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B2 noun #7,000 پرکاربردترین 10 دقیقه مطالعه

悖论

bèilùn رتبه 7,000

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 悖论 در ۳۰ ثانیه

توضیح 悖论 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '悖论' (bèilùn) is quite advanced. You can think of it as a very 'strange' or 'funny' problem where things don't make sense. Imagine saying 'I am not speaking right now.' That is a 悖论 because you are speaking! At this level, you don't need to use the word, but you can understand it as a 'logic puzzle.' It is a noun. You might hear it in a simple story about a person who says two things that cannot both be true. Just remember: it's like a 'wrong' sentence that might actually be 'right' in a weird way. It is much more difficult than words like 'big' or 'small.' If you see it, just know it means 'a very hard logic question.'

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For A2 learners, '悖论' is a word you might see in a science book for kids or a simple news story. It means 'paradox.' It's a situation where two ideas fight each other. For example, 'To get a job, you need to have worked before. But to work, you need a job.' This is a 悖论. In Chinese, we use it as a noun. You can say '这是一个悖论' (This is a paradox). It's a step up from '矛盾' (contradiction). While '矛盾' is just two things that are different, '悖论' is a special kind of 'smart' contradiction. Try to recognize it when people talk about time travel or difficult math problems.

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At the B1 level, you should start understanding the context where '悖论' appears. It's often used in discussions about science, philosophy, or social issues. It describes a logical impasse. For example, the 'Paradox of Choice'—having too many choices makes you unhappy. You can use it in sentences like '这听起来是一个悖论' (This sounds like a paradox). You should also distinguish it from '错误' (mistake). A 悖论 isn't necessarily a mistake; it's a logical loop. When you write essays about social problems, using '悖论' can help you describe complex situations where there is no easy answer because the logic itself is stuck.

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At the B2 level, '悖论' should be part of your active vocabulary for formal discussions. You should be able to use it to describe systemic contradictions. For instance, '节俭的悖论' (The Paradox of Thrift) in economics or '祖父悖论' (The Grandfather Paradox) in physics. You should understand that it's a noun and often pairs with verbs like '揭示' (reveal) or '产生' (produce). You should also be able to explain the difference between a 悖论 and a simple 矛盾 (contradiction). A B2 learner uses this word to show they can handle abstract concepts and move beyond concrete descriptions of daily life. It is a key word for academic Chinese.

For C1 learners, '悖论' is a tool for deep analysis. You should be able to discuss famous paradoxes like Zeno's Paradox or the Liar Paradox in Chinese. You should also recognize its use in literary criticism and advanced social theory. For example, discussing the 'Paradox of Modernity' or how a character's actions in a novel constitute a 'moral paradox.' You should be comfortable using it in various grammatical structures, such as '陷入了...的悖论' or '构成了一个深层悖论.' At this level, you should also be aware of related technical terms like '反论' (antinomy) and '佯谬' (a term sometimes used in physics for paradoxes that have a solution).

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At the C2 level, you use '悖论' with the precision of a native scholar. You can engage in complex debates about the ontological or epistemological implications of specific paradoxes. You understand the subtle nuances between '悖论,' '诡局' (deadlock/trap), and '反逻辑' (anti-logic). You can use the word to critique complex systems, perhaps discussing the 'Paradox of Globalization' in a political science context or the 'Paradox of the Infinite' in mathematics. Your usage should reflect an understanding that a 悖论 is often a starting point for new theoretical breakthroughs. You are expected to use it fluently in both high-level written academic papers and formal spontaneous speech.

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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

悖论 در ۳۰ ثانیه

悖论 (bèilùn) means paradox, a logical puzzle that seems to contradict itself.
It is a formal noun used in science, philosophy, and academic writing.
Commonly paired with verbs like '陷入' (fall into) or '揭示' (reveal).
Essential for discussing complex social issues and logical systems at a B2+ level.

The Chinese word 悖论 (bèilùn) is a sophisticated term primarily used in academic, philosophical, and logical contexts to describe a 'paradox.' At its core, a paradox is a statement or proposition that, despite sound reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory. However, the true depth of 悖论 lies in the fact that these contradictions often harbor a deeper truth or reveal fundamental flaws in our understanding of reality. In Chinese, the character '悖' (bèi) carries the meaning of being contrary to, going against, or perverting the natural order or reason. The character '论' (lùn) refers to a theory, discourse, or discussion. Together, they form a 'contrary discourse'—a concept that challenges our linear thinking and forces us to look beyond surface-level logic.

Logical Framework: In formal logic, a 悖论 occurs when a set of premises that seem obviously true lead to a contradiction. For example, the 'Liar Paradox' (说谎者悖论) where a person says 'I am lying.' If they are lying, they are telling the truth; if they are telling the truth, they are lying.
Scientific Application: In physics and mathematics, 悖论 are used to test the limits of theories. The 'Grandfather Paradox' (祖父悖论) in time travel discussions is a classic example used to illustrate the potential logical impossibilities of moving backward in time.
Social and Economic Use: In modern Chinese society, people use 悖论 to describe frustrating catch-22 situations. A common example is the 'Experience Paradox': you need work experience to get a job, but you need a job to get work experience.

这个逻辑中包含一个明显的悖论，我们无法同时满足这两个条件。(There is an obvious paradox in this logic; we cannot satisfy both conditions at the same time.)

时间旅行往往会引发复杂的悖论。(Time travel often triggers complex paradoxes.)

When you encounter this word in Chinese literature or media, it usually signals that the speaker is engaging in critical thinking. It is highly frequent in university lectures, science fiction discussions, and philosophical debates. In the business world, it might be used to describe the 'Paradox of Choice' (选择的悖论), where having too many options makes it harder for consumers to decide. Understanding 悖论 is essential for reaching a B2 or C1 level of Chinese proficiency because it allows you to discuss abstract concepts and systemic issues rather than just concrete facts.

节俭的悖论告诉我们，如果每个人都存钱，经济反而会衰退。(The paradox of thrift tells us that if everyone saves money, the economy will actually decline.)

这真是一个有趣的哲学悖论。(This is truly an interesting philosophical paradox.)

Etymology: The term was adapted into modern Chinese to translate Western logical concepts. '悖' (bèi) appears in ancient texts like the 'Analects' to mean rebellious or contrary to tradition, while '论' (lùn) provides the framework of a theoretical argument.

我们正处于一个发展的悖论中。(We are in a developmental paradox.)

Using 悖论 correctly requires understanding its grammatical role as a noun. It functions just like 'paradox' in English but is often embedded in specific Chinese sentence structures that emphasize the existence or the entrapment within a logical loop. Because it is a formal word, the surrounding vocabulary should ideally match its register. You will rarely hear it in very casual slang, but you will see it frequently in editorials, academic papers, and thoughtful social media posts.

Pattern 1: Noun Phrase: The most common way to use it is as a simple noun: '[Adjective/Possessive] + 悖论'. Example: '著名的悖论' (famous paradox) or '逻辑上的悖论' (logical paradox). This allows you to identify the specific type of paradox you are discussing.
Pattern 2: Verb + 悖论: To describe an action related to a paradox, use verbs like '陷入' (xiànrù - to fall into), '揭示' (jiēshì - to reveal), or '解释' (jiěshì - to explain). Example: '科学家揭示了这个物理学悖论' (Scientists revealed this physics paradox).

这是一个关于自由意志的悖论。(This is a paradox regarding free will.)

In more complex sentences, 悖论 can be used to link two opposing ideas. You might say '一方面...另一方面...形成了一个悖论' (On one hand... on the other hand... forming a paradox). This is particularly useful in essay writing or formal debates where you need to point out systemic contradictions in an argument or a social phenomenon.

这个政策陷入了“越减越肥”的悖论。(This policy has fallen into the paradox of 'getting fatter the more you reduce.')

在量子力学中，观察者的存在本身就是一个悖论。(In quantum mechanics, the existence of the observer is itself a paradox.)

Collocation: 解决悖论: To 'solve' a paradox. While many paradoxes are inherently unsolvable, in a mathematical or linguistic context, finding the flaw in the logic is described as 解决 (jiějué).

Another nuance is the use of '悖论' in social commentary. For instance, the 'Paradox of Modernity' (现代性的悖论) might refer to how technology connects people globally but makes them feel more lonely individually. Here, the word is used to highlight a poignant irony. When you use it this way, you show a high level of cultural and linguistic sophistication.

这就是所谓的“创新的悖论”。(This is the so-called 'paradox of innovation'.)

他的一生充满了悖论。(His life is full of paradoxes.)

While 悖论 might seem like a word reserved for ivory tower academics, it has significant presence in Chinese popular culture, media, and intellectual discourse. You will hear it in various settings, each giving the word a slightly different flavor. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize the word in the wild and use it with the correct nuance.

News and Economic Analysis: In financial news outlets like Caixin (财新) or CCTV Finance, experts often discuss the 'Paradox of Thrift' (节俭的悖论) or the 'Middle-Income Trap Paradox.' It is used to explain why standard economic policies might have counter-intuitive results.
Science Fiction and Movies: Chinese sci-fi, which has exploded in popularity thanks to writers like Liu Cixin (author of The Three-Body Problem), frequently employs 悖论. In 'The Wandering Earth' or 'Three-Body,' characters often discuss the paradoxes of cosmic ethics or time-space causality.

在《三体》中，黑暗森林法则本身就带有一种生存的悖论。(In 'The Three-Body Problem,' the Dark Forest Law itself contains a survival paradox.)

Social media platforms like Zhihu (知乎 - the Chinese equivalent of Quora) are hotbeds for the word 悖论. Users love to dissect social phenomena, such as why working harder sometimes leads to less wealth (the 'Involution' or 'Neijuan' paradox). You'll find long-form articles titled 'The Paradox of Contemporary Youth' or 'The Paradox of Urban Living.' In these cases, it's used to express the irony of modern life.

教授在讲座中详细解释了“阿罗悖论”。(The professor explained 'Arrow's Paradox' in detail during the lecture.)

In university settings, especially in departments of philosophy, mathematics, and law, 悖论 is a daily vocabulary word. Legal scholars might discuss the paradox of tolerance (宽容的悖论)—should a tolerant society tolerate the intolerant? This level of discourse is where the word truly shines, allowing for the exploration of complex ethical boundaries.

这不仅是一个法律问题，更是一个逻辑悖论。(This is not just a legal issue, but even more a logical paradox.)

Cultural Note: The concept of 'Yin and Yang' in Chinese philosophy often touches upon paradoxical ideas—that strength contains weakness and light contains darkness. While '悖论' is a modern term, the underlying appreciation for paradoxical truths is deeply rooted in traditional Chinese thought.

很多科幻电影都以时间悖论为核心情节。(Many sci-fi movies use time paradoxes as their core plot.)

Even for advanced learners, using 悖论 can be tricky because it overlaps with other words related to conflict or errors. Understanding the boundaries between these terms is key to sounding like a native speaker. The most common pitfall is overusing '悖论' when a simpler word would suffice, or using it to describe a simple mistake.

Mistake 1: Confusing 悖论 with 矛盾 (máodùn): This is the most frequent error. '矛盾' means 'contradiction' or 'conflict.' If you say 'My words are contradictory,' you use 矛盾. If you describe a logical loop that breaks the system of logic itself, you use 悖论. Using 悖论 for a simple disagreement between two facts sounds overly dramatic and slightly incorrect.
Mistake 2: Confusing 悖论 with 谬论 (miùlùn): '谬论' means 'fallacy' or 'absurd theory.' A fallacy is simply wrong or based on bad reasoning. A paradox (悖论) might actually be true or reveal a deep truth through its contradiction. Calling a paradox a '谬论' dismisses its logical importance.

错误用法：他说的话前后悖论。(Incorrect: What he said is paradoxical before and after.) Correct: 他说的话前后矛盾。

Another mistake involves the grammar of '悖论.' Since it is a noun, you cannot use it as a verb. You cannot '悖论' something. You must say '构成悖论' (constitutes a paradox) or '是一个悖论' (is a paradox). Learners often try to force it into a verb slot because 'contradict' is a verb in English, but '悖论' is strictly the name of the phenomenon.

错误用法：这个悖论的结论是错的。(Incorrect: The conclusion of this paradox is wrong.) Note: The conclusion of a paradox is usually logically 'sound' but 'unacceptable,' which is what makes it a paradox!

Register Errors: Using 悖论 in a very casual setting, like complaining about a restaurant's price, might sound pretentious. Stick to '奇怪' (strange) or '不合理' (unreasonable) for daily petty grievances.

不要把生活中的小麻烦称为悖论。(Don't call small troubles in life 'paradoxes'.)

To truly master 悖论, you need to know its neighbors in the Chinese lexicon. These words share themes of logic, contradiction, and error, but each has a distinct 'flavor' and specific usage rules. By comparing them, you can choose the most precise word for your thoughts.

矛盾 (máodùn) vs. 悖论: '矛盾' refers to a general contradiction or conflict. It comes from the story of a man selling a spear (矛) that can pierce anything and a shield (盾) that nothing can pierce. It's used for conflicting personalities, opposing facts, or simple disagreements. '悖论' is more technical and refers to the structural logic that produces the contradiction.
谬论 (miùlùn) vs. 悖论: '谬论' is a fallacy or a completely false theory. It has a negative connotation. A paradox might be a brilliant observation of a flaw in logic, whereas a '谬论' is just a mistake or a lie. You 'refute' (驳斥) a 谬论, but you 'analyze' (分析) a 悖论.
两难 (liǎngnán) vs. 悖论: '两难' means a dilemma or 'being in a bind.' It describes a situation where you must choose between two undesirable options. A 悖论 might lead to a 进退两难 (jìntuì-liǎngnán - dilemma of whether to advance or retreat) situation, but '两难' focuses on the difficulty of the choice, while '悖论' focuses on the logic behind it.

他的观点充满了矛盾，但这并不构成一个悖论。(His views are full of contradictions, but this does not constitute a paradox.)

Other related terms include '怪论' (guàilùn - strange/eccentric theory) and '反论' (fǎnlùn - antinomy). '反论' is even more technical than '悖论' and is often used in Kantian philosophy to describe a contradiction between two laws or principles that both seem equally valid. For most learners, '悖论' will be the most useful high-level term.

这虽然听起来像个谬论，但实际上它揭示了一个深刻的悖论。(Although this sounds like a fallacy, it actually reveals a profound paradox.)

Summary Table: 1. 矛盾: Contradiction (General) | 2. 谬论: Fallacy (Negative/Wrong) | 3. 悖论: Paradox (Logical/Deep) | 4. 两难: Dilemma (Choice-based).

面对这个悖论，我们陷入了进退两难的境地。(Facing this paradox, we fell into a dilemma.)

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

The word was popularized in the early 20th century by Chinese scholars translating Western philosophical texts from English and German. Before this, similar concepts were described using '矛盾' or phrases from Daoist texts like the 'Zhuangzi.'

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /ˈpær.ə.dɒks/

US /ˈpær.ə.dɑːks/

In Mandarin 'bèilùn', both syllables carry the 4th tone (falling). Ensure you don't make the second syllable neutral.

هم‌قافیه با

理论 (lǐlùn) 评论 (pínglùn) 结论 (jiélùn) 讨论 (tǎolùn) 言论 (yánlùn) 舆论 (yúlùn) 争论 (zhēnglùn) 推论 (tuīlùn)

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing '悖' as 'bèi' with the wrong tone (e.g., 2nd tone).
Confusing '悖' (bèi) with '背' (bēi/bèi) in specific compound contexts.
Using a neutral tone for '论', which should be a distinct 4th tone.
Failing to aspirate or emphasize the 'b' sound clearly.
Misreading the character '悖' as 'bo' due to its phonetic component '孛'.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 4/5

Requires understanding of complex characters and abstract contexts.

نوشتن 5/5

Writing '悖' (bèi) correctly can be challenging for beginners.

صحبت کردن 3/5

Pronunciation is straightforward if tones are mastered.

گوش دادن 4/5

Often used in fast-paced academic or sci-fi dialogue.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

逻辑 (Logic) 矛盾 (Contradiction) 理论 (Theory) 相反 (Opposite) 错误 (Error)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

谬论 (Fallacy) 命题 (Proposition) 推论 (Inference) 辩证法 (Dialectics) 反思 (Reflect)

پیشرفته

二律背反 (Antinomy) 诠释学 (Hermeneutics) 本体论 (Ontology) 认识论 (Epistemology) 解构 (Deconstruction)

گرامر لازم

Noun as Modifier

逻辑(Noun) + 悖论(Noun) = Logical Paradox.

Using '被' for naming

这(This) + 被(is) + 称为(called) + 悖论(paradox).

The '...的' Adjectival phrase

具有(Have) + 悖论(paradox) + 色彩(color) + 的(DE) + 说法(statement).

Conditional '如果...就...'

如果(If) + 逻辑(logic) + 错了(wrong), 就(then) + 会(will) + 产生(produce) + 悖论(paradox).

Existential '存在'

这里(Here) + 存在(exists) + 一个(a) + 悖论(paradox).

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

这个悖论很有意思。

This paradox is very interesting.

Simple Subject + Adjective structure.

我不明白这个悖论。

I don't understand this paradox.

Negative verb phrase.

这是一个著名的悖论。

This is a famous paradox.

Focus on the noun '悖论'.

他说的话像个悖论。

What he said is like a paradox.

Using '像' (like) to compare.

书里有一个悖论。

There is a paradox in the book.

Existential '有' sentence.

悖论是难的问题。

Paradoxes are difficult problems.

Simple definition style.

我们讨论这个悖论吧。

Let's discuss this paradox.

Using '吧' for suggestion.

这个悖论是真的吗？

Is this paradox true?

Simple question with '吗'.

科学家发现了一个新的悖论。

Scientists discovered a new paradox.

Subject + Verb + Object.

这个故事里有很多悖论。

There are many paradoxes in this story.

Using '很多' (many) with the noun.

如果你去过去，会产生悖论。

If you go to the past, it will create a paradox.

Conditional sentence '如果...会...'.

这个逻辑悖论很难解释。

This logical paradox is hard to explain.

Adjective '逻辑' modifying '悖论'.

他喜欢研究各种悖论。

He likes to study various paradoxes.

Verb '研究' (study) + Object.

这是一个关于时间的悖论。

This is a paradox about time.

Prepositional phrase '关于...'.

悖论不一定就是错的。

A paradox is not necessarily wrong.

Adverb '不一定' (not necessarily).

你能解决这个悖论吗？

Can you solve this paradox?

Modal verb '能' (can).

这种现象在经济学中被称为“节俭的悖论”。

This phenomenon is known as the 'paradox of thrift' in economics.

Passive structure '被称为'.

他陷入了一个逻辑上的悖论，无法自拔。

He fell into a logical paradox and couldn't get out.

Verb '陷入' (fall into) + resultative complement.

虽然听起来很奇怪，但这确实是一个悖论。

Although it sounds strange, it is indeed a paradox.

Conjunction '虽然...但是...'.

老师向我们解释了说谎者悖论的含义。

The teacher explained the meaning of the Liar Paradox to us.

Double object structure.

我们需要找到解决这个悖论的方法。

We need to find a way to solve this paradox.

Complex noun phrase as object.

这个悖论揭示了我们思维中的漏洞。

This paradox reveals the loopholes in our thinking.

Verb '揭示' (reveal).

在很多科幻小说中，悖论是核心主题。

In many science fiction novels, paradox is the core theme.

Locative phrase '在...中'.

这难道不是一个明显的悖论吗？

Isn't this an obvious paradox?

Rhetorical question '难道不...吗'.

我们要避免在制定政策时陷入这种悖论。

We must avoid falling into this paradox when formulating policies.

Verb '避免' (avoid) + infinitive-like clause.

现代社会的快速发展同时也带来了一些生存悖论。

The rapid development of modern society also brings some existential paradoxes.

Abstract noun usage.

这个实验的结果引发了一个物理学上的巨大悖论。

The results of this experiment triggered a huge paradox in physics.

Verb '引发' (trigger/give rise to).

从逻辑角度来看，这个命题构成了一个悖论。

From a logical perspective, this proposition constitutes a paradox.

Phrase '从...角度来看'.

尽管证据确凿，但其中依然隐藏着某种悖论。

Despite the solid evidence, some kind of paradox still remains hidden within.

Conjunction '尽管...但...依然'.

他试图通过改变前提来消除这个悖论。

He tried to eliminate the paradox by changing the premises.

Prepositional phrase '通过...' (by means of).

这个悖论的存在挑战了传统的哲学观念。

The existence of this paradox challenges traditional philosophical concepts.

Verb '挑战' (challenge).

在这种情况下，追求效率反而成了一种悖论。

In this situation, pursuing efficiency has instead become a paradox.

Adverb '反而' (on the contrary).

康德在其著作中深入探讨了理性自身产生的悖论。

In his works, Kant explored in depth the paradoxes produced by reason itself.

Formal academic style; '探讨' (explore).

这一悖论的本质在于主体与客体之间的界限模糊。

The essence of this paradox lies in the blurred boundary between subject and object.

Formal structure '在于' (lies in).

我们必须正视这种发展过程中的结构性悖论。

We must face up to this structural paradox in the development process.

Verb '正视' (face squarely).

该理论因其内在的逻辑悖论而遭到了广泛的质疑。

The theory was widely questioned due to its inherent logical paradoxes.

Passive structure '遭到...质疑'.

这个悖论不仅具有学术价值，还具有现实指导意义。

This paradox not only has academic value but also practical guiding significance.

Correlative conjunction '不仅...还...'.

这种“越自由越受限”的悖论是现代性研究的核心。

The paradox of 'the freer one is, the more restricted one becomes' is central to modernity studies.

Using a quoted phrase as a modifier.

他巧妙地利用悖论来解构对方的论点。

He skillfully used paradoxes to deconstruct the opponent's argument.

Verb '解构' (deconstruct).

悖论往往是通往更高层次真理的必经之路。

Paradoxes are often the necessary path to higher-level truths.

Metaphorical usage.

量子纠缠所展现的非定域性，在某种程度上构成了爱因斯坦所无法接受的悖论。

The non-locality exhibited by quantum entanglement constitutes, to some extent, a paradox that Einstein could not accept.

Complex relative clause structure.

后现代主义文学常通过悖论的堆砌来消解宏大叙事的权威性。

Postmodern literature often dissolves the authority of grand narratives through the accumulation of paradoxes.

Specialized terminology '消解' (dissolve/neutralize).

这种自我指涉的悖论在哥德尔不完备定理中得到了严密的数学证明。

This self-referential paradox received rigorous mathematical proof in Gödel's incompleteness theorems.

Technical academic phrasing.

法律的悖论在于，它既要维护秩序，又要保障可能破坏秩序的自由。

The paradox of law lies in the fact that it must both maintain order and protect the freedom that might disrupt that order.

Parallel structure '既要...又要...'.

对于某些神秘主义者而言，悖论是言说不可言说之物的唯一媒介。

For some mystics, paradox is the only medium for speaking the unspeakable.

Abstract philosophical usage.

我们应当警惕那些看似逻辑严密实则暗含悖论的意识形态。

We should be wary of ideologies that appear logically rigorous but actually contain hidden paradoxes.

Subtle distinction '看似...实则...'.

这种审美悖论在悲剧艺术中达到了巅峰：我们从痛苦中获得快感。

This aesthetic paradox reaches its peak in tragic art: we derive pleasure from pain.

Colon used for explanation.

通过对悖论的层层剥茧，他终于揭示了该社会系统崩溃的内在逻辑。

By peeling back the layers of the paradox, he finally revealed the internal logic of the social system's collapse.

Idiomatic expression '层层剥茧' (peeling back layers).

مترادف‌ها

矛盾怪论荒谬

متضادها

真理公理

ترکیب‌های رایج

陷入悖论

逻辑悖论

揭示悖论

解决悖论

生存悖论

明显的悖论

有趣的悖论

构成悖论

深层悖论

时间悖论

عبارات رایج

说谎者悖论

— The Liar Paradox. A classic logic puzzle where a statement refers to its own falsity.

‘我正在说谎’是典型的说谎者悖论。

祖父悖论

— The Grandfather Paradox. A time travel paradox where one prevents their own birth.

祖父悖论是时间旅行题材中最常讨论的话题。

节俭的悖论

— The Paradox of Thrift. The economic theory that increased saving can lead to a fall in aggregate demand.

凯恩斯提出了著名的节俭的悖论。

选择的悖论

— The Paradox of Choice. The idea that having too many options leads to anxiety rather than freedom.

在超市面对成百上千种商品，我体会到了选择的悖论。

宽容的悖论

— The Paradox of Tolerance. The idea that if a society is tolerant without limit, its ability to be tolerant is eventually seized or destroyed by the intolerant.

我们需要仔细权衡宽容的悖论对社会的影响。

全能悖论

— The Omnipotence Paradox. A family of paradoxes that arise with the concept of an omnipotent being.

‘上帝能否创造一块他也举不起来的石头’是全能悖论的经典表述。

理发师悖论

— The Barber Paradox. A puzzle derived from Russell's paradox involving a barber who shaves those who do not shave themselves.

理发师悖论在集合论的历史上非常重要。

财富悖论

— The Wealth Paradox. Situations where having more wealth leads to less happiness or social stability.

许多发达国家正面临着某种财富悖论。

创新悖论

— The Innovation Paradox. When companies focus so much on improving current products that they fail to innovate for the future.

大型企业经常会陷入创新悖论的陷阱。

信息悖论

— The Information Paradox. Specifically in physics, regarding black holes and the conservation of information.

霍金对黑洞信息悖论的研究非常著名。

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

悖论 vs 矛盾 (máodùn)

A general contradiction. A paradox is a specific, formal logical loop.

悖论 vs 谬论 (miùlùn)

A fallacy or false theory. A paradox may reveal a deep truth.

悖论 vs 怪论 (guàilùn)

An eccentric or weird theory. '悖论' is more rigorous and logical.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"自相矛盾"

— Self-contradictory. While not '悖论' itself, it is the idiomatic way to describe the state of a paradox.

他的论点自相矛盾，让人无法相信。

Common Idiom

"进退两难"

— In a dilemma; between a rock and a hard place. Often the result of a paradox.

面对这个悖论，我们陷入了进退两难的境地。

Common Idiom

"非此即彼"

— Either-or. Paradoxes often challenge this binary way of thinking.

我们不能用非此即彼的逻辑来分析这个悖论。

Formal/Academic

"殊途同归"

— To reach the same goal by different routes. Sometimes used to explain how different parts of a paradox meet.

虽然逻辑路径不同，但这些悖论最终殊途同归。

Literary

"不攻自破"

— To collapse of itself; to be self-refuting. Used when a paradox or fallacy is exposed.

只要发现那个逻辑漏洞，这个悖论就不攻自破了。

Formal

"似是而非"

— Apparently right but actually wrong; specious. Often used to describe paradoxical statements.

他的解释听起来似是而非，带有一种悖论色彩。

Literary/Formal

"大智若愚"

— Great wisdom appears as stupidity. A classic philosophical paradox in Chinese culture.

‘大智若愚’本身就是一个充满智慧的悖论。

Common Idiom

"物极必反"

— Things will develop in the opposite direction when they become extreme. A natural paradox.

物极必反的道理揭示了自然界的一种生存悖论。

Common Idiom

"玄之又玄"

— Mystery within mystery; very abstruse. Used for very complex paradoxes.

这个量子悖论真是玄之又玄。

Literary

"一语道破"

— To hit the nail on the head; to reveal the truth with one word. Used when solving a paradox.

他一语道破了这个悖论的关键所在。

Common Idiom

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

悖论 vs 佯谬

Both mean paradox.

佯谬 (yángmiù) is used almost exclusively in physics to describe 'apparent' paradoxes that have a resolution within the theory.

双生子佯谬 (The Twin Paradox).

悖论 vs 反论

Both involve logical opposition.

反论 (fǎnlùn) is a more philosophical term for 'antinomy'—a contradiction between two principles that are both true.

康德的二律背反也被称为反论。

悖论 vs 诡辩

Both involve tricky logic.

诡辩 (guǐbiàn) is sophistry—deliberately using flawed logic to win an argument. A 悖论 is a genuine logical puzzle.

他这不是逻辑，而是诡辩。

悖论 vs 难题

Both are difficult to solve.

难题 (nántí) is just a difficult problem. A 悖论 is a problem caused by the structure of logic itself.

这是一个数学难题。

悖论 vs 两难

Both involve impossible situations.

两难 (liǎngnán) refers to the difficulty of choosing between two options. A 悖论 is a logical contradiction.

我陷入了进退两难的境地。

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

这是一个...的悖论。

这是一个关于时间的悖论。

如果我们...，就会产生悖论。

如果我们改变过去，就会产生悖论。

这种现象被称为“...悖论”。

这种现象被称为“节俭的悖论”。

陷入了...的悖论。

他陷入了逻辑上的悖论。

揭示了...背后的悖论。

这篇文章揭示了成功背后的悖论。

该命题的悖论性在于...。

该命题的悖论性在于其自我指涉。

通过对悖论的分析，我们发现...。

通过对悖论的分析，我们发现系统存在漏洞。

悖论不仅是逻辑的终点，更是...的起点。

悖论不仅是逻辑的终点，更是新理论的起点。

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

悖论 (Paradox)

悖论者 (Paradoxist - rare)

悖谬 (Absurdity/Contradiction)

فعل‌ها

悖离 (To deviate from/go against)

违悖 (To violate/go against)

صفت‌ها

悖论的 (Paradoxical)

悖理的 (Irrational/Contrary to reason)

مرتبط

逻辑 (Logic)

矛盾 (Contradiction)

推理 (Reasoning)

假说 (Hypothesis)

定理 (Theorem)

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نحوه استفاده

frequency

High in intellectual circles; medium in general population.

اشتباهات رایج

他说的话前后悖论。 → 他说的话前后矛盾。
悖论 is a noun, not an adjective or verb describing the act of contradicting. Use 矛盾 for 'contradictory.'
这个悖论是完全错误的。 → 这个谬论是完全错误的。
If something is just 'wrong,' it's a 谬论 (fallacy). A 悖论 is a logical puzzle that might be 'true' in its own weird way.
我悖论了他的观点。 → 我反驳了他的观点 / 我的观点与他相悖。
You cannot use 悖论 as a verb. Use 反驳 (refute) or 相悖 (be contrary to).
这是一个很小的悖论。 → 这是一个小小的不一致 / 矛盾。
Using 悖论 for small, trivial inconsistencies sounds too dramatic. It's usually reserved for significant logical issues.
解决这个悖论的答案是... → 解决这个悖论的方法是...
Paradoxes don't usually have a simple 'answer' (答案); they have a 'method of resolution' (解决方法).

نکات

Contextual Learning

Read Chinese science fiction like 'The Three-Body Problem.' You will see '悖论' used frequently in discussions about space and time.

Noun Usage

Remember that '悖论' is a noun. Don't try to use it as an adjective without the particle '的'.

Clear Tones

Practice the 4th-4th tone combination. If you say it with the wrong tones, it might be confused with '结论' (conclusion) or '理论' (theory).

Synonym Check

When in doubt, use '矛盾' for simple contradictions and save '悖论' for deep, systemic, or logical issues.

Philosophical Depth

When discussing Chinese philosophy (like Laozi), using '悖论' can help you explain why some ancient texts seem to contradict themselves.

Academic Tone

In essays, use '陷入了...的悖论' to describe a situation where a policy or theory has failed due to its own internal logic.

Audio Cues

Listen for the word in university lectures or high-level talk shows like 'Qi Pa Shuo' (I Can I BB) where logic is debated.

Daily Challenge

Try to find one 'paradox' in your daily routine and describe it in Chinese using the word '悖论'.

Visual Aid

Associate the word with the image of a 'Circle' that has a break in it—a loop that doesn't quite close.

Logical Precision

Use '悖论' when you want to emphasize that the problem is not just a mistake, but a fundamental flaw in the rules being used.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Imagine a person walking 'Backwards' (sounds like Bèi) while arguing a 'Theory' (Lùn). That's a 悖论!

تداعی تصویری

Visualize a Möbius strip or a Penrose triangle—shapes that seem to go against themselves but exist in one piece.

شبکه واژگان

Logic Philosophy Contradiction Science Fiction Mathematics Time Travel Irony Puzzle

چالش

Try to explain the 'Paradox of Thrift' to a friend using the word '悖论' at least three times.

ریشه کلمه

The term '悖论' is a modern Sinitic compound. '悖' (bèi) dates back to ancient Chinese, meaning 'to act contrary to' or 'to rebel.' '论' (lùn) means 'to discuss' or 'theory.'

معنای اصلی: Originally, '悖' described behavior that went against social norms or the 'Dao.'

Sino-Tibetan (Chinese).

بافت فرهنگی

No major sensitivities, but avoid calling someone's cultural beliefs a '悖论' as it might sound dismissive or overly clinical.

In English, 'paradox' is often used loosely for any irony. In Chinese, '悖论' tends to stay more in the realm of logic and formal discussion.

The Liar Paradox (说谎者悖论) The Three-Body Problem (三体) - often discusses cosmic paradoxes Zeno's Paradoxes (芝诺悖论)

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Science Fiction Discussion

时间旅行悖论
改变过去
因果律
平行宇宙

Philosophy Class

逻辑推导
前提假设
自我指涉
真理的本质

Economic Analysis

节俭悖论
市场失灵
宏观经济
消费习惯

Legal Debate

宽容悖论
权利冲突
法律漏洞
公平正义

Daily Life Irony

进退两难
死循环
奇怪的逻辑
自相矛盾

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"你听说过‘祖父悖论’吗？如果你回到过去，会发生什么？"

"我觉得现代社交媒体存在一个悖论：它让我们更近，也让我们更远。"

"在你的专业领域里，有没有什么著名的悖论？"

"你认为‘选择的悖论’在现实生活中是真的吗？"

"我们该如何解决‘要经验也要工作’这个悖论？"

موضوعات نگارش

描述一个你生活中遇到的‘悖论’，并解释为什么它让你感到困惑。

如果你能解决一个著名的逻辑悖论，你会选择哪一个？为什么？

探讨‘自由的悖论’：为了获得自由，我们是否必须遵守规则？

写一段关于时间旅行的短文，其中包含一个复杂的悖论。

分析你认为最有趣的经济学或社会学悖论。

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

Yes, but usually in a slightly more formal or intellectual way. For example, if you are describing a situation that makes no sense logically, you might say '这真是一个悖论.' However, for simple day-to-day contradictions, '矛盾' is more common.

The 'Liar Paradox' (说谎者悖论) is very well known. Also, the 'Grandfather Paradox' (祖父悖论) is popular due to sci-fi movies and books like 'The Three-Body Problem.'

No, '悖论' is only a noun. If you want to say something is paradoxical, use '悖论的' as an adjective or say '构成一个悖论' (constitutes a paradox).

It has the 'heart' radical (忄) on the left and the phonetic component '孛' (bó) on the right. It's a B2 level character, so it takes some practice!

Not exactly. Irony is '讽刺' (fěngcì) or '反差' (fǎnchā). A paradox is specifically a logical contradiction. While some paradoxes are ironic, not all ironies are paradoxes.

It is the 'Paradox of Thrift.' It's an economic concept where if everyone tries to save money during a recession, total demand falls and everyone ends up poorer.

You can say '他这个人本身就是一个悖论' (He himself is a paradox) to mean that his character is full of deep, inexplicable contradictions. It sounds quite poetic.

Yes. '佯谬' is a technical term used in physics. It implies the contradiction is only 'apparent' and can be explained. '悖论' is the general term for all paradoxes.

It is '时间悖论' (shíjiān bèilùn).

It is generally considered a B2 or C1 level word because it deals with abstract logical concepts and formal discourse.

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