cientificamente en 30 segundos
- Means 'in a scientific manner'.
- Used for actions following scientific principles.
- Implies rigor, logic, and evidence-based methods.
- Common in research, academia, and science reporting.
- Meaning
- In a manner that is in accordance with scientific principles, methods, or standards.
- Usage
- This adverb is used to describe actions, processes, or findings that are based on rigorous observation, experimentation, and analysis, adhering to the established norms of scientific inquiry. It implies a level of objectivity, evidence-based reasoning, and systematic investigation. You'll often encounter it in academic papers, research reports, scientific discussions, and when evaluating the credibility of information or claims.
A pesquisa foi conduzida cientificamente, seguindo um protocolo rigoroso.
- Contexts
- It is frequently used when discussing:
- Experimental design and methodology
- Data analysis and interpretation
- The validity and reliability of findings
- Distinguishing between anecdotal evidence and scientific proof
- The process of peer review and scientific validation
- The development of theories and hypotheses
- The application of scientific knowledge in various fields
É crucial que os resultados sejam analisados cientificamente para evitar conclusões errôneas.
A hipótese foi testada cientificamente através de múltiplos experimentos.
- Core Structure
- 'Cientificamente' typically modifies verbs, indicating the manner in which an action is performed. It answers the question 'how?' in a scientific context.
O fenômeno foi estudado cientificamente para entender suas causas.
- Placement
- It usually follows the verb it modifies, though in some cases it can be placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis.
Cientificamente, a teoria proposta carece de evidências.
- Examples of Use
-
- The team approached the problem cientificamente, breaking it down into manageable parts. (A equipe abordou o problema cientificamente, dividindo-o em partes gerenciáveis.)
- The drug's effectiveness was evaluated cientificamente through a double-blind study. (A eficácia do medicamento foi avaliada cientificamente através de um estudo duplo-cego.)
- It is important to present findings cientificamente, with clear data and methodology. (É importante apresentar os resultados cientificamente, com dados e metodologia claros.)
- The historical event can be analyzed cientificamente using archaeological evidence. (O evento histórico pode ser analisado cientificamente usando evidências arqueológicas.)
- We need to ensure that the experiment is designed cientificamente to yield reliable results. (Precisamos garantir que o experimento seja projetado cientificamente para produzir resultados confiáveis.)
- The teacher explained the concept cientificamente, providing all the necessary details. (O professor explicou o conceito cientificamente, fornecendo todos os detalhes necessários.)
- The data was collected cientificamente and is ready for analysis. (Os dados foram coletados cientificamente e estão prontos para análise.)
- The observation was made cientificamente, noting every detail. (A observação foi feita cientificamente, anotando cada detalhe.)
- Academic and Research Settings
- This is where 'cientificamente' is most at home. You'll hear it in university lectures, scientific conferences, research labs, and in discussions among academics and students. It's used to describe the rigor of experiments, the validity of data, and the soundness of conclusions. For example, a professor might say, 'A nossa metodologia foi desenvolvida cientificamente para garantir a precisão dos resultados.' (Our methodology was developed scientifically to ensure the accuracy of the results.) It's also common in scientific publications and journals, where the adherence to scientific principles is paramount.
O estudo foi conduzido cientificamente e os resultados são robustos.
- Journalism and Media
- Science journalists and reporters often use 'cientificamente' when discussing new discoveries, health studies, or environmental reports. It lends credibility to the information being presented, distinguishing it from speculation or opinion. A news report might state, 'Novas evidências sugerem que a dieta pode afetar a saúde cientificamente comprovada.' (New evidence suggests that diet can affect health scientifically proven.) This usage helps the public understand that the information is based on research rather than anecdotal claims.
O governo está a investigar o impacto ambiental cientificamente.
- Professional and Technical Discussions
- In fields that draw heavily on scientific principles, such as medicine, engineering, technology, and even certain areas of social science, 'cientificamente' is used to emphasize a rigorous and evidence-based approach. A doctor might explain a treatment plan by saying, 'Este procedimento é cientificamente recomendado para o seu caso.' (This procedure is scientifically recommended for your case.) Similarly, an engineer might discuss a design choice as being 'cientificamente justificado' (scientifically justified).
A eficácia da vacina foi comprovada cientificamente.
- Confusing with 'científico' (adjective)
- A common error for learners is to use 'científico' (scientific) when they should use 'cientificamente' (scientifically). 'Científico' is an adjective and modifies nouns, describing something that pertains to science. 'Cientificamente' is an adverb and modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, describing how something is done. For example, you would say 'um estudo científico' (a scientific study), but you would say 'o estudo foi conduzido cientificamente' (the study was conducted scientifically).
Incorrecto: A análise foi feita científica.
Correcto: A análise foi feita cientificamente.
- Overuse or Misapplication
- Sometimes, learners might use 'cientificamente' when a simpler adverb or phrase would suffice, or when the action described isn't actually scientific in nature. This can make the sentence sound unnecessarily formal or even inaccurate. For instance, saying 'Ele comeu cientificamente' (He ate scientifically) would be odd unless there was a specific, scientifically-controlled diet involved. In most casual contexts, simply stating 'He ate healthily' or 'He ate with precision' would be more appropriate.
- Incorrect Verb Agreement (Less Common)
- While 'cientificamente' itself doesn't change, it's important that the verb it modifies is correctly conjugated. An error in verb conjugation might indirectly lead to a misunderstanding of how the adverb is being applied. However, this is more of a general grammar error than a specific mistake with the adverb itself.
Incorrecto: A hipótese foi provada cientificamente ontem.
Correcto: A hipótese foi testada cientificamente e os resultados foram conclusivos.
- Rigorousamente
- Meaning: Rigorously, strictly.
Comparison: While 'cientificamente' implies adherence to scientific methods, 'rigorosamente' emphasizes strictness, thoroughness, and precision in any process. You can rigorously follow a scientific method, but you can also rigorously follow a recipe or a set of instructions. 'Cientificamente' is more specific to the domain of science. - Example:
- O protocolo foi seguido rigorosamente. (The protocol was followed rigorously.)
O experimento foi conduzido cientificamente. (The experiment was conducted scientifically.)
- Metodicamente
- Meaning: Methodically, systematically.
Comparison: This adverb highlights an organized, step-by-step approach. Scientific work is inherently methodical, so 'metodicamente' often overlaps with 'cientificamente'. However, one can be methodical in non-scientific tasks, like organizing a library. 'Cientificamente' implies the *type* of method used (scientific), whereas 'metodicamente' describes the *way* it's applied (systematically). - Example:
- Ele organizou os dados metodicamente. (He organized the data methodically.)
A investigação foi conduzida cientificamente. (The investigation was conducted scientifically.)
- Objetivamente
- Meaning: Objectively, impartially.
Comparison: Objectivity is a cornerstone of scientific inquiry. When something is done 'cientificamente', it is almost always done 'objetivamente'. However, objectivity can be a goal in non-scientific fields too, like journalism or legal proceedings. 'Cientificamente' implies the entire scientific framework, while 'objetivamente' focuses on the absence of personal bias. - Example:
- O relatório apresentou os factos objetivamente. (The report presented the facts objectively.)
Os resultados devem ser interpretados cientificamente. (The results must be interpreted scientifically.)
- Based on Evidence / Evidence-Based
- Meaning: Based on evidence.
Comparison: This phrase functions similarly to 'cientificamente' in emphasizing that conclusions or actions are supported by data and facts. It's often used in fields like medicine ('medicina baseada em evidências') or policy-making. While 'cientificamente' implies the *process* of obtaining that evidence, 'based on evidence' focuses on the *result*. - Example:
- A abordagem é baseada em evidências. (The approach is evidence-based.)
A pesquisa foi conduzida cientificamente. (The research was conducted scientifically.)
How Formal Is It?
Dato curioso
The concept of 'scientia' in Latin was broader than modern 'science', encompassing all forms of knowledge and skill. The development of the scientific method in the Renaissance helped to refine this meaning towards empirical and experimental knowledge.
Guía de pronunciación
- Mispronouncing the 'ci' sound, often making it too short or like 'see'.
- Incorrect stress placement, putting it on the first or last syllable.
- Omitting or mispronouncing the final '-mente' sound.
Nivel de dificultad
Understanding 'cientificamente' requires familiarity with the concept of scientific methodology. While the word itself is not overly complex, its accurate interpretation depends on context and understanding what constitutes a scientific approach.
Qué aprender después
Requisitos previos
Aprende después
Avanzado
Gramática que debes saber
Adverb placement: Adverbs of manner like 'cientificamente' usually follow the verb they modify.
Ele analisou os dados cientificamente.
Agreement with adjectives: While 'cientificamente' is an adverb, its related adjective 'científico' must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
Um estudo científico (masculine singular), uma descoberta científica (feminine singular).
Use of infinitive with prepositions: When describing the purpose of an action, phrases like 'para ser feito cientificamente' are used.
O experimento foi planeado para ser feito cientificamente.
Emphasis with initial placement: Placing the adverb at the beginning of the sentence can add emphasis.
Cientificamente falando, a sua teoria precisa de mais provas.
Compound phrases: 'Cientificamente falando' acts as a discourse marker.
Cientificamente falando, o tempo não é linear.
Ejemplos por nivel
A nova teoria foi desenvolvida cientificamente, levando em consideração todas as pesquisas anteriores.
The new theory was developed scientifically, taking into account all previous research.
'Cientificamente' modifies the verb 'desenvolvida' (developed), indicating the manner in which the theory was created.
É essencial que os dados sejam recolhidos cientificamente para garantir a validade dos resultados.
It is essential that the data be collected scientifically to ensure the validity of the results.
'Cientificamente' modifies the verb 'recolhidos' (collected), emphasizing the scientific method used for data gathering.
O impacto do medicamento foi avaliado cientificamente em ensaios clínicos.
The impact of the medication was scientifically evaluated in clinical trials.
'Cientificamente' modifies the verb 'avaliado' (evaluated), highlighting the scientific nature of the assessment.
A equipa de arqueologia trabalhou cientificamente para desenterrar e preservar os artefactos.
The archaeology team worked scientifically to unearth and preserve the artifacts.
'Cientificamente' modifies the verb 'trabalhou' (worked), describing the scientific approach to excavation and preservation.
Precisamos de abordar este problema cientificamente, com base em factos e lógica.
We need to approach this problem scientifically, based on facts and logic.
'Cientificamente' modifies the verb 'abordar' (approach), indicating a scientific method for problem-solving.
A proposta foi apresentada cientificamente, com gráficos e estatísticas claras.
The proposal was presented scientifically, with clear charts and statistics.
'Cientificamente' modifies the verb 'apresentada' (presented), signifying a presentation that adheres to scientific standards.
As observações foram registadas cientificamente para posterior análise.
The observations were recorded scientifically for later analysis.
'Cientificamente' modifies the verb 'registadas' (recorded), emphasizing the systematic and scientific nature of the recording process.
O comportamento animal pode ser estudado cientificamente para entender melhor as suas interações.
Animal behavior can be studied scientifically to better understand their interactions.
'Cientificamente' modifies the verb 'estudado' (studied), denoting a scientific approach to ethology.
Sinónimos
Antónimos
Colocaciones comunes
Frases Comunes
— Conducted in a scientific manner.
O estudo foi conduzido cientificamente e os resultados são confiáveis.
— Analyzed according to scientific principles and methods.
Os dados foram analisados cientificamente para identificar padrões.
— Scientifically proven; verified by scientific evidence.
A relação entre o exercício e a saúde mental é comprovada cientificamente.
— Scientifically based; founded on scientific principles or evidence.
Esta terapia é baseada cientificamente em anos de pesquisa.
— Scientific approach.
A nossa abordagem a este problema é puramente científica.
— In a scientific way; scientifically.
É importante pensar sobre isso de forma científica.
Se confunde a menudo con
'Científico' is an adjective meaning 'scientific', used to describe nouns (e.g., um estudo científico). 'Cientificamente' is an adverb meaning 'scientifically', used to describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., estudado cientificamente).
'Ciência' is the noun meaning 'science' itself. 'Cientificamente' describes the manner in which something is done, relating to science.
While both end in '-mente', 'artificialmente' means 'artificially', implying something made by humans rather than occurring naturally. 'Cientificamente' refers to the method of science.
Fácil de confundir
Both words are derived from 'ciência' and share a similar root, leading to confusion between adjective and adverb usage.
'Científico' (adjective) describes a noun (e.g., 'um método científico'). 'Cientificamente' (adverb) describes how an action is performed (e.g., 'analisado cientificamente').
Este é um estudo <strong>científico</strong>. (This is a scientific study.) A análise foi realizada <strong>cientificamente</strong>. (The analysis was performed scientifically.)
Both relate to the process of gaining knowledge, often used in scientific contexts.
'Cientificamente' refers to the overall scientific method, including theory, hypothesis, and testing. 'Empiricamente' specifically refers to knowledge gained through observation and experience (empirical evidence).
A pesquisa foi conduzida <strong>cientificamente</strong>, e os resultados foram comprovados <strong>empiricamente</strong>. (The research was conducted scientifically, and the results were proven empirically.)
Scientific processes are typically methodical, creating an overlap in usage.
'Cientificamente' implies adherence to the principles of science. 'Metodicamente' emphasizes a systematic, organized, step-by-step approach, which can be applied to non-scientific tasks as well.
Ele seguiu o protocolo <strong>cientificamente</strong>. Ele organizou os dados <strong>metodicamente</strong>. (He followed the protocol scientifically. He organized the data methodically.)
Scientific work demands rigor, so the terms are often associated.
'Cientificamente' refers to the scientific method. 'Rigorosamente' emphasizes strictness, thoroughness, and precision, which can be applied to any process, not just scientific ones.
A experiência foi realizada <strong>cientificamente</strong>. O teste foi executado <strong>rigorosamente</strong>. (The experiment was performed scientifically. The test was executed rigorously.)
Objectivity is a key characteristic of scientific inquiry.
'Cientificamente' refers to the entire scientific framework. 'Objetivamente' specifically means without bias or personal feelings, focusing on facts. Scientific work is usually objective, but objectivity can be a goal in other fields too.
O relatório foi escrito <strong>cientificamente</strong>. As observações foram registadas <strong>objetivamente</strong>. (The report was written scientifically. The observations were recorded objectively.)
Patrones de oraciones
Subject + Verb + cientificamente.
A equipa <strong>analisou</strong> os resultados <strong>cientificamente</strong>.
Cientificamente + Adverb + Verb.
<strong>Cientificamente</strong>, a hipótese <strong>parece</strong> válida.
Ser + Adjective + cientificamente.
O método <strong>é</strong> comprovado <strong>cientificamente</strong>.
Ter + Noun + cientificamente.
O estudo <strong>tem</strong> uma abordagem <strong>cientificamente</strong> rigorosa.
É importante + Infinitive + cientificamente.
É importante que a pesquisa <strong>seja</strong> conduzida <strong>cientificamente</strong>.
Imperative + cientificamente.
<strong>Aborde</strong> o problema <strong>cientificamente</strong>.
Gerund + cientificamente.
<strong>Ao investigar</strong> o fenómeno <strong>cientificamente</strong>, descobrimos novas relações.
Participial phrase + cientificamente.
<strong>Tendo sido testado</strong> <strong>cientificamente</strong>, o produto é seguro.
Familia de palabras
Sustantivos
Verbos
Adjetivos
Relacionado
Cómo usarlo
medium-high in academic and scientific contexts, medium in general discourse.
-
Using 'científico' instead of 'cientificamente'.
→
A análise foi feita cientificamente.
The sentence needs an adverb to describe *how* the analysis was done. 'Científico' is an adjective and would describe a noun (e.g., 'análise científica').
-
Using 'cientificamente' for non-scientific actions.
→
Ele organizou a sua secretária metodicamente.
If the action is simply organized or precise but not based on scientific principles, 'cientificamente' might be too strong or inaccurate. 'Metodicamente' or 'rigorosamente' could be better.
-
Incorrect stress placement.
→
ci-EN-ti-fi-ca-men-te
The stress is on the second syllable ('ti'). Misplacing the stress can make the word difficult to understand. Practice saying it aloud.
-
Confusing with 'artificialmente'.
→
O estudo foi conduzido cientificamente, não artificialmente.
'Cientificamente' relates to the scientific method, while 'artificialmente' means 'artificially' or 'not naturally'. They have different meanings.
-
Overly casual use.
→
Ele seguiu a receita com muito cuidado.
Saying 'Ele seguiu a receita cientificamente' might sound odd unless there was a specific scientific experiment involved in recipe testing. For everyday tasks, simpler adverbs are usually preferred.
Consejos
Master the Stress
Remember that the stress in 'cientificamente' falls on the second syllable: 'ci-EN-ti-fi-ca-men-te'. Practicing this pronunciation will help you sound more natural and be understood clearly.
Adverb Placement
Typically, 'cientificamente' follows the verb it modifies. For example, 'O estudo foi conduzido cientificamente.' Placing it at the beginning can add emphasis, but use this sparingly: 'Cientificamente, a hipótese é sólida.'
Build Related Terms
Learning related words like 'ciência' (science), 'cientista' (scientist), and 'científico' (scientific) will reinforce your understanding and ability to use 'cientificamente' effectively.
Active Recall
After learning the word, try to create your own sentences using 'cientificamente' in different contexts. Test yourself by trying to explain a scientific concept or process using this adverb.
Compare and Contrast
When learning 'cientificamente', actively compare it with similar adverbs like 'empiricamente' or 'metodicamente'. Understanding their subtle differences will help you choose the most precise word for your intended meaning.
Real-World Examples
Seek out examples of 'cientificamente' in Portuguese news articles, scientific journals, or documentaries. Observing how native speakers use it in authentic situations is invaluable for grasping its nuances.
Avoid Adjective Confusion
A common mistake is confusing the adverb 'cientificamente' with the adjective 'científico'. Remember: 'científico' describes a noun (e.g., 'um resultado científico'), while 'cientificamente' describes how an action is done (e.g., 'analisado cientificamente').
Connect to Concepts
Link 'cientificamente' to core scientific concepts like hypothesis testing, data analysis, and peer review. This conceptual connection will make the word more meaningful and easier to remember.
Apply in Discussion
In discussions about research, health, or technology, consciously try to use 'cientificamente' when appropriate to convey that the topic is being discussed with factual accuracy and a basis in evidence.
Memorízalo
Mnemotecnia
Imagine a scientist meticulously 'tying' (ti) a complex knot in a piece of string. They are doing it 'scientifically' (cientificamente) to ensure it holds, carefully following a precise method.
Asociación visual
Picture a laboratory filled with beakers, microscopes, and charts, with a scientist in a lab coat carefully documenting their findings on a clipboard. The word 'cientificamente' is written in large, clear letters across the scene.
Word Web
Origen de la palabra
The word 'cientificamente' is derived from the Portuguese adjective 'científico', meaning 'scientific', which in turn comes from the Latin word 'scientia', meaning 'knowledge'. The suffix '-mente' is a common adverbial suffix in Portuguese, equivalent to '-ly' in English.
Significado original: Knowledge.
Indo-European > Italic > Latin > Romance > PortugueseContexto cultural
The term 'cientificamente' should be used accurately. Misrepresenting something as 'scientific' when it is not can be misleading and undermine the value of genuine scientific inquiry. It implies a level of proof and validation that should not be claimed lightly.
In English-speaking contexts, the equivalent 'scientifically' carries a very similar weight, emphasizing the use of the scientific method and empirical evidence. It is also used to lend authority and credibility to claims.
Practica en la vida real
Contextos reales
Scientific research papers
- analisado cientificamente
- conduzido cientificamente
- comprovado cientificamente
Medical and health discussions
- tratamento cientificamente provado
- abordagem cientificamente validada
- baseado cientificamente
Technological development
- projetado cientificamente
- desenvolvido cientificamente
- testado cientificamente
Educational explanations
- explicado cientificamente
- demonstrado cientificamente
- compreendido cientificamente
News reporting on discoveries
- descoberta cientificamente confirmada
- estudo cientificamente relevante
- impacto cientificamente medido
Inicios de conversación
"What scientific studies have you found interesting recently?"
"How do you think science influences our daily lives?"
"Can you think of an example where something was done scientifically?"
"What's the difference between a scientific fact and an opinion?"
"How can we ensure information is presented scientifically?"
Temas para diario
Describe a time you approached a problem using a logical and systematic method.
Reflect on a discovery or invention that you find particularly significant and why.
Consider a common belief and think about how it could be scientifically investigated.
Write about the importance of evidence-based decision-making in your life or work.
Imagine you are a scientist explaining your research to a non-expert; how would you ensure clarity and accuracy?
Preguntas frecuentes
10 preguntas'Científico' is an adjective meaning 'scientific' and modifies nouns. For example, 'um estudo científico' (a scientific study). 'Cientificamente' is an adverb meaning 'scientifically' and modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, describing how something is done. For example, 'o estudo foi conduzido cientificamente' (the study was conducted scientifically).
Use 'cientificamente' when you want to convey that an action, process, or finding adheres to the principles, methods, and standards of science. It implies objectivity, systematic investigation, and evidence-based reasoning. For instance, 'A teoria foi testada cientificamente.'
While it's more common in academic or formal contexts, 'cientificamente' can be used in everyday conversation to emphasize that something was done with particular care, precision, or based on logical reasoning, distinguishing it from a casual or arbitrary approach. However, overuse in informal settings might sound overly technical.
Depending on the nuance, you could use 'rigorosamente' (rigorously), 'metodicamente' (methodically), 'objetivamente' (objectively), or phrases like 'de forma científica' (in a scientific way) or 'com base em evidências' (based on evidence).
No, 'cientificamente' describes the *manner* in which something was done, not necessarily the success or correctness of the outcome. A study can be conducted 'cientificamente' but still yield inconclusive or even incorrect results if there were flaws in the hypothesis or execution, though the intention is to minimize such errors.
'Cientificamente' directly relates to the scientific method by describing actions that follow its principles. This includes systematic observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, and drawing conclusions based on evidence.
'Cientificamente' is generally considered neutral to formal. It is very common in academic, research, and technical writing and speech. In very informal settings, it might sound a bit too technical, but it's not inherently slang.
Yes, 'cientificamente' can be used to describe the approach to understanding or analyzing abstract concepts, provided that the approach involves logical reasoning, systematic analysis, and a basis in established knowledge or evidence. For example, 'O problema filosófico foi abordado cientificamente'.
The best way is to read scientific articles or news about science in Portuguese, paying attention to how 'cientificamente' is used. Then, try to incorporate it into your own writing or speaking when describing research, experiments, or evidence-based conclusions.
'Cientificamente' refers to a process grounded in empirical evidence, observation, and experimentation. 'Teoricamente' refers to something based on theory or hypothesis, which may not yet have been empirically tested or proven. Scientific work often starts theoretically and then moves to be tested 'cientificamente'.
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Summary
Use 'cientificamente' when an action or process adheres strictly to scientific methods, ensuring objectivity and empirical evidence.
- Means 'in a scientific manner'.
- Used for actions following scientific principles.
- Implies rigor, logic, and evidence-based methods.
- Common in research, academia, and science reporting.
Context is Key
Always ensure the context justifies the use of 'cientificamente'. If an action is merely organized or precise, 'metodicamente' or 'rigorosamente' might be more appropriate. 'Cientificamente' specifically implies adherence to scientific principles.
Master the Stress
Remember that the stress in 'cientificamente' falls on the second syllable: 'ci-EN-ti-fi-ca-men-te'. Practicing this pronunciation will help you sound more natural and be understood clearly.
Adverb Placement
Typically, 'cientificamente' follows the verb it modifies. For example, 'O estudo foi conduzido cientificamente.' Placing it at the beginning can add emphasis, but use this sparingly: 'Cientificamente, a hipótese é sólida.'
Build Related Terms
Learning related words like 'ciência' (science), 'cientista' (scientist), and 'científico' (scientific) will reinforce your understanding and ability to use 'cientificamente' effectively.
Ejemplo
A teoria foi cientificamente comprovada por vários estudos.
Contenido relacionado
Más palabras de academic
a despeito de
A2A pesar de; pese a. Es una locución prepositiva que indica concesión, similar a 'apesar de' pero más formal.
a fim
A2Locución que significa 'a fin de' o 'para'. Informalmente, significa 'tener ganas de' o 'estar interesado'.
a saber
A2A saber; es decir.
a título de exemplo
A2Una expresión formal que significa 'a modo de ejemplo'. Se utiliza en contextos académicos o profesionales.
abordagem
A2Un enfoque es una forma de tratar algo. Se refiere al método o estrategia que se utiliza. (El enfoque es la manera de abordar una situación.)
abordar
B1Abordar un tema o a una persona.
abreviar
B1To shorten (a word, phrase, or text).
abreviatura
B1A shortened form of a word or phrase.
abstração
B1The quality of dealing with ideas rather than events.
abstracto
B1Que existe en el pensamiento o como una idea, pero que no tiene una existencia física o concreta.
