 'дали' is on the second syllable (da-LÌ).

Reported Question

Попита ме кога ще дойда? ↘

The intonation falls at the end of an indirect question, unlike a direct one.

Memorízalo

Mnemotecnia

Remember the 'C-D-D' rule: Че for facts, Дали for doubts, Да for doing.

Asociación visual

Imagine a bridge connecting two people. On one side is the original speaker with a speech bubble. In the middle of the bridge stands a reporter holding a sign that says 'ЧЕ', 'ДАЛИ', or 'ДА'.

Rhyme

Когато някой нещо каже, 'че' връзката ще ни покаже. Ако пита 'да' или 'не', 'дали' сложи ти поне!

Story

Ivan is a gossip. He hears Maria say 'I love pizza.' He runs to Peter and says 'Maria said THAT (че) she loves pizza.' Then he hears Maria ask 'Is Peter here?' He runs to Peter and asks 'Maria asked WHETHER (дали) you are here.' Finally, Maria shouts 'Go away!' Ivan tells Peter 'Maria told you TO (да) go away.'

Word Web

чедалидаказапопитасподелиобясни

Desafío

Listen to a 1-minute news clip in Bulgarian and try to rewrite three sentences starting with 'Журналистът каза, че...'

Notas culturales

Bulgarian news anchors almost exclusively use the renarrative mood for indirect speech to maintain objective distance from the events they report.

In rural areas, indirect speech is often introduced with 'вика' (he/she calls/shouts) instead of 'каза' (said).

Reporting a request using 'да' is considered more polite than quoting a direct command.

Bulgarian indirect speech evolved from Old Church Slavonic, which used simple conjunctions like 'яко' (modern 'че').

Inicios de conversación

Какво ти каза шефът ти днес?

Какво казват хората за новия филм?

Попитай ме нещо за моите планове.

Разкажи ми една клюка, която чу наскоро.

Temas para diario

Write about a conversation you had yesterday. Report what the other person said.
Summarize a recent news article you read in Bulgarian.
Imagine you are a witness to a crime. Write your statement to the police reporting what you heard.
Write a dialogue where one person is trying to keep a secret but another person is reporting everything they say.

Errores comunes

Incorrect

Correcto


Incorrect

Correcto


Incorrect

Correcto


Incorrect

Correcto

Test Yourself

Choose the correct conjunction for a statement. Opción múltiple

Иван каза, ___ е уморен.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: че
We use 'че' to report a statement or a fact.
Correct the mistake in the reported question. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Тя ме попита дали искам ли кафе.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Тя ме попита дали искам кафе.
You cannot use 'дали' and 'ли' in the same sentence.
Fill in the correct pronoun.

Мария каза: 'Аз съм тук'. -> Мария каза, че ___ е там.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: тя
The pronoun 'аз' (I) shifts to 'тя' (she) to match Maria.
Report the command: 'Затвори прозореца!' Sentence Building

Той ми каза ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: да затворя прозореца
Commands are reported using the particle 'да'.
Match the direct speech to its indirect equivalent. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Къде съм, 2-Да отида, 3-Че е гладен
Questions keep the question word, commands use 'да', statements use 'че'.
Complete the report of the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

Петър: 'Ще дойдеш ли?' -> Петър ме попита ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: дали ще дойда
Yes/No questions use 'дали'.
Which conjunction follows 'Той ме помоли...' (He asked/begged me)? Grammar Sorting

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: да
Requests (моля) always take 'да'.
Transform to indirect speech: 'Ние не знаем.' Sentence Transformation

Те казаха, ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: че не знаят
Shift 'ние' to 'те' and use 'че'.

Score: /8

Ejercicios de practica

8 exercises
Choose the correct conjunction for a statement. Opción múltiple

Иван каза, ___ е уморен.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: че
We use 'че' to report a statement or a fact.
Correct the mistake in the reported question. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Тя ме попита дали искам ли кафе.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Тя ме попита дали искам кафе.
You cannot use 'дали' and 'ли' in the same sentence.
Fill in the correct pronoun.

Мария каза: 'Аз съм тук'. -> Мария каза, че ___ е там.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: тя
The pronoun 'аз' (I) shifts to 'тя' (she) to match Maria.
Report the command: 'Затвори прозореца!' Sentence Building

Той ми каза ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: да затворя прозореца
Commands are reported using the particle 'да'.
Match the direct speech to its indirect equivalent. Match Pairs

1. 'Къде си?' 2. 'Ела!' 3. 'Гладен съм.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Къде съм, 2-Да отида, 3-Че е гладен
Questions keep the question word, commands use 'да', statements use 'че'.
Complete the report of the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

Петър: 'Ще дойдеш ли?' -> Петър ме попита ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: дали ще дойда
Yes/No questions use 'дали'.
Which conjunction follows 'Той ме помоли...' (He asked/begged me)? Grammar Sorting

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: да
Requests (моля) always take 'да'.
Transform to indirect speech: 'Ние не знаем.' Sentence Transformation

Те казаха, ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: че не знаят
Shift 'ние' to 'те' and use 'че'.

Score: /8

Preguntas frecuentes (8)

No! Unlike English, if the situation is still true, you can keep the original tense. 'Той каза, че е гладен' is perfectly fine even if he said it an hour ago.

Use 'ли' for direct questions ('Искаш ли?'). Use 'дали' for indirect questions ('Попита ме дали искам'). Never use them together.

No, that's a common mistake. Commands and requests must use 'да'. 'Той ми каза да тръгвам' (He told me to leave).

It's a special set of verb forms used when you want to emphasize that you are reporting something you didn't see yourself. It's common in news and history books.

Just keep the question word! 'Къде живееш?' becomes 'Той ме попита къде живея.'

In formal writing, yes. In very casual speech, it's sometimes dropped, but it's better to use it to avoid sounding uneducated.

They usually shift to 'that' and 'there' (това -> онова, тук -> там), but only if the context of the reporter is different from the original speaker.

Yes, 'дали' is the Bulgarian equivalent of 'if' or 'whether' in reported questions.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English moderate

Reported Speech

Bulgarian doesn't always shift tenses backward.

Spanish high

Estilo indirecto

Spanish has more rigid tense sequence rules.

French moderate

Discours rapporté

French tense changes are more complex (e.g., Futur -> Conditionnel).

German low

Indirekte Rede

German uses a specific grammatical mood for almost all reported speech.

Japanese low

引用 (In'yō)

Japanese doesn't shift pronouns or tenses in the same way.

Arabic moderate

الكلام المنقول (al-kalam al-manqul)

Arabic uses different 'that' particles depending on the verb.

Chinese low

间接引语 (jiànjiē yǐnyǔ)

No conjunctions like 'че' are required in Chinese.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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