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B1 adverb #2,500 le plus courant 6 min de lecture

بطور غیر مستقیم

In an indirect manner; not directly.

betore gheire mostaghim
At the A1 level, you don't need to use this long phrase often. Just know that 'mostaghim' means 'straight' or 'direct'. If you see 'gheyr-e mostaghim', it means 'not straight'. Think of a ball that doesn't go straight to the goal, but hits a wall first. That is 'indirect'. You might hear it when talking about directions or simple actions. It is a big word, but you can remember it as 'be-towr' (in a way) + 'gheyr' (not) + 'mostaghim' (direct).
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At A2, you can start using this phrase to describe simple situations. For example, if you didn't tell your friend 'I am hungry' directly, but you said 'The food here smells good', you are speaking 'be-towr-e gheyr-e mostaghim'. It is useful for describing how you learned something: 'I didn't hear it from him, I heard it indirectly from someone else'. Focus on the pronunciation and the fact that it describes *how* something happens.
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At B1, this phrase becomes very important for social interaction. You should use it to describe communication styles. In Iran, people often don't say 'No' directly; they say it 'be-towr-e gheyr-e mostaghim'. You can also use it in more complex sentences to describe causes and effects. For example, 'Pollution indirectly affects our health'. You should be comfortable placing this adverb before the verb in your sentences and using it to add nuance to your opinions.
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At B2, you should use 'be-towr-e gheyr-e mostaghim' to discuss abstract concepts like politics, economy, and literature. You can contrast it with 'be-towr-e mostaghim' (directly) to show complex thinking. For instance, 'The government's decision indirectly caused the price of bread to rise'. You should also recognize it in news reports where officials use indirect language to signal changes in policy. Your usage should be fluid, with correct Ezafe sounds.
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At C1, you use this phrase to analyze subtle meanings in texts or high-level discussions. You understand that 'be-towr-e gheyr-e mostaghim' is often a stylistic choice in Persian rhetoric to create 'Kenayeh' (allusion). You can use it to describe philosophical influences or the subtle ways an author critiques society without being explicit. You might also use synonyms like 'ba-vaseteh' or 'gheyr-e sarih' to avoid repetition and show a higher command of the language.
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At C2, you have a complete mastery of the nuances of indirectness. You can discuss the cultural implications of 'be-towr-e gheyr-e mostaghim' in the context of Persian sociology and the history of the language. You use it effortlessly in academic writing, legal analysis, or literary criticism. You understand when the indirectness is a form of politeness, a strategic maneuver, or an artistic device, and you can explain these differences using sophisticated vocabulary.
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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

بطور غیر مستقیم en 30 secondes

  • Means 'indirectly' in Persian.
  • Used for physical paths and social hints.
  • Essential for polite, nuanced communication.
  • Common in news, science, and daily life.

The phrase بطور غیر مستقیم (be-towr-e gheyr-e mostaghim) is a compound adverbial construction in Persian that functions similarly to the English word 'indirectly'. To understand its depth, one must look at its constituent parts. The preposition به (be) meaning 'to' or 'in', combined with طور (towr) meaning 'manner' or 'way', creates the framework for an adverb of manner. The core meaning is then modified by غیر مستقیم (gheyr-e mostaghim), where 'gheyr' acts as a negator (non/un) and 'mostaghim' means 'direct' or 'straight'.

Etymological Root
Derived from Arabic roots but fully integrated into Persian syntax using the 'be-towr-e' structure.
Grammatical Function
It modifies verbs, describing how an action is performed without a straight path or direct confrontation.
Semantic Range
Covers physical paths, communication styles, and causal relationships.

او بطور غیر مستقیم به اشتباهش اشاره کرد.

— He alluded to his mistake indirectly.

In Persian culture, directness can sometimes be perceived as rudeness or a lack of 'Adab' (etiquette). Therefore, acting or speaking بطور غیر مستقیم is often a strategic choice to maintain social harmony or 'save face' (Aberoo). This is particularly evident in the complex system of Ta'arof, where intentions are often signaled through subtle cues rather than blunt statements.

نور خورشید بطور غیر مستقیم وارد اتاق می‌شود.

Example of physical application (Light entering indirectly).

From a linguistic perspective, this adverb is highly versatile. It can appear at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, or more commonly, right before the verb. In academic writing, it describes secondary effects or mediated influences. For instance, an economic policy might affect the poor بطور غیر مستقیم through inflation rather than direct taxation.

Synonymic Nuance
'Ba-vaseteh' (with an intermediary) is a close synonym used in more formal logic.

اخبار را بطور غیر مستقیم از همسایه‌ها شنیدم.

In summary, this phrase is a cornerstone of both physical description and social navigation in the Persian-speaking world. It allows for a layer of abstraction and politeness that is central to the language's character. Whether discussing the trajectory of a bullet, the influence of a philosopher, or a subtle hint in a romantic context, بطور غیر مستقیم provides the necessary adverbial precision.

Using بطور غیر مستقیم correctly requires understanding its placement and the 'Ezafe' construction within the phrase. The phrase itself is a 'Gheyd' (adverb). In a standard Persian sentence (Subject-Object-Adverb-Verb), it typically sits before the verb or the prepositional phrase it modifies.

1. Sentence Placement

While Persian word order is somewhat flexible, placing the adverb near the verb is most natural. For example:

  • Standard: من بطور غیر مستقیم با او حرف زدم. (I spoke with him indirectly.)
  • Emphatic: بطور غیر مستقیم، او به من فهماند که راضی نیست. (Indirectly, he made me understand he wasn't satisfied.)

2. The Ezafe Connection

Note the invisible 'e' sounds (Ezafe) that link the words: be-towr-e gheyr-e mostaghim. Beginners often forget the second Ezafe between 'gheyr' and 'mostaghim'. In writing, these are usually not marked, but they are crucial for correct pronunciation.

3. Formal vs. Informal Contexts

In very informal spoken Persian, people might shorten this to غیر مستقیم (gheyr-e mostaghim) used as an adverb, dropping the 'be-towr-e' entirely. However, for B1 learners and above, using the full phrase is recommended for clarity and better style.

4. Common Collocations

This adverb frequently pairs with verbs of communication and perception:

  • اشاره کردن (To point/allude): اشاره کردن بطور غیر مستقیم
  • تاثیر گذاشتن (To influence): تاثیر گذاشتن بطور غیر مستقیم
  • فهماندن (To make someone understand): فهماندن بطور غیر مستقیم

By mastering this phrase, you move beyond simple 'yes/no' directness and start capturing the 'shades of grey' that define sophisticated Persian communication.

You will encounter بطور غیر مستقیم in a variety of settings, ranging from the evening news to household gossip. Its prevalence stems from the Persian tendency toward circumlocution and politeness.

1. Political and News Media

Diplomats and news anchors love this phrase. It is used to describe signals sent between countries or officials without formal meetings. 'The spokesperson indirectly confirmed the rumors...' (سخنگو بطور غیر مستقیم شایعات را تایید کرد).

2. Academic and Scientific Discourse

In science, it describes secondary effects. For example, in biology, a virus might affect an organ بطور غیر مستقیم by weakening the immune system. In history, one event might lead to another بطور غیر مستقیم through a chain of social changes.

3. Daily Social Interactions

This is perhaps where it is most vital. If a Persian friend wants to tell you that your music is too loud without being rude, they might mention بطور غیر مستقیم that they have a headache or that the walls are thin. Recognizing this adverb helps you identify when someone is being 'diplomatic'.

4. Literature and Poetry

Classical and modern Persian literature is famous for its use of metaphor and allegory. Writers often address social or political issues بطور غیر مستقیم to avoid censorship or to add artistic depth. The concept of 'Kenayeh' (allusion) is essentially the art of speaking بطور غیر مستقیم.

Even intermediate learners make specific errors with بطور غیر مستقیم. Avoiding these will make your Persian sound much more natural.

  • 1. Omitting the Ezafe: The most common mistake is pronouncing it as be-towr gheyr mostaghim. Remember the 'e' links: be-towr-e gheyr-e mostaghim.
  • 2. Confusing with 'Gheyr-e Mostaghim' (Adjective): While the words are the same, the function differs. 'این یک راه غیر مستقیم است' (This is an indirect path - Adjective). 'او غیر مستقیم آمد' (He came indirectly - Adverb). Using 'be-towr-e' clarifies that you are using it as an adverb.
  • 3. Incorrect Negation: Some learners try to use 'na-mostaghim'. While understandable, it sounds archaic or like a literal translation from another language. Stick to 'gheyr-e mostaghim'.
  • 4. Word Order: Don't place it at the very end of the sentence after the verb. Persian verbs almost always come last. Correct: بطور غیر مستقیم گفت. Incorrect: گفت بطور غیر مستقیم.
  • 5. Overuse: While useful, don't use it for every subtle action. Sometimes 'zemnan' (incidentally) or 'ba-kenayeh' (with allusion) is more precise.

To enrich your vocabulary, it's helpful to know words that share the semantic space of بطور غیر مستقیم.

با واسطه (Ba-vaseteh)
Literally 'with an intermediary'. Used when there is a specific person or thing acting as a bridge. 'I heard the news through a middleman.'
کنایه آمیز (Kenayeh-amiz)
Used specifically for speech that is indirect, often with a touch of irony or sarcasm. If someone is 'hinting' at something critically, they are speaking kenayeh-amiz.
ضمناً (Zemnan)
Meaning 'incidentally' or 'implicitly'. It suggests that while something wasn't the main point, it was included or understood indirectly.
غیر صریح (Gheyr-e Sarih)
Meaning 'not explicit'. This is the best synonym for formal documents or legal contexts where a statement is not clearly stated but can be inferred.
پوشیده (Pooshideh)
Literally 'covered'. Used for hidden or veiled meanings. 'حرف‌های پوشیده' are veiled words spoken indirectly.

How Formal Is It?

Formel

""

Informel

""

Niveau de difficulté

Grammaire à connaître

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Exemples par niveau

1

او بطور غیر مستقیم به خانه رفت.

He went home indirectly (not the straight path).

Basic adverbial use.

2

من بطور غیر مستقیم شنیدم.

I heard it indirectly.

Common use with 'hearing'.

3

توپ بطور غیر مستقیم وارد دروازه شد.

The ball entered the goal indirectly (e.g., hit a player).

Physical direction.

4

او بطور غیر مستقیم نگاه کرد.

He looked indirectly (out of the corner of his eye).

Simple action modification.

5

نور بطور غیر مستقیم می‌تابد.

The light shines indirectly.

Natural phenomena.

6

او بطور غیر مستقیم جواب داد.

He answered indirectly.

Basic communication.

7

ما بطور غیر مستقیم با هم دوست شدیم.

We became friends indirectly (through others).

Social connection.

8

او بطور غیر مستقیم کمک کرد.

He helped indirectly.

Simple verb modification.

1

او بطور غیر مستقیم به من گفت که گرسنه است.

He indirectly told me he was hungry.

Reporting speech.

2

این دارو بطور غیر مستقیم روی قلب اثر می‌گذارد.

This medicine indirectly affects the heart.

Cause and effect.

3

من بطور غیر مستقیم از او تشکر کردم.

I thanked him indirectly.

Social interaction.

4

او بطور غیر مستقیم به اشتباهش اعتراف کرد.

He indirectly admitted his mistake.

Nuanced communication.

5

ما بطور غیر مستقیم با رئیس حرف زدیم.

We spoke with the boss indirectly.

Workplace context.

6

او بطور غیر مستقیم به من پول داد.

He gave me money indirectly (e.g., paid my bill).

Financial transaction.

7

این خبر بطور غیر مستقیم به گوش من رسید.

This news reached my ears indirectly.

Idiomatic expression 'to reach the ear'.

8

او بطور غیر مستقیم راهنمایی کرد.

He gave guidance indirectly.

Abstract help.

1

نویسنده بطور غیر مستقیم از دولت انتقاد می‌کند.

The writer criticizes the government indirectly.

Literary analysis.

2

او بطور غیر مستقیم فهماند که قصد ازدواج دارد.

He indirectly made it understood that he intends to marry.

Cultural nuance.

3

تغییر اقلیم بطور غیر مستقیم بر اقتصاد اثر دارد.

Climate change indirectly affects the economy.

Complex causality.

4

او بطور غیر مستقیم به من پیشنهاد کار داد.

He indirectly offered me a job.

Professional networking.

5

والدینم بطور غیر مستقیم مرا تشویق کردند.

My parents encouraged me indirectly.

Emotional support.

6

او بطور غیر مستقیم به موضوع اشاره کرد.

He alluded to the subject indirectly.

Formal speech.

7

این قانون بطور غیر مستقیم به نفع ثروتمندان است.

This law is indirectly in favor of the wealthy.

Political discussion.

8

او بطور غیر مستقیم از من خواست که بروم.

He indirectly asked me to leave.

Social etiquette.

1

تحریم‌ها بطور غیر مستقیم بر معیشت مردم فشار می‌آورند.

Sanctions indirectly put pressure on people's livelihoods.

Socio-economic context.

2

او بطور غیر مستقیم در تصمیم‌گیری‌های شرکت نقش دارد.

He indirectly plays a role in the company's decision-making.

Organizational influence.

3

این فیلم بطور غیر مستقیم به مسائل اجتماعی می‌پردازد.

This film indirectly addresses social issues.

Artistic critique.

4

او بطور غیر مستقیم از رقیبش تعریف کرد.

He indirectly praised his rival.

Strategic communication.

5

فناوری بطور غیر مستقیم روابط انسانی را تغییر داده است.

Technology has indirectly changed human relationships.

Sociological observation.

6

او بطور غیر مستقیم به من هشدار داد که مراقب باشم.

He indirectly warned me to be careful.

Safety/Caution.

7

این کتاب بطور غیر مستقیم بر تفکر من تاثیر گذاشت.

This book indirectly influenced my thinking.

Intellectual growth.

8

او بطور غیر مستقیم مسئولیت شکست را پذیرفت.

He indirectly accepted responsibility for the failure.

Accountability.

1

گفتمان سیاسی فعلی بطور غیر مستقیم بر آزادی بیان سایه افکنده است.

The current political discourse has indirectly cast a shadow on freedom of speech.

Metaphorical usage.

2

او بطور غیر مستقیم از طریق استعاره، حقیقت را بیان کرد.

He indirectly expressed the truth through metaphor.

Literary technique.

3

ساختار قدرت بطور غیر مستقیم بر انتخاب‌های فردی تاثیر می‌گذارد.

The power structure indirectly influences individual choices.

Sociological theory.

4

او بطور غیر مستقیم به تضادهای درونی جامعه اشاره می‌کند.

He indirectly points to the internal contradictions of society.

Critical analysis.

5

این سیاست بطور غیر مستقیم به شکاف طبقاتی دامن می‌زند.

This policy indirectly fuels the class divide.

Formal debate.

6

او بطور غیر مستقیم از میراث فرهنگی خود دفاع کرد.

He indirectly defended his cultural heritage.

Cultural identity.

7

روابط بین‌الملل بطور غیر مستقیم بر قیمت کالاهای اساسی اثر دارند.

International relations indirectly affect the price of basic goods.

Global economics.

8

او بطور غیر مستقیم به پارادوکس‌های اخلاقی زندگی مدرن پرداخت.

He indirectly addressed the moral paradoxes of modern life.

Philosophical discourse.

1

هستی‌شناسی او بطور غیر مستقیم ریشه در سنت‌های عرفانی دارد.

His ontology is indirectly rooted in mystical traditions.

Academic/Philosophical.

2

او بطور غیر مستقیم با استفاده از سکوت، اعتراض خود را بیان کرد.

He indirectly expressed his protest using silence.

Subtle communication.

3

این اثر هنری بطور غیر مستقیم به زوال ارزش‌های انسانی اشاره دارد.

This artwork indirectly refers to the decay of human values.

Art criticism.

4

او بطور غیر مستقیم از طریق واسطه‌های دیپلماتیک، پیام خود را رساند.

He indirectly delivered his message through diplomatic intermediaries.

High-level diplomacy.

5

تحولات تکنولوژیک بطور غیر مستقیم بر ساختار زبان تاثیر می‌گذارند.

Technological developments indirectly affect the structure of language.

Linguistic evolution.

6

او بطور غیر مستقیم به پیچیدگی‌های روان‌شناختی شخصیت‌ها می‌پردازد.

He indirectly addresses the psychological complexities of the characters.

Literary depth.

7

این نظریه بطور غیر مستقیم پیش‌فرض‌های علم مدرن را به چالش می‌کشد.

This theory indirectly challenges the presuppositions of modern science.

Epistemological critique.

8

او بطور غیر مستقیم از طریق کنایه‌های ظریف، قدرت را نقد کرد.

He indirectly critiqued power through subtle allusions.

Historical rhetoric.

Collocations courantes

اشاره کردن بطور غیر مستقیم
تاثیر گذاشتن بطور غیر مستقیم
فهماندن بطور غیر مستقیم
شنیدن بطور غیر مستقیم
انتقاد کردن بطور غیر مستقیم
کمک کردن بطور غیر مستقیم
ارتباط داشتن بطور غیر مستقیم
حمایت کردن بطور غیر مستقیم
اعتراف کردن بطور غیر مستقیم
هشدار دادن بطور غیر مستقیم

Phrases Courantes

از راه بطور غیر مستقیم

با روش بطور غیر مستقیم

به صورت بطور غیر مستقیم

پیام بطور غیر مستقیم

تاثیرات بطور غیر مستقیم

عوامل بطور غیر مستقیم

ارتباط بطور غیر مستقیم

پاسخ بطور غیر مستقیم

اشارات بطور غیر مستقیم

نگاه بطور غیر مستقیم

Souvent confondu avec

بطور غیر مستقیم vs غیر مستقیم (Adjective)

بطور غیر مستقیم vs با واسطه (Specifically through a person)

بطور غیر مستقیم vs تلویحاً (Implicitly - more formal)

Expressions idiomatiques

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

Facile à confondre

بطور غیر مستقیم vs

بطور غیر مستقیم vs

بطور غیر مستقیم vs

بطور غیر مستقیم vs

بطور غیر مستقیم vs

Structures de phrases

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Comment l'utiliser

nuance

It implies a lack of bluntness.

frequency

Very high in both formal and educated informal Persian.

Erreurs courantes
  • Pronouncing it without Ezafe.
  • Using 'na-mostaghim' instead of 'gheyr-e mostaghim'.
  • Placing it after the verb.
  • Confusing the adverbial phrase with the simple adjective.
  • Using it in contexts where 'mostaghim' (direct) is actually required.

Astuces

The Ezafe Rule

Always remember the short 'e' sound connecting the words. It's 'be-towr-E gheyr-E mostaghim'.

Politeness

Use this phrase when you want to give feedback without hurting someone's feelings.

Synonyms

Learn 'ba-vaseteh' as a more formal alternative for academic writing.

Emphasis

Put the phrase at the start of the sentence to emphasize that you weren't being direct.

Context Clues

When you hear this in a movie, look for the 'hidden' meaning in the character's actions.

Variety

Don't repeat it too much; use 'kenayeh-amiz' if you are talking about speech.

Break it Down

Memorize 'mostaghim' (direct) first, then add the negator 'gheyr'.

Verb Pairing

It pairs perfectly with 'eshareh kardan' (to point out).

Diplomacy

In business, use this to suggest changes without sounding like you are giving orders.

News Reports

Look for this word in headlines to find stories about subtle political shifts.

Mémorise-le

Origine du mot

Arabic-Persian Hybrid

Contexte culturel

Indirectness is a key component of Ta'arof.

Iranian political speech is famously indirect and full of metaphors.

Classical Persian poetry rarely says things directly; it uses 'Kenayeh'.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Amorces de conversation

"آیا تا به حال مجبور شده‌اید بطور غیر مستقیم به کسی انتقاد کنید؟"

"چطور می‌توان بطور غیر مستقیم به کسی فهماند که دوستش داریم؟"

"آیا در فرهنگ شما، صحبت کردن بطور غیر مستقیم نشانه ادب است؟"

"به نظر شما، سیاستمداران چرا همیشه بطور غیر مستقیم حرف می‌زنند؟"

"یک مثال از تاثیر بطور غیر مستقیم تکنولوژی بر زندگی بگویید."

Sujets d'écriture

درباره زمانی بنویسید که کسی بطور غیر مستقیم به شما هشداری داد.

آیا ترجیح می‌دهید مردم با شما بطور مستقیم حرف بزنند یا بطور غیر مستقیم؟ چرا؟

تاثیرات بطور غیر مستقیم یک کتاب بر زندگی خود را توصیف کنید.

چگونه هنر می‌تواند بطور غیر مستقیم پیام‌های سیاسی را منتقل کند؟

یک مکالمه بنویسید که در آن دو نفر بطور غیر مستقیم با هم مخالفت می‌کنند.

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

No, it is a phrase consisting of four parts that functions as a single adverb.

Yes, in informal speech, people often drop 'be-towr-e', but the full phrase is better for learners.

Yes, it is often used specifically to be polite and avoid direct confrontation.

It is a short 'e' sound at the end of 'towr' and 'gheyr'.

The opposite is 'be-towr-e mostaghim' or 'mostaghiman'.

Yes, to describe secondary or mediated effects.

Yes, like a road that isn't straight.

Very common, as poets love using metaphors and indirect allusions.

No, Persian adverbs do not have gender.

Yes, it is a core vocabulary item for intermediate learners to express nuance.

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