परिमाणकों के साथ संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य (all of whom, none of which)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use quantifiers like 'all' or 'some' with 'of whom' or 'of which' to add specific details about a group.
- Use 'of whom' for people: 'I have two sisters, both of whom are doctors.'
- Use 'of which' for things: 'He bought three cars, none of which work.'
- Always use a comma before the quantifier to separate the extra information.
Overview
I have three siblings. All of them are older than me. इसे ज़्यादा बेहतर बनाने के लिए हम कह सकते हैं: I have three siblings, all of whom are older than me.,) से घिरे होते हैं। इस grammar rule को समझने से आपकी communication skills बेहतर होंगी।- 1Quantifier: यह बताता है कि समूह का कितना हिस्सा (जैसे
all,some,many,most,none,one,two,both,half,few) या कितनी संख्या (जैसेone,two) की बात हो रही है। - 2Preposition
of: यह बहुत ज़रूरी है। इसके बिना sentence गलत हो जाएगा। यह बताता है कि quantifier, पहले बताई गई पूरी group का एक हिस्सा (subset) है। जैसेsome of themमें,someउस पूरे groupthemका एक हिस्सा है। - 3Relative Pronoun: यह
whom(लोगों के लिए) याwhich(चीज़ों, जानवरों या abstract concepts के लिए) होता है।
quantifier + of + relative pronoun) फिर आगे relative clause को introduce करता है।of का महत्व:of preposition का इस्तेमाल ज़रूरी है क्योंकि यह partitive relationship (भाग बताने वाला संबंध) बनाता है। इसके बिना, quantifier और main clause के noun/pronoun के बीच का grammatical link अधूरा रह जाता है।- गलत:
The committee interviewed five candidates, all whom were highly qualified. - सही:
The committee interviewed five candidates, all of whom were highly qualified.
,) से अलग किया जाता है। Clause से पहले एक comma लगता है, और अगर clause वाक्य के बीच में है, तो उसके बाद भी एक comma लगता है।My colleagues, some of whom I had never met before, welcomed me warmly.(यहाँsome of whom I had never met beforeअतिरिक्त जानकारी है।)- अगर clause वाक्य के अंत में है, तो सिर्फ एक comma (शुरू में) लगता है:
She reviewed the reports, none of which contained the crucial data.The delegates |, |most, many) या संख्या (two, one) बताता है। | many |of | ज़रूरी preposition, जो subset (हिस्सा) बताता है। | of |whom, चीज़ों के लिए which। | whom |had expressed concerns. |The delegates, many of whom had expressed concerns, debated for hours. | (पूरा cohesive वाक्य) |whom या which) preposition of के object के रूप में काम करता है। इसमें एक बहुत महत्वपूर्ण नियम है verb agreement का: relative clause में लगने वाला verb, quantifier के number (singular/plural) के अनुसार होना चाहिए, न कि main clause के noun के अनुसार। यह अक्सर confusion पैदा करता है, इसलिए इसे समझना बहुत ज़रूरी है।[Main Clause Noun (plural)], [quantifier] + of whom + [verb phrase]...whom का इस्तेमाल सिर्फ इंसानों के लिए होता है, क्योंकि preposition के बाद objective case (whom) ही आता है।I contacted twenty potential clients, all of whom responded within an hour.(यहाँ verbrespondedplural quantifierallके अनुसार है।)The research team includes several experts, one of whom specializes in AI ethics.(यहाँ verbspecializessingular quantifieroneके अनुसार है।)She introduced her two brothers, both of whom work in finance.(यहाँ verbworkplural quantifierbothके अनुसार है।)
[Main Clause Noun (plural or uncountable)], [quantifier] + of which + [verb phrase]...which का इस्तेमाल non-human referents के लिए होता है, जो of के object के रूप में काम करता है।The company offers three distinct services, one of which is digital marketing.(यहाँ verbissingular quantifieroneके अनुसार है।)We reviewed hundreds of applications, most of which lacked the required experience.(यहाँ verblackedplural quantifiermostके अनुसार है, क्योंकिapplicationscountable और plural है।)The data, half of which was inconclusive, was eventually discarded.(यहाँ verbwasquantifierhalfके अनुसार है।dataयहाँ uncountable noun है, इसलिएhalfsingular माना जाएगा।)
students, all of whom are present | ideas, all of which are innovative / information, all of which is relevant |employees, some of whom live nearby | issues, some of which need attention / water, some of which is contaminated |attendees, many of whom asked questions | buildings, many of which were damaged |committee members, most of whom voted yes | documents, most of which contain errors / research, most of which is complete |candidates, none of whom were suitable / none of whom was suitable | options, none of which are feasible / none of which is feasible |directors, one of whom is retiring | proposals, one of which has been accepted |witnesses, two of whom gave similar accounts | chapters, three of which focus on history |siblings, both of whom reside abroad | approaches, both of which have merits |participants, half of whom completed the survey | budget, half of which was allocated / profits, half of which go to charity |volunteers, a few of whom arrived early | suggestions, few of which were practical |all, some, most, और half countable (जैसे students, books) और uncountable nouns (जैसे information, water) दोनों के लिए इस्तेमाल हो सकते हैं। जब ये countable plural noun के लिए हों, तो verb plural होगा। जब uncountable noun के लिए हों, तो verb singular होगा। none के लिए, दोनों singular और plural verb कभी-कभी स्वीकार्य होते हैं, लेकिन countable nouns के साथ plural ज़्यादा आम है, जबकि singular formal contexts में सही है।- किसी subset के बारे में precise details देने के लिए:
- Simple तरीका:
The committee reviewed seven proposals. Two of the proposals were rejected.(कम cohesive) - Better तरीका:
The committee reviewed seven proposals, two of which were rejected.(ज़्यादा concise और integrated) - एक और उदाहरण:
We interviewed ten candidates for the position, most of whom had relevant experience.
- Formal और Academic contexts में:
The research analyzed a cohort of 500 patients, a third of whom exhibited positive responses to the treatment.The legislation introduced several new clauses, none of which significantly altered the original intent.
- Cohesion बढ़ाने और repetition से बचने के लिए:
some of them, all of them) को बार-बार दोहराने से बचने में मदद करता है। इससे narrative या argument ज़्यादा fluid बनता है।- Repetitive:
The delegates discussed several key issues. Some of them were quite controversial. - Better:
The delegates discussed several key issues, some of which were quite controversial.
- Formal Speeches और Presentations में:
We are proud of our team, many of whom have worked tirelessly to achieve this milestone.The event was a great success, both of which were due to the excellent organization and participant engagement.(यहाँbothदो चीज़ों को refer कर रहा है, जो event की success के कारण थे।)
- Complex Comparisons में:
The first draft had 50 pages, most of which needed significant revision.The revised version is much shorter, few of which contain the original errors.
- 1
ofका omission (छोड़ देना):
The students, all whom were present, received their books.सब या कुछ के बाद का/के/की (equivalent of of) का प्रयोग नहीं करते जब वह सीधे किसी noun/pronoun से जुड़ता है। जैसे, मेरे सभी दोस्त (all my friends), कुछ लोग (some people)। English में all of whom, some of which में of ज़रूरी है। यह of ही all को whom (जो कि students को refer कर रहा है) से जोड़ता है।The students, all of whom were present, received their books.- 1Verb Agreement में गलती (Quantifier के बजाय Main Clause Noun के अनुसार Verb लगाना):
The reports, one of which were very important, were submitted late.reports plural है, तो गलती से लोग were लगा देते हैं। लेकिन English में, इस structure में verb का agreement quantifier (one, two, all, some, etc.) से होता है। one singular है, इसलिए verb भी singular होना चाहिए।The reports, one of which was very important, were submitted late.- 1
whomऔरwhichके बीच confusion:
I met the artists, some of which were very talented.जो शब्द इंसानों और चीज़ों दोनों के लिए इस्तेमाल होता है। English में who/whom (लोगों के लिए) और which (चीज़ों के लिए) अलग-अलग हैं। Hindi speakers कभी-कभी इस distinction को भूल जाते हैं।I met the artists, some of whom were very talented.- 1Comma का गलत प्रयोग:
The participants all of whom completed the survey were entered into a draw. (Comma नहीं है)The participants, all of whom completed the survey, were entered into a draw.of के प्रयोग, verb agreement (quantifier के साथ), whom/which के सही चुनाव, और commas के सही placement पर ध्यान दें।The student who scored the highest got a scholarship. (यहाँ who scored the highest essential है, यह बताता है कि कौन से student को scholarship मिली।)Ravi, who scored the highest, got a scholarship. (यहाँ who scored the highest अतिरिक्त जानकारी है, हम जानते हैं कि Ravi कौन है।)The students who attended the lecture will get extra credit. (Essential)The students, who attended the lecture, were praised by the professor. (Additional info about students we already know)all/some/none etc. + of + Pronoun (without whom/which):them, us, you, it) पहले से ही main clause में मौजूद हो या context से clear हो। यह ज़्यादा informal होता है।The team members, all of whom are dedicated, celebrated their success.The team members celebrated their success, and all of them were happy. या The team members celebrated their success; all of them were happy.all of them एक separate clause या phrase की तरह काम कर रहा है, जबकि all of whom relative clause का हिस्सा है।all of whom) | Simple Non-Defining Relative Clause (who) | Informal Structure (all of them) |..., quantifier + of + whom/which + verb... | ..., who/which + verb... | ...; quantifier + of + pronoun. / ... and quantifier + of + pronoun. |and). |The doctors, all of whom were specialists, discussed the case. | Dr. Sharma, who is a renowned surgeon, led the team. | The doctors discussed the case; all of them were specialists. |The books, most of which were old, needed repair. | The book, which I bought yesterday, is interesting. | The books needed repair; most of them were old. |all of which का प्रयोग इंसानों के लिए कर सकता हूँ?whom का प्रयोग सिर्फ इंसानों (people) के लिए होता है, और which का प्रयोग चीज़ों (things), जानवरों (animals), या abstract concepts के लिए होता है।- सही:
The employees, all of whom received a bonus, were happy. - गलत:
The employees, all of which received a bonus, were happy.
of के बिना यह structure काम कर सकता है?of इस structure के लिए gramatically essential है। quantifier + of + relative pronoun एक unit की तरह काम करता है। of के बिना यह गलत होगा।- गलत:
The candidates, many which were qualified, were interviewed. - सही:
The candidates, many of which were qualified, were interviewed.
one), तो verb singular क्यों लगता है?The proposals, one of which was accepted, are listed below.(यहाँonesingular है, इसलिए verbwassingular है, भले हीproposalsplural हो।)The students, one of whom is my cousin, are from Delhi.(यहाँonesingular है, इसलिए verbissingular है, भले हीstudentsplural हो।)
all of them, some of us जैसे structures का प्रयोग करते हैं।- Formal:
The delegates, several of whom raised concerns, eventually reached an agreement. - Informal:
The delegates reached an agreement. Several of them had raised concerns.याSeveral delegates raised concerns, and they eventually reached an agreement.
The Quantifier Structure
| Quantifier | Preposition | Relative Pronoun | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
whom
|
For People
|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
which
|
For Things
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
whom
|
Negative (People)
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
which
|
Negative (Things)
|
|
Two / Three / Ten
|
of
|
whom
|
Specific Number (People)
|
|
The majority / Half
|
of
|
which
|
Portions (Things)
|
Meanings
A type of non-defining relative clause used to provide information about a specific portion or quantity of a previously mentioned noun.
Quantifying People
Using 'of whom' to specify a number or portion of a group of people.
“The team has ten members, all of whom are experts.”
“I met several students, two of whom were from Italy.”
Quantifying Objects/Ideas
Using 'of which' to specify a number or portion of a group of things or concepts.
“He wrote five books, none of which were published.”
“We visited three museums, each of which was unique.”
Specifying Parts of a Whole
Using words like 'half', 'most', or 'the majority' to describe a portion.
“The company hired 100 workers, half of whom are part-time.”
“The forest has thousands of trees, the majority of which are oaks.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative (People)
|
Group, [Quantifier] of whom...
|
I have two friends, both of whom are artists.
|
|
Affirmative (Things)
|
Group, [Quantifier] of which...
|
I bought three books, all of which are great.
|
|
Negative (People)
|
Group, none of whom...
|
I met the staff, none of whom spoke English.
|
|
Negative (Things)
|
Group, none of which...
|
He made excuses, none of which were true.
|
|
Specific Number
|
Group, [Number] of whom/which...
|
There were 10 cakes, two of which were chocolate.
|
|
Superlative
|
Group, the [Superlative] of which...
|
He has many cars, the fastest of which is a Ferrari.
|
औपचारिकता का स्तर
I have ten colleagues, all of whom are highly skilled. (Professional/Social)
I have ten colleagues, and they are all very good at their jobs. (Professional/Social)
I've got ten people at work, all of them are great. (Professional/Social)
My work crew? All of 'em are legends. (Professional/Social)
The Quantifier Connection
People
- of whom used for humans
Things
- of which used for objects/ideas
Them vs. Whom/Which
Choosing the Right Pronoun
Are you talking about people?
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
Learners confuse 'of whom' (part of a group) with 'whose' (possession).
Learners forget to add the quantifier and just use 'which' or 'who'.
सामान्य गलतियाँ
I have two brothers, all of who are tall.
I have two brothers. Both of them are tall.
I have many books, some of them are old.
I have many books, and some of them are old.
I have three friends, all of them live in London.
I have three friends, all of whom live in London.
He has two cars, both of who are fast.
He has two cars, both of which are fast.
The guests, many of who arrived late...
The guests, many of whom arrived late...
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
I have ___, ___ of whom ___.
There are ___, ___ of which ___.
Real World Usage
The survey included 500 participants, most of whom were students.
I led several teams, all of whom exceeded their targets.
The police arrested five suspects, two of whom have been charged.
The resort has three pools, none of which were crowded.
The set comes with six brushes, each of which has a specific use.
He had many secrets, some of which were dangerous.
The Comma is Key
Never 'of who'
Use for Numbers
Smart Tips
Try combining them with 'of whom' or 'of which' to make your writing flow better.
If there is a preposition like 'of' right before it, it is ALWAYS 'whom'.
उच्चारण
Stress on the Quantifier
In these clauses, the quantifier (all, some, none) usually receives the primary stress to emphasize the amount.
The 'of' reduction
The word 'of' is often reduced to a weak 'schwa' sound /əv/.
Non-defining pause
I have two brothers [pause] both of whom are doctors.
The pause (indicated by the comma) shows that the following information is extra.
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Remember: 'Whom' for the 'Home-sapiens' (people), 'Which' for the 'Witch's' broom (things).
दृश्य संबंध
Imagine a large circle representing a group. Inside, a smaller circle is highlighted with a label like '3 of whom' or 'some of which'. This shows you are focusing on a subset.
Rhyme
For people use 'whom', for things use 'which', add a comma first to avoid a glitch!
Story
A king had three sons, all of whom wanted the throne. He gave them three tasks, none of which were easy. The first son failed, at which point the second son tried.
Word Web
चैलेंज
Write three sentences about your family or your belongings using 'all of whom', 'none of which', and 'two of whom'.
सांस्कृतिक नोट्स
This structure is a hallmark of high-level academic writing in the UK and US. Using it correctly can significantly improve the 'academic tone' of an essay.
In formal British contexts, 'whom' is preserved more strictly than in some casual American dialects.
Legal documents use this to be extremely precise about which parts of a contract or group of people are being discussed.
This structure stems from the Latin 'partitive genitive', where a part is taken from a whole.
बातचीत की शुरुआत
Tell me about your favorite movies. How many have you seen recently?
How many people are in your family, and what do they do?
Think about the apps on your phone. Which ones do you use most?
डायरी विषय
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Test Yourself
I have three cousins, all of ___ live in America.
He bought five shirts, two of ___ were too small.
Find and fix the mistake:
She has many friends, some of them are doctors.
He told me three stories. They weren't true.
'The company has ten employees, all of who work from home.'
A: Did you like the books I lent you? B: I've read three of them, ___.
1. Students, 2. Computers
sisters / I / two / have / whom / of / both / doctors / are / ,
Score: /8
अभ्यास प्रश्न
8 exercisesI have three cousins, all of ___ live in America.
He bought five shirts, two of ___ were too small.
Find and fix the mistake:
She has many friends, some of them are doctors.
He told me three stories. They weren't true.
'The company has ten employees, all of who work from home.'
A: Did you like the books I lent you? B: I've read three of them, ___.
1. Students, 2. Computers
sisters / I / two / have / whom / of / both / doctors / are / ,
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe team has ten members, six of ___ are from Germany.
He has two houses, neither of who is in the city.
many / , / I / apps / of / use / which / I / have / .
Ich habe zwei Schwestern, von denen beide Lehrerinnen sind.
Identify the grammatically perfect sentence:
Match correctly:
The store sells many brands, most of ___ are local.
I have five pens none of which work.
none of whom / , / the party / ten people attended / I knew / .
Er machte viele Vorschläge, von denen keiner akzeptiert wurde.
Score: /10
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)
No. In this specific structure (after a quantifier and 'of'), you can only use `which` for things and `whom` for people.
It is quite formal. In casual speech, most people say `I have three brothers and all of them are...` rather than using `all of whom`.
Yes. These are non-defining relative clauses, which always require a comma to separate the extra information from the main clause.
Absolutely! Any quantifier works: `one`, `two`, `several`, `many`, `a few`, `none`, `all`, etc.
Usually, we use `which` for animals. However, if the animals are pets with names, some people use `whom`, though `which` is always safe.
It depends on the noun. Usually, it takes a plural verb if the group is plural: `None of which are...` but in very formal English, some prefer the singular `is`.
No, the relative clause must follow the noun it describes. You must introduce the group before you can quantify it.
Use `both` specifically for two people. Use `all` for three or more.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
de los cuales / de quienes
English pronouns (whom/which) do not change for gender or number.
dont / desquels
French 'dont' is much more versatile and common than the English quantifier structure.
von denen / von welchen
German requires the verb at the very end of the clause.
そのうちの (sono uchi no)
Japanese does not use relative pronouns like 'which' or 'whom'.
منهم (minhum) / منها (minha)
Arabic uses pronouns attached to prepositions rather than independent relative pronouns.
其中 (qízhōng)
Chinese lacks relative pronouns and uses fixed phrases to show part-whole relationships.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
संबंधित वीडियो
06:29 What are truffles, and why are they so expensive? - Carolyn Beans
06:10 The murderous medieval king who inspired "Macbeth" - Benjamin Hudson
03:28 Getting Vaccinated at the Coolest Place 😎
Advanced English Grammar: Clauses
English with Lucy
Relative Clauses - English Grammar Lesson (Upper Intermediate)
Maltalingua English Language School
Related Grammar Rules
रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर
Overview कल्पना करें कि आप अपना इंस्टाग्राम फीड स्क्रॉल कर रहे हैं। आप एक दोस्त की पोस्ट देखते हैं जिसके पास दो बिल्लिया...
रिलेटिव एडवर्ब: Where स्थानों के लिए
Overview क्या आपने कभी किसी दोस्त को उस शानदार पिज्जा जगह के बारे में बताने की कोशिश की है लेकिन वाक्य के बीच में ही अटक...
औपचारिक सापेक्ष खंड (जिसमें, जिसे)
### परिचय नमस्ते! जब हम English सीखने के सफर में B2 लेवल यानी Upper-Intermediate स्तर पर पहुँचते हैं, तो हमारा लक्ष्य स...
अपने वाक्यों को छोटा करें: घटाए गए संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य
### Overview Reduced relative clauses (संक्षिप्त सापेक्ष उपवाक्य) अंग्रेजी भाषा में अपनी बात को संक्षिप्त, प्रभावी और पे...
Whose: स्वामित्व दिखाना
### Overview English grammar में fluency हासिल करने के लिए वाक्यों को जोड़ना (connecting sentences) एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्...
