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B1 adverb #2,000 le plus courant 9 min de lecture

長期的に

choki-teki ni Top 2,000

At the A1 level, '長期的に' (chōki-teki ni) might be a bit difficult because it is a formal word. However, you can think of it as 'for a long time' (nagai aida). In A1, we usually learn simple words like 'nagai' (long). 'Chōki-teki ni' is like saying 'I will do this for many years.' For example, 'I study Japanese long-term.' Even though it's a big word, the meaning is just about a long period of time. You use it when you want to talk about your future plans, like working or studying. It's good to know, but don't worry if you can't use it perfectly yet. Just remember: 'Chōki' = Long time, 'teki ni' = -ly. So, 'Long-term-ly.'

At the A2 level, you are starting to use more specific adverbs. '長期的に' is useful when you talk about your goals. Instead of just saying 'I want to be healthy,' you can say 'I want to be healthy long-term.' This sounds more serious. You might see this word in simple news articles or posters about the environment. It's often used with 'kangaeru' (to think). For example: 'Chōki-teki ni kangaemasu' (I think about the long-term). It helps you explain that you are not just thinking about today or tomorrow, but about next year and the year after. It's a great word to make your Japanese sound a bit more 'grown-up.'

At the B1 level, '長期的に' is a key vocabulary item. You should be able to use it in discussions about work, society, and personal development. It is an adverb that means 'over the long run.' You will often use it in the phrase '長期的に見れば' (In the long run / If you look at it long-term). This is very useful for giving your opinion in a debate. For example, if someone says a new law is bad, you can say, 'Long-term, it might be good.' This level requires you to distinguish between 'Chōki-teki ni' (adverb) and 'Chōki-teki na' (adjective). Remember to use 'ni' before verbs and 'na' before nouns. It's a very common word in JLPT N3 materials.

At the B2 level, you should use '長期的に' naturally in professional and academic contexts. You understand that this word carries a nuance of strategic planning. It's not just about 'a long time,' but about a 'long-term perspective.' You can use it to contrast with '短期的に' (short-term). For instance, in a business presentation, you might explain why a short-term loss is necessary for long-term gain. You should also be familiar with related terms like '持続可能性' (sustainability) and how '長期的に' fits into those discussions. At this level, you can handle complex sentences where '長期的に' modifies compound verbs or abstract concepts like 'investment' or 'stability.'

At the C1 level, you recognize the stylistic weight of '長期的に.' You use it to structure complex arguments in essays or formal speeches. You are aware of its synonyms like '恒久的に' (permanently) or '永続的に' (perpetually) and choose '長期的に' specifically when referring to a planned or observable duration of time. You can use it in the passive voice or within nested clauses, such as '長期的に見て、妥当であると判断される' (Judged to be appropriate when viewed from a long-term perspective). Your understanding includes the cultural nuance that valuing the 'long-term' is often seen as a virtue in Japanese corporate and social philosophy. You can use it to discuss macro-economic trends or historical shifts with precision.

At the C2 level, '長期的に' is a tool for nuanced rhetoric. You can use it to discuss the philosophical implications of time and planning. You understand how it functions in high-level legal, political, and philosophical texts. You can distinguish between its use in 'chōki-teki ni kangaeru' (strategic thinking) and more specialized terms like 'chōki-teki na tenbō' (long-term outlook). You are also sensitive to the register; you know exactly when to use this formal term versus the more idiomatic 'nagai me de miru' to achieve a specific effect on your audience. You can effortlessly integrate it into discussions about complex systems, such as global ecology or international relations, where the 'long-term' spans generations.

Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

長期的に en 30 secondes

Means 'long-term' or 'in the long run' in Japanese.
Used as an adverb to modify verbs like 'think' or 'plan'.
Formal and strategic nuance, common in business and news.
Contrasts with 'tanki-teki ni' (short-term).

The term 長期的に (chōki-teki ni) is a sophisticated Japanese adverbial phrase that translates to "long-term," "over the long run," or "from a long-term perspective." To understand its depth, we must dissect its components. The first part, 長期 (chōki), consists of 長 (long) and 期 (period/term). The suffix 的 (teki) acts like the English suffix "-ic" or "-al," transforming the noun into an adjectival noun (na-adjective). Finally, the particle に (ni) converts it into an adverb. Unlike simple words for duration like 'nagaku' (longly), 長期的に carries a nuance of strategic planning, sustainability, and analytical foresight. It is frequently used in business, economics, and personal development to shift focus away from immediate results toward future stability.

Etymology: Derived from Middle Chinese roots, where 'Chō' signifies distance or time, and 'Ki' signifies a fixed point or interval. The addition of 'Teki' is a modern linguistic development used to create abstract concepts.

私たちは長期的にこのプロジェクトを評価する必要があります。
(We need to evaluate this project from a long-term perspective.)

In a Japanese cultural context, this word resonates with the value of keizoku (continuity). Whether discussing environmental policies or personal health, using this word signals that the speaker is not looking for a 'quick fix' but is committed to a lasting path. It is the opposite of 短期的に (tanki-teki ni), which refers to the short-term. When you use this word, you are essentially telling your audience to look at the 'big picture' over a span of years or even decades. It is a hallmark of formal and semi-formal speech, often found in editorials, academic papers, and corporate strategy meetings.

Grammatical Function: As an adverb, it usually precedes the verb it modifies or appears at the beginning of a clause to set the temporal context for the entire statement.

長期的に見れば、この投資は利益をもたらすでしょう。
(In the long run, this investment will likely bring profit.)

Furthermore, the word is often paired with verbs of perception or cognition, such as 見る (miru - to see/view), 考える (kangaeru - to think), or 計画する (keikaku suru - to plan). This reinforces the idea that 'long-term' is not just a duration, but a way of processing information. In the modern era of instant gratification, using 長期的に highlights a rare and valued trait in Japanese society: the ability to endure and plan for a distant but stable future. It is a word of wisdom and maturity.

Using 長期的に correctly requires an understanding of its adverbial nature. While the base form 長期 (chōki) is a noun, adding 的に (teki ni) allows it to modify verbs and adjectives. The most common structure is [Topic] + [長期的に] + [Verb]. For example, 'I am studying' becomes 'I am studying long-term.' However, it is most natural when modifying verbs related to planning, thinking, or observing. It is less common to use it for simple physical actions like 'eating' unless the context is a dietary habit over years.

Sentence Placement: It often appears at the very beginning of a sentence to establish the 'scope' of the statement, or immediately before the verb it modifies for emphasis.

長期的に健康を維持するためには、毎日の運動が欠かせません。
(To maintain health in the long term, daily exercise is essential.)

One critical distinction is between 長期的に (adverb) and 長期的な (adjective). Use the な (na) version when you want to describe a noun directly, such as chōki-teki na keikaku (a long-term plan). Use the に (ni) version when you are describing how an action is performed or how a situation is viewed. For instance, 'Thinking long-term' is chōki-teki ni kangaeru. This distinction is vital for JLPT N3 and N2 levels, where grammar particles are heavily tested.

Common Verb Pairings: 1. 考える (To think)
2. 計画する (To plan)
3. 投資する (To invest)
4. 評価する (To evaluate)
5. 展望する (To look ahead)

この問題は、長期的に解決していく必要があります。
(This issue needs to be resolved over the long term.)

In business Japanese (Keigo), you might see this word used in reports to shareholders or during strategic briefings. It conveys a sense of responsibility and seriousness. For example, 'We are committed to long-term growth' would be Waga-sha wa chōki-teki ni seichō suru koto o mezasu. It is also used in environmental contexts, such as 'long-term climate change effects.' By mastering this word, you move beyond basic survival Japanese into the realm of abstract discussion and professional communication.

You will encounter 長期的に in various professional and intellectual settings. One of the most common places is in NHK News or business programs like 'World Business Satellite.' Anchors use it when discussing stock market trends, government policies, or demographic shifts like Japan's aging population. It is a staple of the 'Business' and 'Economy' sections of newspapers like the Nikkei Shimbun. If you are listening to a CEO's speech or a university lecture on sociology, this word will almost certainly appear.

Context: Business Meetings: Managers use it to steer the conversation away from monthly quotas toward yearly or five-year goals. It is a tool for 'visionary' talk.

短期的な利益よりも、長期的に安定した経営を目指すべきです。
(We should aim for long-term stable management rather than short-term profits.)

In everyday life, you might hear it in self-help podcasts or from a financial advisor. When discussing retirement savings (NISA or iDeCo in Japan), the advice is always to invest chōki-teki ni. It also appears in documentaries about nature and the environment, specifically when discussing the impact of carbon emissions over decades. In these contexts, it serves as a sobering reminder of the scale of time involved in global changes.

Context: Academic Writing: In research papers, it is used to define the scope of a study, such as 'long-term observation' (chōki-teki na kansatsu).

この研究は、子供の成長を長期的に追跡したものです。
(This study followed children's growth over the long term.)

Finally, you might hear it in sports commentary, particularly regarding a team's rebuilding phase or a player's career development. A coach might say, 'We are looking at this player's potential long-term.' This usage highlights that the word isn't just for 'dry' topics like economics, but for anything involving growth, change, and the passage of time. It is a versatile tool for anyone looking to express complex temporal relationships in Japanese.

A frequent mistake for learners is confusing 長期的に with simpler time expressions like ずっと (zutto) or 長い間 (nagai aida). While all three relate to long durations, their usage is quite different. Zutto implies continuity without a break ('I've been waiting all this time'), and nagai aida simply means 'for a long time' ('I haven't seen you for a long time'). 長期的に, however, implies a strategic or conceptual timeframe. You wouldn't say 'I've been waiting for the bus long-termly' using this word.

Mistake 1: Misusing Particles: Saying '長期的なに' (incorrect) or '長期的にの' (incorrect). Remember: 'に' for adverbs (modifying verbs), 'な' for adjectives (modifying nouns).

❌ 長期的に計画 (Incorrect grammar)
✅ 長期的な計画 (Long-term plan - noun modification)
✅ 長期的に計画する (To plan long-term - verb modification)

Another mistake is using it for short durations that just feel long. 長期的に usually implies years or decades. If you are talking about a project that lasts two weeks, this word is too 'heavy.' In that case, use kikan o nagame ni (with a longer period). Also, be careful not to confuse it with 将来的に (shōrai-teki ni). While similar, shōrai-teki ni means 'sometime in the future,' whereas 長期的に means 'across a long span of time starting from now.'

Mistake 2: Confusing with 'Nagaku': 'Nagaku' is a general adverb for 'long.' 'Chōki-teki ni' is specifically for 'long-term' as a category of time.

❌ 彼は長期的に走った。
✅ 彼は長い間走った。
(He ran for a long time - 'Chōki-teki ni' doesn't fit physical running.)

Finally, ensure you don't omit the 'ni' when it's needed. In spoken Japanese, particles are sometimes dropped, but 長期的に is formal enough that dropping the 'ni' makes the sentence feel incomplete or uneducated. Always keep the 'ni' when modifying a verb to maintain the correct register. Understanding these nuances will help you sound more like a native speaker and less like a textbook translation.

To truly master 長期的に, you should compare it with its synonyms and related terms. Each has a slightly different flavor. For example, 長い目で見て (nagai me de mite) is a common idiomatic expression that literally means 'looking with long eyes.' It is used when you want to say 'in the long run' but in a more conversational or encouraging way. While 長期的に is analytical, nagai me de mite is often used when giving advice or showing patience.

Comparison: Chōki-teki ni vs. Nagai me de mite: 'Chōki-teki ni' is formal/academic/business-like. 'Nagai me de mite' is idiomatic/warm/personal.

子供の成長を長い目で見てあげましょう。
(Let's look at the child's growth from a long-term perspective / with patience.)

Another related word is 持続的に (jizoku-teki ni), which means 'sustainably' or 'continuously.' While 長期的に focuses on the length of time, jizoku-teki ni focuses on the ability to maintain the action without stopping. In the context of the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), you will see both words used together: 'long-term and sustainable growth.' There is also 恒久的に (kōkyū-teki ni), which means 'permanently' or 'eternally,' used in very formal contexts like law or international peace treaties.

Synonym List: 1. 長いスパンで (nagai supan de) - In a long span
2. 将来的に (shōrai-teki ni) - In the future
3. 末長く (sue-nagaku) - For a long time to come (often used in weddings)
4. 永続的に (eizoku-teki ni) - Perpetually

この技術は将来的に普及するでしょう。
(This technology will likely become widespread in the future.)

Finally, consider 末永く (suenagaku). You will hear this at weddings: 'Please be happy for a long time to come' (suenagaku o-shiawase ni). You would never use 長期的に in a wedding speech because it sounds like a business contract! Choosing the right 'long' word depends entirely on the social setting and the emotional tone you wish to convey. By comparing these, you can see that 長期的に is the 'logical' and 'professional' choice for long-term spans.

How Formal Is It?

Formel

Informel

Niveau de difficulté

Grammaire à connaître

Exemples par niveau

長期的に日本語を勉強します。

I will study Japanese long-term.

Chōki-teki ni + Benkyō shimasu (Verb)

長期的に日本に住みたいです。

I want to live in Japan long-term.

Sumitai (Want to live) modified by the adverb.

長期的に計画を立てます。

I will make a long-term plan.

Keikaku o tatemasu (Make a plan).

長期的に健康になりたいです。

I want to become healthy long-term.

Kenkou ni naritai (Want to become healthy).

長期的に考えましょう。

Let's think long-term.

Kangaemashō (Let's think).

長期的に働きます。

I will work long-term.

Hatarakimasu (To work).

長期的に貯金します。

I will save money long-term.

Chokin shimasu (To save money).

長期的に練習が必要です。

Long-term practice is necessary.

Renshū (Practice) + Hitsuyō (Necessary).

長期的に見て、この家はいいです。

Looking long-term, this house is good.

Chōki-teki ni mite (Looking from a long-term perspective).

長期的に運動を続けることが大切です。

It is important to continue exercising long-term.

Tsuzukeru koto (Continuing) is the subject.

長期的にこの車を使いたいです。

I want to use this car long-term.

Tsukaitai (Want to use).

長期的に友達でいたいです。

I want to be friends long-term.

Tomodachi de itai (Want to stay friends).

長期的に環境を守りましょう。

Let's protect the environment long-term.

Kankyou o mamoru (Protect environment).

長期的にこの会社で頑張ります。

I will do my best at this company long-term.

Ganbarimasu (Do my best).

長期的に勉強を計画してください。

Please plan your studies long-term.

Keikaku shite kudasai (Please plan).

長期的に野菜を食べることがいいです。

Eating vegetables long-term is good.

Taberu koto (Eating) modified by adverb.

長期的に見れば、この投資は成功するでしょう。

In the long run, this investment will likely succeed.

Mireba (If you look) + Deshō (Probably).

長期的に安定した生活を送りたい。

I want to lead a stable life in the long term.

Antei shita (Stable) + Seikatsu (Life).

この問題は長期的に解決する必要があります。

This problem needs to be solved over the long term.

Kaiketsu suru hitsuyō ga aru (Need to solve).

長期的にキャリアを考えることが重要だ。

It is important to think about your career long-term.

Kangaeru koto (Thinking) is important.

長期的に地球温暖化を抑える対策が必要です。

Measures to curb global warming long-term are necessary.

Osaeru (To curb/suppress).

長期的に良好な関係を築く。

Build a good relationship over the long term.

Ryōko na (Good) + Kizuku (To build).

長期的に見て、どちらの選択が正しいですか？

Looking long-term, which choice is correct?

Dochira (Which) + Sentaku (Choice).

長期的にこのプロジェクトをサポートします。

We will support this project long-term.

Sapōto shimasu (To support).

短期的な利益を追うのではなく、長期的に成長を目指すべきだ。

Instead of chasing short-term profits, we should aim for long-term growth.

No dewa naku (Instead of) + Mezashu beki (Should aim).

長期的に資産を運用するための知識を身につける。

Acquire knowledge to manage assets over the long term.

Shisan o unyō suru (Manage assets).

この政策が長期的にどのような影響を与えるか分析する。

Analyze what kind of impact this policy will have in the long term.

Eikyō o ataeru (To have an impact).

長期的に見て、教育への投資は最も効率が良い。

In the long run, investing in education is the most efficient.

Kōritsu ga yoi (Efficient).

企業は長期的に持続可能なビジネスモデルを構築している。

Companies are building long-term sustainable business models.

Jizoku kanō na (Sustainable).

長期的に信頼を得るためには、誠実さが不可欠だ。

To gain trust long-term, sincerity is indispensable.

Shinrai o eru (Gain trust) + Fukatsu (Indispensable).

長期的に人口減少が経済に与える影響を懸念している。

There are concerns about the long-term impact of population decline on the economy.

Kenen shite iru (To be concerned).

長期的にスキルの向上を図る。

Aim for skill improvement over the long term.

Kōjō o hakaru (Aim for improvement).

長期的にマクロ経済の安定を維持することが、政府の急務である。

Maintaining long-term macroeconomic stability is an urgent task for the government.

Kyūmu (Urgent task).

長期的に見て、その理論の妥当性は実証されている。

In the long run, the validity of that theory has been proven.

Datōsei (Validity) + Jisshō (Proof).

長期的に組織のレジリエンスを高める戦略を策定する。

Formulate a strategy to enhance organizational resilience in the long term.

Sakutei suru (To formulate).

この契約は、長期的に双方に利益をもたらす条項を含んでいる。

This contract includes clauses that will benefit both parties in the long term.

Sōhō (Both parties) + Jōkō (Clauses).

長期的に社会の構造的変化を予測するのは困難だ。

It is difficult to predict structural changes in society over the long term.

Kōzō-teki henka (Structural change).

長期的にブランド価値を維持するためのブランディング戦略。

A branding strategy to maintain brand value over the long term.

Kachi o iji suru (Maintain value).

長期的に資源を確保するための国際的な協力が必要だ。

International cooperation is needed to secure resources in the long term.

Shigen o kakuho suru (Secure resources).

長期的に見て、この技術革新はパラダイムシフトを引き起こすだろう。

In the long run, this technological innovation will cause a paradigm shift.

Hikiokosu (To cause/trigger).

長期的に文明の持続可能性を模索することは、現代人の責務である。

Seeking the long-term sustainability of civilization is the duty of modern people.

Mosaku suru (To grope for/seek).

長期的に見て、資本主義の矛盾がどのように露呈するかを論じる。

Discuss how the contradictions of capitalism will be exposed in the long run.

Mujun (Contradiction) + Rotei suru (To be exposed).

長期的に人類の進化に寄与するような研究に従事したい。

I want to engage in research that contributes to the evolution of humanity in the long term.

Kiyo suru (To contribute).

長期的に財政の健全性を担保するための抜本的な改革が必要だ。

Radical reforms are needed to guarantee long-term fiscal health.

Tanpo suru (To guarantee/collateralize).

長期的に生態系の均衡を保つための介入は慎重であるべきだ。

Interventions to maintain the long-term balance of the ecosystem should be cautious.

Kinkō o tamatsu (Maintain balance).

長期的に見て、言語の変遷は社会の価値観の変容を映し出している。

In the long run, linguistic transitions reflect changes in societal values.

Hensen (Transition) + Hen-yō (Transformation).

長期的に平和を維持するための多角的なアプローチを検討する。

Consider a multi-faceted approach to maintaining peace in the long term.

Takaku-teki na (Multi-faceted).

長期的に見て、この哲学的問いに終止符が打たれることはないだろう。

In the long run, this philosophical question will likely never be put to rest.

Shūshifu ga utareru (To be put to an end).

Collocations courantes

長期的に見る

長期的に考える

長期的に計画する

長期的に投資する

長期的に評価する

長期的に安定する

長期的に維持する

長期的に影響する

長期的に取り組む

長期的に展望する

Phrases Courantes

長期的に見れば

長期的に考えて

長期的な視点

長期的な計画

長期的な目標

長期的な関係

長期的な成長

長期的な安定

長期的な利益

長期的な展望

Souvent confondu avec

長期的に vs 長い間 (Simple duration)

長期的に vs ずっと (Continuous state)

長期的に vs 将来的に (Future point in time)

Expressions idiomatiques

Facile à confondre

長期的に vs

Structures de phrases

Comment l'utiliser

nuance

Implies a planned, strategic duration.

formality

High. Suitable for business and academic use.

Erreurs courantes

Using 'ni' to modify a noun.
Using it for short durations (e.g., waiting 10 minutes).
Confusing it with 'shōrai-teki ni'.
Dropping the 'ni' in formal speech.
Mispronouncing the long 'ō' in 'chōki'.

Astuces

Adverb vs Adjective

Use 'ni' for verbs and 'na' for nouns. This is a common test point.

Antonym

Learn 'tanki-teki ni' (short-term) at the same time to double your vocabulary.

Business Use

Use this word when discussing company goals to sound more professional.

Mireba

The phrase 'chōki-teki ni mireba' is a very natural way to start an opinion.

News Keywords

This is a high-frequency word in NHK news broadcasts.

Essays

Great for concluding an essay by looking at future implications.

Values

Using this word shows you understand the Japanese value of long-term planning.

Kanji Roots

Focus on 'Chō' (Long) and 'Ki' (Period) to remember the meaning easily.

Strategy

Remember this word implies 'strategy,' not just 'time passing'.

Formal Register

Keep this word for formal settings; use 'zutto' for casual ones.

Mémorise-le

Origine du mot

Sino-Japanese vocabulary (Kango) used to express abstract time concepts.

Contexte culturel

Japanese companies often have 100-year plans, reflecting a 'chōki-teki' mindset.

Parents often plan their children's education 'chōki-teki ni' from a young age.

Japan's commitment to net-zero emissions by 2050 is discussed 'chōki-teki ni'.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Amorces de conversation

"長期的に見て、日本の将来はどうなると思いますか？"

"長期的に健康を保つために、何をしていますか？"

"長期的に日本語を勉強するコツは何ですか？"

"長期的に投資することについてどう思いますか？"

"長期的に住みたい場所はどこですか？"

Sujets d'écriture

長期的に達成したい目標を書いてください。

長期的に見て、自分にとって一番大切なものは何ですか？

今の習慣が長期的に自分にどう影響するか考えてみましょう。

長期的に成功するために必要なスキルは何だと思いますか？

長期的な計画を立てるのが得意ですか、苦手ですか？

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

No, that's too formal. Use 'nagai aida' or 'zutto' for simple physical waiting.

'Chōki-teki ni' refers to the whole span of time, while 'shōrai-teki ni' refers to a specific point in the future.

It's a bit stiff. Use 'nagai me de mite' if you're talking to friends.

In Japanese context, it usually means 3-5 years or more.

No, you need a verb like 'benkyō suru' or make it an adjective 'chōki-teki na benkyō'.

Yes, for player development or team building strategies.

It is 長 (long), the same as in 'nagai'.

Yes, it's a very common way to turn 'na-adjectives' or nouns into adverbs.

Yes, it's very common in discussions about climate change.

Yes, it's 'chūki-teki ni' (中期的に).