B1 · मध्यवर्ती चैप्टर 11

इंग्लिश में डिटेल्स जोड़ना और प्रोफेशनल अंदाज़ अपनाना

4 कुल नियम
43 उदाहरण
7 मिनट
इस अध्याय के नियम त्वरित अभ्यास

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your communication by seamlessly weaving extra details and formal precision into your English sentences.

  • Distinguish between essential and non-essential information.
  • Apply commas correctly to structure complex thoughts.
  • Master formal prepositional phrasing to sound professional.
Add detail, gain clarity, sound professional.

तुम क्या सीखोगे

क्या तुम अपनी इंग्लिश को एक कदम और आगे ले जाना चाहते हो? अब तक तुम अपनी बात कह पा रहे हो, लेकिन अब बारी है उसे और भी बारीकी और प्रोफेशनलिज्म के साथ पेश करने की। इस चैप्टर में तुम सीखोगे कि 'Defining' और 'Non-defining' relative clauses के बीच का वह बारीक अंतर क्या है जो पूरे वाक्य का मतलब बदल देता है। हम अक्सर कन्फ्यूज़ होते हैं कि कोमा (comma) कब लगाना है और कब नहीं—यहाँ तुम इसमें पूरी तरह मास्टर बन जाओगे। सोचो, तुम ऑफिस में एक ज़रूरी ईमेल लिख रहे हो या किसी इंटरव्यू में अपनी उपलब्धियों के बारे में बता रहे हो। वहां 'to whom' या 'for which' जैसे फॉर्मल स्ट्रक्चर्स का सही इस्तेमाल तुम्हें दूसरों से बहुत अलग और प्रोफेशनल दिखाएगा। इतना ही नहीं, जब तुम्हें किसी ग्रुप या चीज़ों की लिस्ट के बारे में और जानकारी देनी हो, जैसे 'all of whom' या 'none of which', तो ये रूल्स तुम्हारी बात में जादू जैसा निखार ले आएंगे। इस चैप्टर को पूरा करने के बाद, तुम सिर्फ़ सीधे-सादे वाक्य ही नहीं बोलोगे, बल्कि ऐसी इंग्लिश बोलोगे जिसमें गहराई और स्पष्टता होगी। तुम बखूबी जानोगे कि कब एक्स्ट्रा जानकारी देने के लिए 'which' या 'who' का इस्तेमाल करना है और कब 'that' से बचना है। अपनी इंग्लिश को एक 'professional touch' देने के लिए तैयार हो? चलो, यह सफर शुरू करते हैं!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative clauses to combine two short sentences into one fluid, detailed statement.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Employ formal prepositional structures in professional correspondence.

अध्याय गाइड

Overview

As you navigate the B1 level in English, you're moving beyond basic sentences and starting to express more nuanced and complex ideas. This chapter is your key to unlocking that next level of clarity and sophistication. We're diving into the essential skills for adding extra information and formal details, which are crucial for sounding natural and precise, especially in written English or more formal spoken contexts.
Mastering these structures will significantly enhance your ability to communicate effectively, ensuring your message is always understood exactly as you intend.
You'll learn how to seamlessly weave in additional facts and explanations without making your sentences clunky or confusing. This isn't just about sounding fancy; it's about being clear and concise, whether you're describing a person, an object, or a situation. We'll explore different types of relative clauses – the building blocks for this kind of detail – and show you how to use commas to manage the flow of information.
This includes understanding the subtle yet powerful difference between essential and non-essential information.
Furthermore, we'll equip you with the tools to handle more formal language. This is vital for academic writing, professional emails, or even just impressing an English speaker with your command of the language. By the end of this guide, your B1 English grammar will feel much more robust, allowing you to articulate complex thoughts with confidence and precision, making your English sound truly advanced.

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of adding extra information and formal details are relative clauses. These are parts of a sentence that describe a noun, giving us more specific data about it. They typically start with words like who, whom, which, that, or whose.
The critical distinction here is between defining and non-defining relative clauses.
A defining relative clause provides essential information that pinpoints *which* specific noun you're talking about. If you remove it, the meaning of the main sentence changes or becomes unclear. For instance,
The student who answered the question correctly passed the exam.
Here,
who answered the question correctly
tells us *which* student.
We don't use commas with defining clauses, and we can often use that instead of who or which.
In contrast, a non-defining relative clause adds extra, non-essential information. It's like a bonus detail. The sentence would still make sense and identify the noun without it.
These clauses are always set off by commas. For example,
My brother, who lives in London, is visiting next week.
The main point is
My brother is visiting next week.
The fact that he lives in London is just additional info. You *must* use who for people and which for things in non-defining clauses; that is never used.
For more formal contexts, especially in writing, we often place prepositions *before* the relative pronoun. Instead of saying
The colleague I spoke *to*
, formal English prefers
The colleague to whom I spoke.
Similarly,
The project *which I am working on*
becomes
The project on which I am working.
This structure elevates the formality and precision of your language.
Finally, to describe quantities within a previously mentioned group, we use relative clauses with quantifiers. These are also non-defining and use commas. We say
quantifier + of + whom/which.
For instance,
I invited ten friends to the party, all of whom accepted.
Or,
She bought three books, none of which she had read before.
This allows you to elegantly provide specific details about a subgroup, enriching your descriptions without creating separate sentences.

Common Mistakes

Learning to correctly add extra information is vital for your B1 English grammar, but it's easy to make a few common errors.
  1. 1✗ Using 'that' in non-defining clauses or forgetting commas.
✗ My car, that is red, is fast.
✓ My car, which is red, is fast.
*Explanation:* Non-defining clauses, which add extra, non-essential details, always use which (for things) or who (for people) and are separated by commas. 'That' is only for defining clauses.
  1. 1✗ Incorrectly placing prepositions in formal relative clauses.
✗ The person who I sent the email to was out of office.
✓ The person to whom I sent the email was out of office.
*Explanation:* In formal English, prepositions should precede whom (for people) or which (for things).
  1. 1✗ Not using 'of whom'/'of which' correctly with quantifiers.
✗ I have two brothers, both who live abroad.
✓ I have two brothers, both of whom live abroad.
*Explanation:* When quantifying a previously mentioned group in a non-defining clause, use
quantifier + of whom
(for people) or
quantifier + of which
(for things) after a comma.

Real Conversations

A

A

Did you enjoy the concert last night?
B

B

Yes, it was fantastic! The lead singer, who has an incredible voice, really brought the house down. And the band, which had a new drummer, sounded tighter than ever.
A

A

"I'm finalizing the report for the CEO."
B

B

Right. Did you get the figures from Sarah?
A

A

Yes. The data, all of which was verified by her department, confirms our initial projections. The CEO, to whom I will present the findings directly, expects a thorough explanation.
A

A

Have you seen John recently?
B

B

"Oh, John? My old classmate, whom I haven't seen in ages, is actually coming to my party next week. He's bringing his new dog, which I hear is a Golden Retriever."

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use 'which' instead of 'that' when adding extra information?

You use which when the information is extra, or non-essential, and set off by commas. For example,

The new office, which is on the third floor, has great views.
If the information is essential to identify the noun, you use that (or which without commas), like
The office that is on the third floor has great views.

Q

What's the main difference between to whom and who...to?

To whom is a formal structure where the preposition comes before the relative pronoun, typically used in written English or very formal speech (e.g.,

The client to whom I sent the email
). Who...to is an informal and more common structure in everyday spoken English (e.g.,
The client who I sent the email to
). Both are grammatically correct but convey different levels of formality.

Q

Can I use all of that or none of that instead of all of which or none of which?

While all of that or none of that can be used in some contexts, particularly informally, when referring back to a *previously mentioned noun or clause* as part of a non-defining relative clause, you should use

all of which
or
none of which.
For example,
She mentioned several problems, all of which need attention.

Q

Why are commas so important when adding extra information with relative clauses?

Commas are crucial because they signal whether the information is essential or non-essential. Using them correctly prevents misunderstandings and makes your writing clearer. Incorrect comma usage can completely change the meaning or make a sentence ungrammatical.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these patterns constantly, though often unconsciously. The more formal structures (like prepositions before whom/which and quantifiers) are far more common in written English – reports, academic papers, formal emails – than in casual conversation. In daily speech, speakers tend to opt for simpler, less formal constructions like splitting the preposition from the relative pronoun or rephrasing entirely.
Understanding this distinction helps you sound natural whether you're chatting with a friend or writing a professional document.

मुख्य उदाहरण (4)

1

The profile that has the blue checkmark is the real one.

जिस प्रोफाइल पर नीले रंग का टिक लगा है, वह असली है।

रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर
2

My laptop, which I bought only last month, is already lagging.

मेरा लैपटॉप, जो मैंने पिछले महीने ही खरीदा था, अभी से धीमा चल रहा है।

रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर
3

I have three brothers, all of whom are engineers.

Ich habe drei Brüder, die alle Ingenieure sind.

परिमाणकों के साथ संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य (all of whom, none of which)
4

He sent me ten emails, none of which I have read yet.

Er hat mir zehn E-Mails geschickt, von denen ich noch keine gelesen habe.

परिमाणकों के साथ संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य (all of whom, none of which)

टिप्स और ट्रिक्स (4)

🎯

उँगलियों से इशारा करने वाली ट्रिक

अगर तुम उंगली से इशारा करके कह सको 'वह वाला!', तो वो 'defining clause' है। इसमें कॉमा की ज़रूरत नहीं।
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर
💡

कोमा (Commas) ही पहचान हैं

कोमा को ब्रैकेट की तरह समझो। अगर तुम उस हिस्से को हटा भी दो, तो भी वाक्य का मतलब समझ आएगा:
My brother, who is tall, plays basketball.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: गैर-परिभाषित उपवाक्य: अतिरिक्त जानकारी जोड़ना (अल्पविराम के साथ)
💡

'Whom' का इस्तेमाल कब करें

अगर तुम रिलेटिव क्लॉज में प्रोनाउन को 'him' या 'her' से बदल सकते हो, तो 'whom' लगाओ। जैसे, 'to him' का मतलब है to whom।
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: सापेक्ष उपवाक्यों में औपचारिक पूर्वसर्ग (to whom, for which)
💡

The Comma is Key

Always put a comma before the quantifier. These are non-defining clauses, so the comma tells the reader 'here is some extra info'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: परिमाणकों के साथ संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य (all of whom, none of which)

मुख्य शब्दावली (5)

clause a part of a sentence containing a verb define to explain the nature or meaning of something formal appropriate for official or serious situations quantifier a word expressing amount, like all or none preposition a word showing relationship like to, for, or with

Real-World Preview

users

Professional Introduction

Review Summary

  • Noun + that/who + verb
  • Noun, + which/who + verb, + rest
  • Prep + whom/which
  • Quantifier + of + whom/which

सामान्य गलतियाँ

You don't need 'he' if 'who' already acts as the subject. The extra 'he' is redundant.

Wrong: My brother, who lives in Paris, he is a chef.
सही: My brother, who lives in Paris, is a chef.

When using a formal structure, the preposition moves to the front, and the object pronoun is removed.

Wrong: The person that I spoke to him was nice.
सही: The person to whom I spoke was nice.

Use 'which' or 'whom' to connect the clause to the main sentence, not 'them'.

Wrong: I have many books, all of them are new.
सही: I have many books, all of which are new.

इस अध्याय के नियम (4)

1

रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर

B1
ये दो जादूई वाक्य-खंड हैं: 'Defining clauses' किसी खास संज्ञा को ढूंढते हैं, जबकि 'non-defining clauses' बस कॉमा और which या who का इस्तेमाल करके bonus details देते हैं।
The profile that has the blue checkmark is the rea...
10 उदाहरण
2

गैर-परिभाषित उपवाक्य: अतिरिक्त जानकारी जोड़ना (अल्पविराम के साथ)

B1
बस याद रखो: कोमा (comma) मतलब 'एक्स्ट्रा जानकारी' और यहाँ that का इस्तेमाल बिल्कुल no-go है।
My brother, who lives in Sydney, is a fantastic su...
12 उदाहरण
3

सापेक्ष उपवाक्यों में औपचारिक पूर्वसर्ग (to whom, for which)

B1
फॉर्मल इंग्लिश में to whom और for which जैसे शब्द तुम्हारी भाषा को प्रोफेशनल और सटीक बनाते हैं।
The professor, to whom I submitted my thesis, prov...
11 उदाहरण
4

परिमाणकों के साथ संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य (all of whom, none of which)

B1
Use 'quantifier + of + whom/which' after a comma to elegantly describe parts of a previously mentioned group.
I have three brothers, all of whom are engineers.
10 उदाहरण

Next Steps

You've unlocked a higher level of English precision! Keep practicing, and don't be afraid to use these structures in your daily writing.

Write a formal email to a professor describing your research interests.

Continue to: Mastering Ability and Polite Requests

त्वरित अभ्यास (8)

Correct the error in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

She has many friends, some of them are doctors.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: some of whom are doctors
To join these into one sentence, 'them' must become 'whom'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: परिमाणकों के साथ संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य (all of whom, none of which)

Fill in the blank with 'whom' or 'which'.

He bought five shirts, two of ___ were too small.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
Shirts are objects, so we use 'which'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: परिमाणकों के साथ संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य (all of whom, none of which)

सही प्रोनाउन और कोमा चुनें।

My best friend ___ is a brilliant artist, just had her first exhibition.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: , who
चूँकि 'my best friend' पहले से ही पता है, इसलिए जानकारी एक्स्ट्रा है। लोगों के लिए ', who' का इस्तेमाल होगा।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: गैर-परिभाषित उपवाक्य: अतिरिक्त जानकारी जोड़ना (अल्पविराम के साथ)

'that' या 'which' से खाली जगह भरें। कॉमा नियम याद रखें!

Tokyo, ___ is the capital of Japan, is a huge city.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
यह एक अतिरिक्त जानकारी देने वाला खंड है (एक अद्वितीय स्थान के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी), इसलिए हमें 'which' का उपयोग करना चाहिए, 'that' का कभी नहीं।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर

कौन सा वाक्य यह बताता है कि बोलने वाले के एक से ज़्यादा भाई हैं?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: My brother who lives in London is a doctor.
कॉमा नहीं होने का मतलब है कि यह एक परिभाषित करने वाला खंड है, जो कई भाइयों में से *किस* भाई की पहचान करता है।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर

किसी विशिष्ट, पहले से ज्ञात व्यक्ति के बारे में इस वाक्य में गलती ढूंढें।

Find and fix the mistake:

Mr. Smith that is my teacher is very kind.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mr. Smith, who is my teacher, is very kind.
चूंकि हम उसका नाम जानते हैं, जानकारी अतिरिक्त है। हमें 'that' की जगह कॉमा और 'who' की ज़रूरत है।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर

वाक्य में गलती ढूँढें और उसे ठीक करें।

Find and fix the mistake:

The new cafe that has a rooftop terrace is very popular.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The new cafe, which has a rooftop terrace, is very popular.
Non-defining क्लॉज़ में 'that' नहीं 'which' आता है और दोनों तरफ कोमा लगता है।

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: गैर-परिभाषित उपवाक्य: अतिरिक्त जानकारी जोड़ना (अल्पविराम के साथ)

Choose the correct relative pronoun.

I have three cousins, all of ___ live in America.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: whom
We use 'whom' for people after a preposition like 'of'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: परिमाणकों के साथ संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य (all of whom, none of which)

Score: /8

सामान्य प्रश्न (6)

'Defining clauses' बताते हैं कि तुम *किस* चीज़ के बारे में बात कर रहे हो (ज़रूरी जानकारी)। 'Non-defining clauses' बस उस चीज़ के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी देते हैं जिसे तुम पहले से जानते हो (बोनस जानकारी)।
'Non-defining clauses' के लिए हमेशा कॉमा का उपयोग करें। वे अतिरिक्त जानकारी के चारों ओर 'ब्रैकेट' की तरह काम करते हैं।
यह किसी ऐसी चीज़ के बारे में एक्स्ट्रा जानकारी देता है जिसे हम पहले से जानते हैं। इसे एक 'साइड नोट' की तरह समझो। जैसे:
My mom, who is 50, loves yoga.
सबसे आसान तरीका है कोमा (commas) देखना! अगर क्लॉज़ को हटाने पर भी वाक्य का मतलब साफ है, तो वो non-defining है। जैसे:
Delhi, which is the capital, is crowded.
'Who' एक सब्जेक्ट की तरह काम करता है (जैसे he या she), जबकि 'whom' एक ऑब्जेक्ट की तरह (जैसे him या her)। जब प्रपोजिशन पहले आए, तो हमेशा 'whom' का इस्तेमाल करें, जैसे: to whom।
इससे आप ज़्यादा सटीकता और फॉर्मल तरीके से बात कर पाते हैं, जो ऑफिस या कॉलेज की राइटिंग में बहुत काम आता है, जैसे:
the report for which I was responsible
।
पिछला अध्याय
Describing Places, Times, and Ownership
अगला अध्याय
Mastering Ability and Polite Requests
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