~을/를 비롯한 en 30 secondes
- Lists items, highlighting the first as a key example.
- Means 'including' or 'starting with'.
- Used for formal and semi-formal contexts.
- Emphasizes the preceding noun.
- Core Meaning
- The particle combination '~을/를 비롯한' (pronounced 'eul/reul birot-han') is used to indicate that something or someone is included in a group or list, often serving as the starting point or a prominent example of that group. It suggests that the preceding noun is not the only one, but rather the first or a representative one among others.
- Usage Context
- This expression is frequently encountered in formal and semi-formal writing, such as news articles, academic texts, and official announcements. It's also used in everyday conversation to enumerate items or people, highlighting one as a key element. It's particularly useful when you want to introduce a list or a set of examples, making it clear that the mentioned item is just one among many. The particle '을/를' attached to the noun indicates the direct object, and '비롯한' acts as a modifier, essentially meaning 'including' or 'starting with'.
- Nuance and Emphasis
- The emphasis is often on the item that comes *before* '~을/를 비롯한'. It sets the stage for what follows, implying that the subsequent items are similar in nature or also part of the same category. It can convey a sense of comprehensiveness or that the initial item is a significant representative of the whole. For instance, when talking about a country's exports, mentioning 'rice, including agricultural products' implies that rice is a major agricultural export, and there are other agricultural products as well.
- Grammatical Function
- '~을/를 비롯한' functions as a post-nominal modifier, meaning it comes after the noun it modifies and describes. It's typically followed by another noun or a noun phrase, forming a larger descriptive unit. For example, in '김치, 된장을 비롯한 한국 음식' (Korean food, including kimchi and doenjang), '김치' is the item being highlighted, and '된장' is another example. The entire phrase '김치를 비롯한 한국 음식' means 'Korean food, starting with kimchi'.
The company announced a new initiative, employees를 비롯한 all stakeholders will be informed.
This region is known for its beautiful beaches, mountains을 비롯한 diverse natural landscapes.
The festival featured various traditional performances, music을 비롯한 dance and theater.
- Common Scenarios
- You'll see '~을/를 비롯한' when listing key items in a category, introducing examples of a concept, or specifying the primary members of a group. It's a way to say 'among other things, this is important' or 'this is one of the main things in this category'. For example, when discussing the benefits of exercise, you might say '건강 증진, 체중 관리을 비롯한 다양한 효과가 있습니다' (There are various effects, including health improvement and weight management).
- When to Choose This Phrase
- Choose '~을/를 비롯한' when you want to explicitly include a specific item or person as a representative or starting point of a larger group. It adds a touch of formality and precision to your language, making it clear that you are not just listing items but highlighting a particular one within a broader context. It's ideal for situations where you need to be comprehensive yet draw attention to specific elements.
The government plans to invest in infrastructure, roads을 비롯한 public transportation and utilities.
- Basic Structure
- The fundamental structure involves a noun followed by the particle '~을/를', then '비롯한', and finally the noun or noun phrase that represents the broader category. The noun before '~을/를' is the highlighted item, and the noun phrase after '비롯한' encompasses it.
- Example 1: Highlighting a Key Item
- Consider the sentence: '이 행사는 음악, 춤을 비롯한 다양한 문화 공연을 선보일 예정입니다.' (This event is scheduled to showcase various cultural performances, including dance, starting with music.) Here, '음악' (music) is presented as a primary example, and '춤' (dance) is another included element within the broader category of '다양한 문화 공연' (various cultural performances).
- Example 2: Including People
- In a context about a meeting: '회의에는 사장님, 부장님을 비롯한 주요 임원들이 참석했습니다.' (The meeting was attended by key executives, including the department head, starting with the president.) '사장님' (president) is the most senior and is highlighted, followed by '부장님' (department head) and other '주요 임원들' (key executives).
- Example 3: Listing Products
- When discussing a company's offerings: '우리 회사는 스마트폰, 태블릿을 비롯한 다양한 전자 제품을 생산합니다.' (Our company produces various electronic products, including tablets, starting with smartphones.) '스마트폰' (smartphones) is presented as a leading product, and '태블릿' (tablets) are also included in the range of '다양한 전자 제품' (various electronic products).
- Example 4: Describing Locations
- For travel descriptions: '이 지역은 아름다운 해변, 산을 비롯한 다양한 자연 경관을 자랑합니다.' (This region boasts diverse natural landscapes, including mountains, starting with beautiful beaches.) '아름다운 해변' (beautiful beaches) is emphasized, and '산' (mountains) are also part of the '다양한 자연 경관' (diverse natural landscapes).
- Example 5: Including Concepts
- In discussions about societal issues: '이 문제는 교육, 의료를 비롯한 여러 사회 분야에 걸쳐 있습니다.' (This issue spans several social sectors, including healthcare, starting with education.) '교육' (education) is the initial focus, and '의료' (healthcare) is another area affected by '이 문제' (this issue).
- Example 6: Formal Announcements
- A formal announcement might read: '본 프로젝트는 연구 개발, 마케팅을 비롯한 여러 단계로 구성됩니다.' (This project consists of several phases, including marketing, starting with research and development.) '연구 개발' (research and development) is presented as the foundational step, followed by '마케팅' (marketing) and other '여러 단계' (several phases).
- Example 7: Referring to Groups
- When talking about participants: '행사에는 학생, 교사를 비롯한 많은 사람들이 참여했습니다.' (Many people participated in the event, including teachers, starting with students.) '학생' (students) are mentioned first, and '교사' (teachers) are also part of the '많은 사람들' (many people) who joined.
- Example 8: Listing Causes
- Discussing reasons for a phenomenon: '이 현상의 원인은 복합적이며, 기후 변화를 비롯한 여러 요인이 작용하고 있습니다.' (The causes of this phenomenon are complex, with several factors at play, including climate change, starting with economic downturns.) '경제 침체' (economic downturns) is a contributing factor, and '기후 변화' (climate change) is another significant one among the '여러 요인' (several factors).
- News Reporting
- You will frequently encounter '~을/를 비롯한' in news articles, especially when reporting on events, statistics, or government policies. For instance, a news report might state: '정부는 새로운 복지 정책을 발표했으며, 저소득층을 비롯한 취약 계층을 지원할 계획입니다.' (The government announced a new welfare policy and plans to support vulnerable groups, including the low-income bracket, starting with the unemployed.) This highlights the low-income group as a key focus within the broader category of vulnerable populations.
- Academic and Research Papers
- In academic writing, this phrase is used to introduce examples or key components of a study. For example: '본 연구는 한국의 전통 문화, 한복을 비롯한 다양한 측면을 조사했습니다.' (This research investigated various aspects of Korean traditional culture, including Hanbok, starting with traditional architecture.) Here, '전통 건축' (traditional architecture) might be the initial focus, and '한복' (Hanbok) is another significant element of traditional culture.
- Business and Corporate Communications
- Companies use this when describing their products, services, or market segments. A business report might say: '회사는 다양한 산업 분야에 걸쳐 사업을 운영하고 있으며, IT를 비롯한 첨단 기술 분야에 집중하고 있습니다.' (The company operates in various industrial sectors and is focusing on high-tech fields, including IT, starting with manufacturing.) This indicates IT as a key area of focus within broader high-tech sectors.
- Speeches and Presentations
- Speakers often use '~을/를 비롯한' to introduce key points or examples during presentations. For instance, a motivational speaker might say: '성공을 위해서는 열정, 꾸준함을 비롯한 여러 요소가 중요합니다.' (To achieve success, several factors are important, including persistence, starting with passion.) This emphasizes passion as a starting point for success.
- Public Service Announcements
- Public announcements about safety or health often employ this phrase. For example: '안전한 생활을 위해 개인 위생, 정기적인 운동을 비롯한 건강 습관을 실천해야 합니다.' (For a safe life, you should practice healthy habits, including regular exercise, starting with personal hygiene.) Personal hygiene is highlighted as a foundational health practice.
- Educational Materials
- Textbooks and educational content use it to introduce concepts or examples. A history textbook might explain: '한국의 주요 수출품으로는 자동차, 반도체를 비롯한 공산품이 있습니다.' (Korea's main exports include manufactured goods, such as semiconductors, starting with automobiles.) Automobiles are presented as a primary export, followed by semiconductors.
- Everyday Conversations (Semi-formal)
- While less common in very casual chat, it appears in more structured conversations, such as when discussing plans or giving advice. For instance: '이번 주말에는 친구들과 영화, 맛집을 비롯한 여러 활동을 할 거예요.' (This weekend, I plan to do various activities with friends, including visiting good restaurants, starting with watching a movie.) Watching a movie is the initial plan, with visiting restaurants as another activity.
- Cultural Commentary
- Articles or discussions about culture often use this phrase. For example: '현대 한국 사회는 서구 문화, 대중문화를 비롯한 다양한 외래 문화의 영향을 받고 있습니다.' (Modern Korean society is influenced by various foreign cultures, including popular culture, starting with Western culture.) Western culture is presented as a foundational influence, with popular culture as another example.
- Incorrect Particle Usage
- A common error is using the wrong particle before '비롯한'. The particle must be '을' if the preceding noun ends in a consonant, and '를' if it ends in a vowel. For example, saying '책을 비롯한' (including books) is correct because '책' ends in a consonant. However, saying '사과를 비롯한' (including apples) is also correct because '사과' ends in a vowel. Incorrectly using '은/는' instead of '을/를' is a frequent mistake. For instance, '책은 비롯한' is grammatically incorrect in this context.
- Overusing or Misplacing the Emphasis
- Learners sometimes place the emphasized item *after* '비롯한' or use it when no specific item needs highlighting. The phrase is meant to introduce a list with a prominent starting point. For example, saying '다양한 과일, 사과를 비롯한' (various fruits, including apples) is grammatically awkward. The correct structure is '사과를 비롯한 다양한 과일' (various fruits, including apples).
- Confusing with Similar Phrases
- '~을/를 비롯한' is sometimes confused with phrases like '~을/를 포함하여' (including) or '~을/를 포함한' (which includes). While similar, '~을/를 비롯한' often carries a nuance of being the primary or starting example, whereas '~을/를 포함하여' is more neutral and simply means 'including'. Using '~을/를 비롯한' when a neutral inclusion is intended can sound slightly unnatural or overly emphatic.
- Incorrect Placement in the Sentence
- The phrase '~을/를 비롯한' functions as a modifier and should precede the noun or noun phrase it describes. Placing it at the end of a sentence or in an awkward position can lead to grammatical errors. For example, '다양한 활동을 할 거예요, 영화를 비롯한' is incorrect. It should be structured as '영화를 비롯한 다양한 활동을 할 거예요.'
- Omitting the Object Particle
- Forgetting the object particle '을/를' after the noun is a common oversight. The structure requires this particle to correctly link the noun to '비롯한'. So, '책 비롯한' is incorrect; it must be '책을 비롯한'.
- Using it for Singular Items
- '~을/를 비롯한' inherently implies that there are other items or individuals in the group besides the one mentioned. Using it to describe a single, isolated item without any implied context of others can sound strange. For instance, if there's only one type of fruit, you wouldn't say '사과를 비롯한 과일' (fruits, including apples); you'd simply say '사과' (apples).
- Incorrect Verb Conjugation
- While '비롯한' itself is a past participle form used adjectivally, learners might mistakenly try to conjugate it as a verb in sentences where it functions as a modifier. The phrase is fixed in this form when used in this grammatical construction.
- Overgeneralization in Casual Speech
- In very casual, informal speech, native speakers might simplify or use alternative expressions. Attempting to use '~을/를 비롯한' in such contexts where simpler phrasing would suffice can make speech sound overly stiff or unnatural.
- ~을/를 포함한 (including, which includes)
- Comparison: This is a very common and direct alternative. Both phrases indicate inclusion. However, '~을/를 포함한' is generally more neutral and simply states that something is part of a larger set. '~을/를 비롯한' often implies that the preceding item is a prominent or starting example within that set.
Example:
Using ~을/를 포함한: '이 상자에는 책, 연필, 지우개를 포함한 학용품이 들어 있습니다.' (This box contains stationery, including erasers, pencils, and books.) - Neutral list.
Using ~을/를 비롯한: '이 상자에는 학용품, 연필을 비롯한 책과 지우개가 들어 있습니다.' (This box contains stationery, including pencils, with books and erasers.) - Emphasizes pencils as a key item. - ~을/를 포함하여 (including - adverbial form)
- Comparison: This is the adverbial form of '~을/를 포함한'. It functions similarly to '~을/를 포함한' but can be placed more flexibly in a sentence, often at the beginning or as an interjection. It's less likely to be used to directly modify a noun phrase as '~을/를 비롯한' does. '~을/를 비롯한' specifically modifies the noun that follows it.
Example:
Using ~을/를 포함하여: '모든 직원을 포함하여 회의가 진행되었습니다.' (The meeting proceeded, including all employees.) - Adverbial, describes how the meeting proceeded.
Using ~을/를 비롯한: '모든 직원을 비롯한 참석자들이 회의에 참석했습니다.' (Attendees, including all employees, attended the meeting.) - Modifies '참석자들'. - ~ 등 (etc., and so on)
- Comparison: '~ 등' is used at the end of a list to indicate that there are more items of the same kind, but they are not explicitly mentioned. It's a way to shorten a list. '~을/를 비롯한', on the other hand, introduces a list where specific items are named, with emphasis on the first one. '~ 등' simply implies continuation without highlighting.
Example:
Using ~ 등: '저는 사과, 바나나, 오렌지 등의 과일을 좋아합니다.' (I like fruits such as apples, bananas, and oranges.) - Implies other fruits too.
Using ~을/를 비롯한: '저는 사과를 비롯한 바나나, 오렌지 등의 과일을 좋아합니다.' (I like fruits, including apples, bananas, and oranges, etc.) - Emphasizes apples. - ~을/를 포함해서 (including - colloquial)
- Comparison: This is a more colloquial version of '~을/를 포함하여'. It functions similarly in everyday conversation. The nuance of emphasis present in '~을/를 비롯한' is generally absent here.
Example:
Using ~을/를 포함해서: '이 패키지에는 식사를 포함해서 숙박도 제공됩니다.' (This package includes accommodation, including meals.) - Casual inclusion.
Using ~을/를 비롯한: '이 패키지에는 식사를 비롯한 숙박과 관광이 포함됩니다.' (This package includes accommodation and tours, starting with meals.) - Highlights meals as a key component. - ~을/를 중심으로 (centering on, around)
- Comparison: This phrase emphasizes that the preceding noun is the central focus or main point around which other things revolve. While '~을/를 비롯한' highlights an item as a significant example within a group, '~을/를 중심으로' makes that item the absolute core.
Example:
Using ~을/를 중심으로: '이 프로젝트는 신기술을 중심으로 진행될 것입니다.' (This project will proceed centering on new technology.) - New technology is the absolute core.
Using ~을/를 비롯한: '이 프로젝트는 신기술을 비롯한 연구 개발에 초점을 맞출 것입니다.' (This project will focus on research and development, including new technology.) - New technology is a key part of R&D. - ~에 이르기까지 (up to and including)
- Comparison: This phrase is used to indicate a range, from a starting point up to and including a final point. It's more about a progression or a spectrum than simply listing items. '~을/를 비롯한' is about inclusion within a set, not necessarily a temporal or spatial progression.
Example:
Using ~에 이르기까지: '그는 어릴 때부터 초등학생에 이르기까지 모든 연령대의 사람들과 소통했습니다.' (He communicated with people of all ages, from childhood up to and including elementary school students.) - Indicates a range of ages.
Using ~을/를 비롯한: '그는 어린이를 비롯한 모든 연령대의 사람들과 소통했습니다.' (He communicated with people of all ages, including children.) - Highlights children as part of the group. - ~을/를 포함한 (as a noun modifier, formal)
- Comparison: This is the most direct formal synonym for when '~을/를 비롯한' is used as a post-nominal modifier. The distinction is subtle: '~을/를 비롯한' often implies a primary example or starting point, while '~을/를 포함한' is a more general inclusion.
Example:
Using ~을/를 포함한: '이 보고서는 시장 조사를 포함한 모든 관련 데이터를 분석했습니다.' (This report analyzed all relevant data, including market research.) - General inclusion.
Using ~을/를 비롯한: '이 보고서는 시장 조사를 비롯한 초기 단계의 데이터를 분석했습니다.' (This report analyzed data from the initial stages, including market research.) - Market research is presented as a key initial stage.
How Formal Is It?
Le savais-tu ?
While '비롯' itself as a noun is less common in modern Korean, the verb '비롯하다' and its adjectival form '~을/를 비롯한' are frequently used, showing the enduring impact of this root word. The addition of particles and grammatical endings has shaped its modern usage.
Guide de prononciation
- Pronouncing '을' or '를' too strongly.
- Mispronouncing the 'ㅂ' (b) or 'ㅅ' (s) sounds in '비롯한'.
- Adding unnecessary pauses between the components.
Niveau de difficulté
CEFR B2 level. The phrase itself is not overly complex, but understanding the nuance of emphasis and its use in formal contexts requires practice. Recognizing it in longer sentences and academic texts contributes to the difficulty.
CEFR B2 level. Correctly applying the particle rules and ensuring the emphasized item precedes the modifier requires careful attention.
CEFR B2 level. Fluently incorporating this phrase into conversation, especially to convey the intended emphasis, can be challenging.
CEFR B2 level. Distinguishing the nuance of '~을/를 비롯한' from similar phrases like '~을/를 포함한' in spoken Korean requires good comprehension skills.
Quoi apprendre ensuite
Prérequis
Apprends ensuite
Avancé
Grammaire à connaître
Object Particles (을/를)
The particle '을' is used after a noun ending in a consonant, and '를' is used after a noun ending in a vowel. This is crucial for forming '~을/를 비롯한' correctly. (e.g., 책을 비롯한, 사과를 비롯한).
Adjectival Suffixes (-ㄴ/은/는)
'~한' is a past participle form used adjectivally, similar to how '-n' or '-en' is used in English (e.g., 'broken', 'written'). It modifies the following noun. (e.g., '비롯하다' becomes '비롯한' to modify a noun).
Noun Modification
Phrases ending in '~한' function as adjectives to modify nouns. '~을/를 비롯한' works by taking a verb stem and adding the modifier suffix to describe the noun that follows. (e.g., '음악을 비롯한 공연' - performances including music).
Listing and Enumeration
Korean grammar has various ways to list items. '~을/를 비롯한' is one method that adds emphasis to the initial item in the list.
Particles for Inclusion
Particles like '도' (also), '까지' (up to), and phrases like '포함하다' also deal with inclusion, but '~을/를 비롯한' has a specific nuance of highlighting a primary example.
Exemples par niveau
이 가게에는 맛있는 빵, 케이크을 비롯한 다양한 디저트가 있어요.
This store has various desserts, including cakes, starting with delicious bread.
The noun '빵' (bread) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이번 프로젝트는 학생, 교사를 비롯한 많은 사람들이 참여했습니다.
Many people participated in this project, including teachers, starting with students.
The noun '학생' (student) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
그는 노래, 춤을 비롯한 여러 재능을 가지고 있습니다.
He has many talents, including dance, starting with singing.
The noun '노래' (song) ends in a vowel, so '를' is used before '비롯한'.
이 지역은 아름다운 산, 강을 비롯한 멋진 풍경을 자랑합니다.
This region boasts wonderful scenery, including rivers, starting with beautiful mountains.
The noun '산' (mountain) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
회의에는 임원, 팀장을 비롯한 모든 직원이 참석했습니다.
All employees attended the meeting, including team leaders, starting with executives.
The noun '임원' (executive) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
그는 책, 영화를 비롯한 다양한 취미를 가지고 있습니다.
He has various hobbies, including movies, starting with books.
The noun '책' (book) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이번 축제는 음악, 연극을 비롯한 다채로운 공연이 열립니다.
This festival features colorful performances, including theater, starting with music.
The noun '음악' (music) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
그녀는 그림, 글쓰기를 비롯한 예술 활동을 즐깁니다.
She enjoys artistic activities, including writing, starting with painting.
The noun '그림' (painting) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
정부는 경제 성장, 일자리 창출을 비롯한 다양한 정책을 추진하고 있습니다.
The government is pursuing various policies, including job creation, starting with economic growth.
The noun '경제 성장' (economic growth) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이 도시는 역사 유적, 현대 미술관을 비롯한 풍부한 문화 시설을 자랑합니다.
This city boasts rich cultural facilities, including modern art museums, starting with historical sites.
The noun '역사 유적' (historical sites) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
그녀는 학문적 성취, 사회 봉사를 비롯한 다방면에 걸쳐 뛰어난 업적을 남겼습니다.
She left outstanding achievements in various fields, including social service, starting with academic accomplishments.
The noun '학문적 성취' (academic accomplishments) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이 보고서는 환경 보호, 지속 가능한 발전을 비롯한 여러 과제를 다루고 있습니다.
This report addresses several issues, including sustainable development, starting with environmental protection.
The noun '환경 보호' (environmental protection) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이 회사는 혁신적인 기술, 고객 만족을 비롯한 경영 철학을 중요하게 생각합니다.
This company values its management philosophy, including customer satisfaction, starting with innovative technology.
The noun '혁신적인 기술' (innovative technology) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
그는 과학 연구, 교육을 비롯한 공공 서비스에 헌신했습니다.
He dedicated himself to public services, including education, starting with scientific research.
The noun '과학 연구' (scientific research) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이번 전시회는 현대 미술, 사진을 비롯한 다양한 예술 작품을 선보입니다.
This exhibition showcases various artworks, including photography, starting with modern art.
The noun '현대 미술' (modern art) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
우리 팀은 뛰어난 선수, 감독을 비롯한 훌륭한 코치진을 보유하고 있습니다.
Our team has an excellent coaching staff, including the coach, starting with outstanding players.
The noun '뛰어난 선수' (outstanding players) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
국제 사회는 기후 변화 대응, 빈곤 퇴치를 비롯한 인류 공통의 과제 해결을 위해 협력해야 합니다.
The international community must cooperate to solve humanity's common challenges, including poverty eradication, starting with addressing climate change.
The noun '기후 변화 대응' (addressing climate change) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이 저서는 근대 문학사, 현대 문학을 비롯한 한국 문학 전반을 심도 있게 분석합니다.
This book deeply analyzes Korean literature as a whole, including modern literature, starting with modern literary history.
The noun '근대 문학사' (modern literary history) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
회사는 연구 개발, 기술 혁신을 비롯한 장기적인 성장 동력 확보에 주력하고 있습니다.
The company is focusing on securing long-term growth engines, including technological innovation, starting with research and development.
The noun '연구 개발' (research and development) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이 예술가는 추상 회화, 설치 미술을 비롯한 다양한 매체를 통해 독창적인 작품 세계를 구축했습니다.
This artist has built a unique artistic world through various media, including installation art, starting with abstract painting.
The noun '추상 회화' (abstract painting) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
정치적 안정, 경제 발전을 비롯한 국가의 발전은 시민들의 적극적인 참여에 달려 있습니다.
A nation's development, including economic development, starting with political stability, depends on the active participation of its citizens.
The noun '정치적 안정' (political stability) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
그는 뛰어난 리더십, 전략적 사고를 비롯한 경영 능력을 인정받아왔습니다.
He has been recognized for his management abilities, including strategic thinking, starting with outstanding leadership.
The noun '뛰어난 리더십' (outstanding leadership) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이 학술 대회는 최신 연구 동향, 미래 전망을 비롯한 다양한 주제를 논의할 것입니다.
This academic conference will discuss various topics, including future prospects, starting with the latest research trends.
The noun '최신 연구 동향' (latest research trends) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
문화 교류는 상호 이해, 평화 증진을 비롯한 여러 긍정적인 효과를 가져옵니다.
Cultural exchange brings many positive effects, including peace promotion, starting with mutual understanding.
The noun '상호 이해' (mutual understanding) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
현대 사회는 기술 발전, 윤리적 딜레마를 비롯한 복합적인 문제에 직면해 있으며, 이에 대한 성찰이 요구됩니다.
Modern society faces complex issues, including ethical dilemmas, starting with technological advancements, and introspection on these is required.
The noun '기술 발전' (technological advancements) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이 철학자는 존재론, 인식론을 비롯한 형이상학적 탐구를 통해 인간의 본질을 규명하고자 했습니다.
This philosopher sought to elucidate the essence of humanity through metaphysical inquiries, including epistemology, starting with ontology.
The noun '존재론' (ontology) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
기업의 사회적 책임은 단순히 이윤 추구, 환경 보호를 넘어 공동체 발전에 기여하는 것을 포함합니다.
Corporate social responsibility extends beyond mere profit-seeking and environmental protection to include contributing to community development.
The noun '이윤 추구' (profit-seeking) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
이 문학 작품은 내면의 갈등, 사회적 부조리를 비롯한 인간 존재의 근원적인 고뇌를 심오하게 탐구합니다.
This literary work profoundly explores the fundamental anguish of human existence, including social absurdities, starting with internal conflicts.
The noun '내면의 갈등' (internal conflicts) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
역사적 사건의 해석은 다양한 관점, 사료 비판을 비롯한 복잡한 방법론을 요구합니다.
The interpretation of historical events requires complex methodologies, including source criticism, starting with diverse perspectives.
The noun '다양한 관점' (diverse perspectives) ends in a consonant, so '을' is used before '비롯한'.
인공지능의 발전은 생산성 향상, 새로운 직업 창출 등 긍정적 측면과 함께 일자리 감소, 사회적 불평등 심화 등의 부정적 측면을 동반합니다.
The advancement of artificial intelligence is accompanied by positive aspects such as increased productivity and new job creation, as well as negative aspects like job reduction and deepening social inequality.
This sentence uses both '~을/를 비롯한' and '~을/를 동반합니다' to list both positive and negative aspects.
현대 예술은 전통적인 기법, 매체 실험을 아우르며 기존의 미학적 경계를 끊임없이 확장하고 있습니다.
Contemporary art encompasses traditional techniques and media experimentation, continuously expanding existing aesthetic boundaries.
This sentence uses '~을/를 아우르며' (encompassing) which is similar in meaning but structurally different from '~을/를 비롯한'.
교육 개혁은 교육 과정, 평가 방식을 포함하여 전면적인 재검토를 필요로 합니다.
Educational reform requires a comprehensive review, including the curriculum and evaluation methods.
This sentence uses '~을/를 포함하여' (including) which is a common alternative to '~을/를 비롯한'.
Collocations courantes
Phrases Courantes
— This phrase means 'many, including...' or 'several, starting with...'. It's used to introduce a list of multiple items or people, with emphasis on the first.
그는 책을 비롯한 여러 권의 책을 읽었습니다. (He read several books, including books.)
— This means 'various, including...' or 'a variety of, starting with...'. It's used to describe a diverse group of things or people, highlighting one as a representative example.
이 행사는 음악을 비롯한 다양한 공연을 선보입니다. (This event showcases various performances, including music.)
— This means 'all, including...' or 'everything, starting with...'. It's used to emphasize that a particular item or person is included within a complete set.
학생을 비롯한 모든 참가자가 환영받았습니다. (All participants, including students, were welcomed.)
— This means 'major, including...' or 'key, starting with...'. It's used to highlight important or principal elements within a larger group.
회의에는 임원을 비롯한 주요 인사들이 참석했습니다. (Key figures, including executives, attended the meeting.)
— This structure combines '~을/를 비롯한' with '와/과' (and) to list two or more items, where the first one is emphasized. It's a way to explicitly link items in a list.
사과를 비롯한 배와 같은 과일을 좋아해요. (I like fruits such as apples and pears.)
— This phrase combines the emphasis of '~을/를 비롯한' with the general listing of '~ 등'. It highlights the first item and then indicates that other similar items follow.
그는 책을 비롯한 여러 권의 책들을 읽었고, 잡지 등도 보았습니다. (He read several books, including books, and also saw magazines, etc.)
— This is an extended list structure where the first item is emphasized using '~을/를 비롯한', followed by other items connected with '와/과'.
우리 가족은 부모님을 비롯한 형제자매와 나로 구성되어 있습니다. (Our family consists of siblings and myself, including parents.)
— This means 'not only X but also Y, including X...'. It's used to emphasize the first item and then add more information, indicating that other things are also involved.
건강을 비롯한 모든 것이 중요하지만, 특히 정신 건강이 중요합니다. (Everything is important, including health, but mental health is especially important.)
— This is a slightly different structure where '등' (etc.) comes before '을/를 비롯한'. It implies a list ending in 'etc.' and then highlights the last mentioned item from that implied list.
사과, 바나나 등을 비롯한 과일들을 샀어요. (I bought fruits such as apples, bananas, etc., including bananas.)
— This combines an emphasized item, another item, and then a general 'etc.', creating a list with a highlighted start and a general continuation.
그는 축구를 비롯한 농구와 야구 등 여러 스포츠를 즐깁니다. (He enjoys several sports, including soccer, such as basketball and baseball, etc.)
Souvent confondu avec
This is the most common confusion. '~을/를 포함한' is more neutral and simply means 'including', while '~을/를 비롯한' emphasizes the first item as a key example or starting point.
The topic/contrastive particles are fundamentally different and should not be confused with the object particle '을/를' used in this phrase.
This particle simply means 'and' and connects nouns without the emphasis or specific ordering nuance of '~을/를 비롯한'.
Expressions idiomatiques
— Unprecedented. While not directly related to '~을/를 비롯한', this idiom describes something that has never happened before, contrasting with the idea of inclusion in a group or list.
이번 사건은 정말 전례가 없는 일이었다. (This incident was truly unprecedented.)
— An example or model. '~을/를 비롯한' often highlights an item that serves as a 본보기 (example) for the rest of the group.
그의 행동은 우리 모두에게 본보기가 되었다. (His actions became an example for all of us.)
— To be at the forefront or lead. This idiom relates to the idea of being the first or a prominent example, similar to the emphasis in '~을/를 비롯한'.
그녀는 항상 새로운 기술 개발의 선두에 서 있다. (She is always at the forefront of new technology development.)
— Across various fields or aspects. This phrase is often used in conjunction with '~을/를 비롯한' to describe someone or something active in many areas.
그는 학문, 예술, 사회 활동을 비롯한 다방면에 걸쳐 재능을 보였다. (He showed talent across various fields, including social activities, starting with academics and arts.)
— To cover comprehensively or include everything. This is similar to the inclusive nature of '~을/를 비롯한' but implies a more exhaustive listing.
이 책은 한국 역사를 총망라하고 있다. (This book comprehensively covers Korean history.)
— A representative example. This idiom directly aligns with the function of '~을/를 비롯한' in highlighting a key instance.
한국의 대표적인 음식으로는 김치가 있다. (Kimchi is a representative example of Korean food.)
— A series of. This phrase implies a sequence or collection of related items, which can be introduced by '~을/를 비롯한'.
그는 일련의 사건들을 겪었다. (He went through a series of events.)
— Besides that, in addition. This phrase is used to add more information after a primary point has been made, similar to how '~을/를 비롯한' introduces further items.
그는 축구를 좋아하고, 야구를 비롯한 다른 스포츠도 즐긴다. 그 외에도 독서를 즐긴다. (He likes soccer, and enjoys other sports including baseball. Besides that, he enjoys reading.)
— Indispensable, cannot be left out. This idiom emphasizes the importance of an item, which '~을/를 비롯한' often does.
이 프로젝트에서 협력은 빼놓을 수 없는 요소이다. (Cooperation is an indispensable element in this project.)
— A pivotal role. This highlights the importance of a particular element, akin to the emphasis provided by '~을/를 비롯한'.
그는 이 회사의 성장에 중추적인 역할을 했다. (He played a pivotal role in the company's growth.)
Facile à confondre
Both indicate inclusion. The distinction is subtle.
'~을/를 비롯한' highlights the first item as a representative or starting example, while '~을/를 포함한' is a more general and neutral inclusion.
이 모임에는 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>교수님</mark>을 비롯한 많은 학생들이 참석했습니다. (Many students, including professors, attended this meeting. - emphasis on professors) vs. 이 모임에는 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>교수님</mark>을 포함한 많은 학생들이 참석했습니다. (Many students, including professors, attended this meeting. - neutral inclusion)
Both are used when listing multiple items.
'~을/를 비롯한' introduces a list and emphasizes the first item, implying others follow. '~ 등' is placed at the end of a list to indicate 'etc.' or 'and so on', implying continuation without specific emphasis on any item.
<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>사과</mark>를 비롯한 바나나, 오렌지 등 과일을 좋아합니다. (I like fruits such as apples, bananas, and oranges, etc. - emphasizes apples) vs. 사과, 바나나, 오렌지 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>등</mark>의 과일을 좋아합니다. (I like fruits such as apples, bananas, and oranges, etc. - general listing)
Both relate to focus or importance.
'~을/를 중심으로' means 'centering on' and makes the preceding noun the absolute core. '~을/를 비롯한' highlights an item as a key example within a larger group, but not necessarily the sole center.
이 프로젝트는 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>기술 혁신</mark>을 중심으로 진행됩니다. (This project proceeds centering on technological innovation. - tech is the absolute core) vs. 이 프로젝트는 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>기술 혁신</mark>을 비롯한 연구 개발에 초점을 맞출 것입니다. (This project will focus on R&D, including technological innovation. - tech is a key part of R&D)
Both indicate accompaniment or inclusion.
'더불어' means 'along with' or 'together with' and connects items that occur simultaneously. '~을/를 비롯한' emphasizes the first item as a starting point or representative example in a list.
그는 명성 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>더불어</mark> 부를 얻었습니다. (He gained wealth along with fame. - simultaneous) vs. 그는 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>명성</mark>을 비롯한 부와 명예를 얻었습니다. (He gained fame and fortune, including fame. - emphasizes fame as a starting point)
Both relate to multiple entities.
'함께' means 'together' and is a general term for doing something with others. '~을/를 비롯한' is a specific grammatical structure for listing with emphasis.
나는 친구 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>함께</mark> 영화를 봤다. (I watched a movie together with my friend. - general accompaniment) vs. 나는 <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>영화</mark>를 비롯한 친구들과의 시간을 즐겼다. (I enjoyed my time with friends, including watching movies. - emphasizes movies within the context of friend time)
Structures de phrases
Noun A + 을/를 비롯한 + Noun B
사과를 비롯한 과일 (Fruits, including apples)
Noun A + 을/를 비롯한 + Noun B + Verb
나는 사과를 비롯한 과일을 좋아한다. (I like fruits, including apples.)
Noun A + 을/를 비롯한 + Noun B, Noun C, etc.
음악을 비롯한 춤, 노래 (Music, dance, and songs, including music)
Noun A + 을/를 비롯한 + Noun B, Noun C, etc. + Verb
그는 음악을 비롯한 춤과 노래를 즐긴다. (He enjoys dance and songs, including music.)
A phrase/clause + 을/를 비롯한 + Noun Phrase
경제 성장을 비롯한 사회 전반의 발전 (Overall societal development, including economic growth)
A phrase/clause + 을/를 비롯한 + Noun Phrase + Verb
이 보고서는 경제 성장을 비롯한 사회 전반의 발전을 다룬다. (This report covers overall societal development, including economic growth.)
Noun A + 을/를 비롯한 + Noun B + -(으)며/고 + Verb
그는 학문적 성취를 비롯한 여러 분야에서 두각을 나타냈다.
Noun A + 을/를 비롯한 + Noun B + -(으)며/고 + Noun C + -(으)며/고 + Verb
그녀는 연설, 토론을 비롯한 다양한 활동에 참여했다.
Famille de mots
Noms
Verbes
Apparenté
Comment l'utiliser
High in formal and semi-formal contexts.
-
Incorrect particle usage (e.g., using '은/는' instead of '을/를').
→
책<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>을</mark> 비롯한, 사과<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>를</mark> 비롯한.
The phrase requires the object particle '을/를' to correctly attach to the preceding noun and form the adjectival phrase. '은/는' are topic/contrastive particles and are not used here.
-
Placing the emphasized item *after* '비롯한'.
→
<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>사과</mark>를 비롯한 다양한 과일.
'~을/를 비롯한' modifies the noun that follows it. The item being emphasized must come *before* the phrase.
-
Using '~을/를 비롯한' for a single item without context of a group.
→
This phrase implies inclusion in a group. If there's only one item, use the item itself or a simpler phrase.
'~을/를 비롯한' inherently suggests that the item mentioned is one among many. Using it for a solitary item would be redundant and unnatural.
-
Confusing with '~을/를 포함한' when emphasis is needed.
→
When emphasizing the first item as a key example, use '~을/를 비롯한'. For neutral inclusion, '~을/를 포함한' is better.
'~을/를 비롯한' carries a stronger nuance of highlighting the first item as a representative or starting point, unlike the more neutral '~을/를 포함한'.
-
Forgetting the '한' suffix, resulting in verb forms.
→
책<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>을</mark> 비롯<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>한</mark> 과일.
'~을/를 비롯한' is the adjectival form used to modify a noun. Using just '비롯' or '비롯하여' in this position would be grammatically incorrect.
Astuces
Particle Check
Always double-check the particle (을/를) used before '비롯한'. It depends on whether the preceding noun ends in a consonant (을) or a vowel (를). This is a fundamental rule for correct usage.
Emphasis is Key
Remember that '~을/를 비롯한' highlights the noun that comes *before* it. Use it when you want to draw attention to a specific item as a representative example or the starting point of a list.
Formal Settings
This phrase is very common in formal and semi-formal writing like news, reports, and academic papers. Pay attention to how native speakers use it in these contexts.
Vs. '포함한'
When in doubt between '~을/를 비롯한' and '~을/를 포함한', ask yourself: 'Do I want to emphasize this item as a primary example, or just include it neutrally?' If emphasizing, use '비롯한'. If neutral, '포함한' might be better.
Sentence Building
Actively try to create your own sentences using '~을/를 비롯한'. Think of categories you know well (food, hobbies, countries) and practice listing items with emphasis.
Native Speaker Input
Listen carefully to Korean dramas, news, and podcasts. Try to catch instances of '~을/를 비롯한' and note the context and the item being emphasized.
Related Verbs
Understanding the related verb '비롯하다' (to begin) can help solidify the meaning of '~을/를 비롯한' as indicating a starting point.
Avoid Misplacement
Ensure that '~을/를 비롯한' modifies the noun that follows it. Avoid placing it at the end of a sentence or in a position where it doesn't clearly describe the intended noun.
Implied Multiplicity
Remember that '~을/를 비롯한' implies that there are other items or individuals in the group besides the one being highlighted. It's not used for a single, isolated item.
Know Your Options
Be aware of synonyms like '포함한' and '등'. Understanding their differences will help you choose the most appropriate phrase for your specific meaning and context.
Mémorise-le
Moyen mnémotechnique
Imagine a 'bullet' (비롯) hitting a target, which is the 'start' (비롯) of something. This bullet is 'including' (을/를) all the other targets it hits.
Association visuelle
Picture a list of items, with the first item highlighted by a bright spotlight. The spotlight is 'including' all the other items, but it's shining most intensely on the first one.
Word Web
Défi
Try to create three sentences using '~을/를 비롯한' to describe your favorite foods, hobbies, or travel destinations, making sure to highlight one item as the starting point.
Origine du mot
The word '비롯' (birot) is believed to originate from Old Korean, possibly related to the concept of 'beginning' or 'start'. The particle combination evolved over time. '비롯하다' is the verb form, meaning 'to begin'. '~을/를 비롯한' is the adjectival form derived from this verb, used to modify nouns.
Sens originel : To originate, to begin.
KoreanicContexte culturel
The phrase itself is neutral, but the context in which it's used can carry cultural weight, particularly when referring to people or social hierarchies. Ensure the order of mention reflects appropriate respect or importance.
In English, we might use phrases like 'including X, Y, and Z', 'starting with X, and others', or 'prominently featuring X'. The Korean phrase carries a specific nuance of emphasizing the first item as a representative example, which isn't always explicit in English equivalents.
Pratique dans la vie réelle
Contextes réels
Listing key elements of a project or plan.
- 연구 개발을 비롯한
- 마케팅을 비롯한
- 예산 확보를 비롯한
Describing the features or components of a product or service.
- 고성능을 비롯한
- 다양한 기능을 비롯한
- 편리성을 비롯한
Introducing examples in academic or formal writing.
- 이론을 비롯한
- 사례를 비롯한
- 개념을 비롯한
Enumerating participants or members of a group.
- 회장을 비롯한
- 주요 인사를 비롯한
- 학생들을 비롯한
Discussing causes or contributing factors.
- 경제적 요인을 비롯한
- 사회적 문제를 비롯한
- 환경적 변화를 비롯한
Amorces de conversation
"What are some of the most important things about learning Korean, including the basics?"
"Can you tell me about some popular Korean dishes, including kimchi?"
"What are some common challenges when learning a new language, including grammar?"
"What are some of your favorite hobbies, including reading?"
"What are some essential items for traveling, including a passport?"
Sujets d'écriture
Describe a project you've worked on, highlighting the initial steps and key team members involved using '~을/를 비롯한'.
Write about your ideal vacation, listing destinations and activities, emphasizing your top choice with '~을/를 비롯한'.
Reflect on the qualities of a good leader, focusing on a primary trait and other important characteristics using '~을/를 비롯한'.
Describe a memorable event from your past, mentioning the main people present and the key activities using '~을/를 비롯한'.
Discuss the benefits of a healthy lifestyle, emphasizing one major benefit and other supporting advantages using '~을/를 비롯한'.
Questions fréquentes
10 questions'~을/를 비롯한' emphasizes the first item as a primary example or starting point within a group, while '~을/를 포함한' simply means 'including' in a more neutral way. Think of '~을/를 비롯한' as 'starting with X, and others follow,' and '~을/를 포함한' as 'including X, Y, and Z.' For instance, '사과를 비롯한 과일' highlights apples as a key fruit, whereas '사과를 포함한 과일' simply lists apples as one of the fruits.
You use '을' if the noun preceding it ends in a consonant (e.g., 책을 비롯한). You use '를' if the noun ends in a vowel (e.g., 사과를 비롯한). This is a standard rule for Korean object particles.
While it's more common in formal and semi-formal settings, it can be used in casual conversations, especially if you want to add a bit of emphasis or structure to your sentence. However, in very relaxed chats, simpler phrases like '포함해서' or just listing items might be more common.
'비롯' itself can mean 'beginning' or 'start' as a noun, but it's not very common in modern Korean. The verb form '비롯하다' (to begin) and its adjectival form '~을/를 비롯한' are much more frequently used.
Yes, '~을/를 비롯한' functions as a modifier that typically precedes a noun or a noun phrase. It describes the noun that comes after it, indicating that the preceding noun is included in that group.
Absolutely. You can use it to list abstract concepts, qualities, or ideas, just as you would with concrete nouns. For example, '성공을 위해서는 열정, 꾸준함을 비롯한 여러 요소가 중요합니다.' (To achieve success, several factors are important, including persistence, starting with passion.)
The main nuance is that the noun before '~을/를 비롯한' is presented as a significant, often primary, example or the starting point of the larger group that follows. It draws attention to that specific item.
It can sound unnatural if you use it to list a single item without any implied group, or if the emphasized item doesn't logically serve as a starting point or key example for the rest of the list. Also, overuse in very casual speech can sound stiff.
'~을/를 비롯한' is the adjectival form derived from the verb '비롯하다' (to begin, to start). It functions like a descriptive adjective modifying a noun, indicating inclusion or a starting point, stemming from the verb's core meaning.
Yes, it can imply a chronological order if the items listed naturally follow a sequence. For example, '아침 식사를 비롯한 하루 일과' (Daily routine, starting with breakfast) suggests a chronological progression.
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Summary
Use '~을/를 비롯한' to introduce a list where the first item is a significant example, meaning 'including' or 'starting with'.
- Lists items, highlighting the first as a key example.
- Means 'including' or 'starting with'.
- Used for formal and semi-formal contexts.
- Emphasizes the preceding noun.
Particle Check
Always double-check the particle (을/를) used before '비롯한'. It depends on whether the preceding noun ends in a consonant (을) or a vowel (를). This is a fundamental rule for correct usage.
Emphasis is Key
Remember that '~을/를 비롯한' highlights the noun that comes *before* it. Use it when you want to draw attention to a specific item as a representative example or the starting point of a list.
Formal Settings
This phrase is very common in formal and semi-formal writing like news, reports, and academic papers. Pay attention to how native speakers use it in these contexts.
Vs. '포함한'
When in doubt between '~을/를 비롯한' and '~을/를 포함한', ask yourself: 'Do I want to emphasize this item as a primary example, or just include it neutrally?' If emphasizing, use '비롯한'. If neutral, '포함한' might be better.
Contenu associé
Ce mot dans d'autres langues
Plus de mots sur general
몇몇
A2Quelques; un petit nombre de.
조금
A1J'ai mangé un peu de pain. (조금의 빵을 먹었어요.)
적게
A1Peu, en petite quantité. Utilisé pour décrire une action faite modérément.
약간
A2Un peu; légèrement. Utilisé pour décrire une petite quantité ou un faible degré.
많이
A1Beaucoup / Très. 'J'ai beaucoup mangé' (많이 먹었어요). 'Il pleut beaucoup' (비가 많이 와요).
잠시
A2Un court instant ; brièvement. 'Attendez un instant, s'il vous plaît.' (잠시만 기다려 주세요.) 'Je serai de retour dans un instant.' (잠시 후에 돌아오겠습니다.)
잠깐
A2For a short time; a moment.
아까
A2Il y a peu de temps, tout à l'heure. Je l'ai vu tout à l'heure au supermarché.
대해
A2Signifie 'à propos de' ou 'concernant'. Utilisé pour introduire le sujet d'une discussion ou d'une pensée.
~에 대해서
A2À propos de; concernant.
