B2 · Intermédiaire supérieur Chapitre 8

Expressing Necessity and Courage

5 Règles totales
53 exemples
6 min
Règles dans ce chapitre Pratique rapide

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the nuances of necessity and the courage to express your convictions with precision.

  • Express daily obligations naturally using colloquial modal verbs.
  • Convey bravery or audacity in various social contexts.
  • Quantify experiences like meals, scoldings, and financial transactions accurately.
Speak with authority, act with courage, and count with precision.

Ce que tu vas apprendre

Ready to dive deeper into expressing yourself like a true native Chinese speaker? In this B2 chapter, we're fine-tuning your ability to articulate obligations, show courage, and even quantify actions and money with precision. You'll move beyond simple statements to truly nuanced communication. We'll start with 得 (děi), your go-to for everyday, informal have to situations. Think about those casual moments when you

have to go shopping
or have to study. Its straightforward negation, 不用 (búyòng), makes expressing "don't have to
just as easy. Next, unleash your inner daredevil with 敢 (gǎn). This powerful modal verb lets you convey that you
have the guts" to do something, whether it's
daring to try that spicy dish
or
daring to speak up to your boss.
It's about expressing resolve and overcoming apprehension. But what if have to just isn't strong enough? That's where 非...不可 (fēi...bùkě) comes in. This phrase is for those absolutely unavoidable actions or when you stubbornly insist on something. It's the difference between I should go and
I absolutely must go, no excuses!
Then, let's get specific with measure words! 顿 (dùn) isn't just for counting meals; it also brings intensity to bursts of action. You'll learn to say a hearty meal, but also a thorough scolding or a good cry, adding vividness to your descriptions. And for all your financial discussions, 笔 (bǐ) is your key. It acts as a container for sums of money, letting you refer to a large sum or a particular transaction, giving your money talks a more refined and natural flow. By the end of this chapter, you'll be expressing intricate layers of necessity, confidence, and quantity with the finesse of an upper-intermediate speaker. You'll articulate precisely what *needs* to be done, what you *dare* to do, and quantify various aspects of your life in Chinese, making your conversations richer and more authentic. Get ready to elevate your Chinese!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to use 得 (děi) to express informal necessity in daily conversation.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to formulate questions and statements about personal courage using 敢 (gǎn).
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to construct emphatic sentences showing absolute necessity using 非...不可 (fēi...bùkě).
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to differentiate between regular measure words and the action-oriented 顿 (dùn).
  5. 5
    By the end you will be able to discuss financial amounts and transactions using the measure word 笔 (bǐ).

Guide du chapitre

Overview

Welcome to this B2 Chinese grammar chapter, designed to elevate your expressive capabilities and help you sound more like a native speaker. Moving beyond basic statements, you're now ready to tackle the nuances of necessity, courage, and precise quantification in Chinese. This chapter is crucial for anyone aiming for advanced Chinese communication, as it unlocks deeper layers of meaning and allows for more sophisticated interactions.
We'll explore how to articulate obligations with varying degrees of intensity, express confidence and daring, and accurately quantify actions and sums of money. Mastering these structures will significantly enhance your ability to engage in real-life Chinese conversations, making your speech richer and more authentic. Get ready to fine-tune your understanding and use of essential Chinese grammar patterns.
This guide will equip you with the tools to express exactly what *must* be done, what you *dare* to do, and how to measure various aspects of your life with clarity. From casual have to situations to strong, unyielding necessities, and from bold declarations of courage to precise financial discussions, you'll gain the linguistic finesse required for upper-intermediate Chinese. By integrating these grammar points, you'll not only understand more complex sentences but also produce them naturally, pushing your B2 Chinese proficiency to new heights.

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the core grammar points that will empower your B2 Chinese communication. First up is 得 (děi), your go-to for informal, everyday have to or must. It implies a personal obligation or necessity, often due to circumstances. For example,
我得 (děi) 走了
(I have to go now) or
你得 (děi) 学习
(You have to study).
Its negation is straightforward: 不用 (búyòng), meaning "don't have to, as in 你不用 (búyòng) 等我" (You don't have to wait for me).
Next, we explore 敢 (gǎn), a powerful modal verb meaning to dare or
to have the guts.
It expresses courage, boldness, or the audacity to do something. For instance,
他敢 (gǎn) 独自旅行
(He dares to travel alone) or
我不敢 (bùgǎn) 吃辣
(I don't dare to eat spicy food). It's perfect for showing resolve or apprehension.
When have to isn't strong enough, we turn to 非...不可 (fēi...bùkě). This structure conveys absolute necessity or strong insistence, similar to absolutely must or "there's no alternative.
The pattern is 非 + verb/clause + 不可. For example,
这件工作非 (fēi) 你做不可 (bùkě)
(This job absolutely must be done by you) or
我非 (fēi) 去一趟不可 (bùkě)" (I absolutely must go there once).
Beyond modal verbs, we refine your quantification skills with two versatile measure words. 顿 (dùn) is not just for counting meals; it also quantifies actions that occur in a burst or a short, intense period. You can say
吃了一顿 (dùn) 大餐
(ate a big meal),
挨了一顿 (dùn) 骂
(received a scolding), or
哭了一顿 (dùn)
(had a good cry).
It adds vividness to your descriptions. Finally, for financial matters, 笔 (bǐ) is the measure word for sums of money or transactions. It helps you categorize money as a specific amount or fund.
For example,
一笔 (bǐ) 大钱
(a large sum of money) or
完成了一笔 (bǐ) 交易
(completed a transaction). These measure words enhance precision in your Chinese grammar.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: «我需要回家了。» (I need to go home.) - when the speaker means
    I *have to* go home now.
✓ Correct:
我得 (děi) 回家了。
(I have to go home now.)
*Explanation:* While 需要 (xūyào) means to need, 得 (děi) is often more appropriate for immediate, circumstantial obligations or have to situations in daily conversation, especially when there's a slight sense of urgency or an external factor compelling the action. 需要 is more general.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «他非去不可那个地方。» (He absolutely must go to that place.)
✓ Correct:
他非 (fēi) 去那个地方不可 (bùkě)。
(He absolutely must go to that place.)
*Explanation:* The structure for 非...不可 (fēi...bùkě) requires 非 to precede the verb or short clause, and 不可 to follow it, often at the end of the sentence or clause indicating the absolute necessity. Do not place 不可 before the object.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «他不敢说他的想法。» (He doesn't dare to say his thoughts.)
✓ Correct:
他不敢 (bùgǎn) 说出他的想法。
(He doesn't dare to voice his thoughts.)
*Explanation:* While the first sentence isn't entirely wrong, using 说出 (shuōchū) (to speak out/voice) is more natural and idiomatic in this context, especially when referring to expressing one's internal thoughts or opinions. 敢 (gǎn) directly precedes the verb phrase.

Real Conversations

A

A

你今天晚上得 (děi) 加班吗？ (Do you have to work overtime tonight?)
B

B

是啊，有个项目非 (fēi) 今天完成不可 (bùkě)。 (Yes, there's a project that absolutely must be finished today.)
A

A

我听说你敢 (gǎn) 一个人去西藏旅行？ (I heard you dare to travel to Tibet alone?)
B

B

对啊，我觉得那是一笔 (bǐ) 难得的经验。 (Yes, I think that's a rare experience.)
A

A

孩子考试没考好，被他爸爸骂了一顿 (dùn)。 (The child didn't do well on the exam and was scolded by his father.)
B

B

哎，他爸爸是不是太严厉了？ (Oh, is his father too strict?)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between 得 (děi) and 必须 (bìxū) in Chinese grammar?

得 (děi) is generally more colloquial and often implies a necessity due to circumstances or a personal sense of obligation. 必须 (bìxū) is stronger, more formal, and indicates a non-negotiable requirement or an absolute command, often from an external rule or authority.

Q

Can 敢 (gǎn) be used for negative or reckless actions?

Yes, 敢 (gǎn) can be used for both positive acts of courage (e.g., daring to try something new) and negative/reckless actions (e.g., daring to break the rules). The context determines the connotation.

Q

Is 非...不可 (fēi...bùkě) always about something unpleasant or difficult?

Not necessarily. While it often implies a strong, sometimes unavoidable, necessity, it can also be used for something the speaker strongly desires or insists upon, even if it's a positive action, emphasizing the unyielding determination.

Q

Are 顿 (dùn) and 笔 (bǐ) commonly used measure words in everyday B2 Chinese conversations?

Absolutely! Both 顿 (dùn) and 笔 (bǐ) are very common and add specificity and naturalness to your expressions, whether you're talking about meals, intense actions, or financial transactions.

Cultural Context

These expressions reflect different facets of Chinese communication. 得 (děi) highlights a practical, often immediate, sense of obligation in daily life. 敢 (gǎn) showcases individual courage or a willingness to take initiative, a quality often admired.
非...不可 (fēi...bùkě), with its strong insistence, conveys a deep sense of responsibility or unwavering determination, which resonates with cultural values of perseverance and commitment. The precise use of measure words like 顿 (dùn) and 笔 (bǐ) demonstrates an appreciation for detail and clarity, making your descriptions more vivid and your financial discussions more refined.

Exemples clés (4)

1

我今天中午吃了一顿很好吃的火锅。

J'ai mangé un délicieux hotpot ce midi.

Classificateur 顿 (dùn) : Repas, disputes et actions intenses
2

老板因为那个错误，把我狠狠地骂了一顿。

Le patron m'a passé un savon mémorable à cause de cette erreur.

Classificateur 顿 (dùn) : Repas, disputes et actions intenses
3

你敢吃这个虫子吗？

Tu oses manger cet insecte ?

Exprimer l'audace en chinois : Avoir du cran (敢 gǎn)
4

我不敢跟老板提加薪。

Je n'ose pas demander d'augmentation à mon patron.

Exprimer l'audace en chinois : Avoir du cran (敢 gǎn)

Conseils et astuces (4)

🎯

La règle d'or pour inviter tes amis

Si tu veux proposer de payer le resto, dis simplement : «我请你吃一顿！». C'est super naturel et généreux, pas besoin de préciser le mot 'nourriture' !
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Classificateur 顿 (dùn) : Repas, disputes et actions intenses
💡

Pense à l'abstrait

Retiens que «笔» s'utilise pour des sommes abstraites, pas pour les billets physiques. Si c'est un concept financier comme un prêt, c'est le bon mot : «一笔贷款».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Le Classificateur `笔` (bǐ) pour les Sommes d'Argent
🎯

Sonne comme un local avec "得了"

Ajoute un «了 (le)» après le verbe, comme dans «我得走了。», pour indiquer que la situation a changé et que tu dois agir maintenant. Ça rend ton chinois beaucoup plus fluide et naturel.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Exprimer « devoir » : Le `得 (děi)` familier
🎯

Le refus humble

Si quelqu'un te fait un compliment en Chine, ne dis pas juste '谢谢'. Utilise plutôt '不敢当' pour montrer que tu maîtrises les codes sociaux chinois et la modestie. «不敢当！|Bùgǎndāng!»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Exprimer l'audace en chinois : Avoir du cran (敢 gǎn)

Vocabulaire clé (7)

必须 (bì xū) must / necessarily 勇气 (yǒng qì) courage 批评 (pī píng) to criticize / to scold 费用 (fèi yòng) cost / expense 拒绝 (jù jué) to refuse / to reject 决定 (jué dìng) to decide 生意 (shēng yi) business / trade

Real-World Preview

briefcase

The Business Negotiation

Review Summary

  • Subject + 得 (děi) + Verb
  • Subject + (不) 敢 (gǎn) + Verb
  • Subject + 非 (fēi) + Verb/Action + 不可 (bù kě)
  • Number + 顿 (dùn) + Noun (Meal/Scolding)
  • Number + 笔 (bǐ) + Money/Deal

Erreurs courantes

The negative of 得 (děi) is not 不得 (bù děi), but 不用 (bú yòng) or 不必 (bú bì). 不得 is a different, more formal structure meaning 'must not' or 'cannot'.

Wrong: 我不得去 (Wǒ bù děi qù)
Correct: 我不用去 (Wǒ bú yòng qù)

The 非 (fēi) structure is almost always a double negative pattern. You cannot leave out the 不可 (bù kě) at the end, as it completes the meaning of 'must'.

Wrong: 他非去 (Tā fēi qù)
Correct: 他非去不可 (Tā fēi qù bù kě)

While 次 (cì) is a general measure for 'times', 顿 (dùn) is the specific and more natural measure word for meals and emotional bursts.

Wrong: 我吃了一次大餐 (Wǒ chī le yí cì dà cān)
Correct: 我吃了一顿大餐 (Wǒ chī le yí dùn dà cān)

Next Steps

You've successfully navigated some of the most nuanced modal structures in Chinese. Your ability to express resolve and detail is reaching a professional level. Keep practicing these in your daily life!

Write a diary entry about something you 'dare' to do this week.

Practice saying 'I have to...' using '得' for five different chores.

Continue to: Making Comparisons and Simple Connections

Pratique rapide (10)

Quelle phrase exprime un pari ou une opinion forte ?

Choisis la phrase correcte :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我敢说他明天会迟到。
'我敢说' est une expression figée signifiant 'j'ose dire' ou 'je parie'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Exprimer l'audace en chinois : Avoir du cran (敢 gǎn)

Laquelle de ces phrases est grammaticalement correcte ?

Choisis la bonne façon de dire 'Tu n'as pas besoin de m'attendre.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你不用等我。
La forme négative de «得 (děi)» est toujours «不用 (búyòng)».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Exprimer « devoir » : Le `得 (děi)` familier

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans ce message WhatsApp.

考完试后，我们去吃个饭吧！(Imagine que tu veux exprimer ton enthousiasme pour un vrai resto)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 考完试后，我们去大吃一顿吧！
'吃个饭' est grammaticalement correct mais très banal. Pour insister sur le plaisir d'un vrai repas, '大吃一顿' est le choix le plus naturel.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Classificateur 顿 (dùn) : Repas, disputes et actions intenses

Trouve l'erreur dans la réponse polie.

Find and fix the mistake:

A: 你的中文真棒！ B: 不会当！

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 不敢当！
La phrase polie correcte pour refuser un compliment est '不敢当' (bùgǎndāng).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Exprimer l'audace en chinois : Avoir du cran (敢 gǎn)

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans cette phrase.

我今天非去买这双鞋。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
Tu ne peux pas oublier le '不可' (ou '不行') à la fin. C'est lui qui ferme la structure de double négation.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Obligation forte : Il faut absolument le faire avec 非...不可 (fēi...bùkě)

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans la phrase.

如果你想成功，你必须得努力。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 如果你想成功，你得努力。
«必须» et «得» sont redondants ici. Dans une conversation, «得» suffit amplement.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Exprimer « devoir » : Le `得 (děi)` familier

Complète la phrase avec le mot correct.

时间不早了，我们 ___ 走了。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 得
On utilise «得 (děi)» pour exprimer la nécessité de partir car il se fait tard.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Exprimer « devoir » : Le `得 (děi)` familier

Quelle phrase semble la plus naturelle pour un natif ?

Choisis la phrase correcte pour décrire une réprimande :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 昨天我迟到了，老板骂了我一顿。
Le classificateur '一顿' doit venir APRÈS le verbe '骂' (gronder). '骂了我一顿' signifie correctement 'm'a passé un savon'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Classificateur 顿 (dùn) : Repas, disputes et actions intenses

Remplis le vide avec le caractère manquant.

他太倔强了，____ 去北京不可。(Il est trop têtu, il insiste absolument pour aller à Pékin.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
La structure complète est '非...不可'. '非' se place avant le verbe.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Obligation forte : Il faut absolument le faire avec 非...不可 (fēi...bùkě)

Quelle phrase exprime correctement 'Je dois absolument finir ce devoir' ?

Choisis la phrase correcte :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
La structure est '非 + Groupe Verbal + 不可'. Ne mets pas de 'bù' à l'intérieur du groupe verbal sinon ça devient une triple négation.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Obligation forte : Il faut absolument le faire avec 非...不可 (fēi...bùkě)

Score: /10

Questions fréquentes (6)

Même si 个 est le classificateur universel, il ne fonctionne pas pour les actions ou les sessions. Dire 吃一个饭 sonne faux, comme si tu disais 'j'ai mangé un morceau de dîner' en français.
Non ! C'est sa fonction principale, mais il mesure n'importe quelle 'session' intense. C'est pour ça qu'on l'utilise pour les engueulades comme «骂了一顿» ou les crises de larmes.
Il mesure des sommes d'argent abstraites ou des transactions financières. Vois ça comme un compteur pour des fonds ou des revenus : «一笔收入».
Non. On utilise «块» (kuài) pour l'unité monétaire (comme les euros). «笔» sert pour la somme globale : «这一笔钱有五十块».
«得 (děi)» signifie 'devoir' ou 'falloir'. On l'utilise pour les obligations concrètes de la vie de tous les jours, comme «我得去上班了».
On n'utilise pas «得 (děi)» du tout pour la négation ! La forme correcte est «不用 (búyòng)», par exemple «你不用等我».
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