جملات واره نسبی با سورها (همه آنها، هیچکدام از آنها)
of + whom/which، میتونی خیلی شیک جزئیات یه گروه رو توصیف کنی. all of whom, none of which
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use quantifiers like 'all' or 'some' with 'of whom' or 'of which' to add specific details about a group.
- Use 'of whom' for people: 'I have two sisters, both of whom are doctors.'
- Use 'of which' for things: 'He bought three cars, none of which work.'
- Always use a comma before the quantifier to separate the extra information.
مرور کلی
I have 50 members, and some of them are online یا میگی I have 50 members, some of whom are online؟basic هستن، این همون فوت کوزهگریایه که دنبالش بودی.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
I have many followers. بعد میخوای یه جزئیات اضافه کنی: Most of them are from Brazil.them رو با whom (برای آدمها) یا which (برای اشیاء) عوض میکنی. جادو با کلمه of اتفاق میفته.I have 200 emails, 50 of which are spam. دقت کن که چطور which به ایمیلها برمیگرده.of them یا of they. کار نیکو کردن از پر کردن است، و خیلی زود مثل یه حرفهای اینا رو توی انشاهات استفاده میکنی.
الگوی ساخت
She bought five dresses.
all, some, many, none, both, neither, a few یا حتی یه عدد خاص مثل three باشه.
of رو اضافه کن. این چسبِ این عبارته.
whom برای افراد و which برای اشیاء استفاده کن. اگه داری درباره مالکیت حرف میزنی، از whose + اسم استفاده کن (که البته این پیشرفتهتره).
whom استفاده کنی یا which، فقط از خودت بپرس: «آیا ضربان قلب داره؟» اگه بله، از whom استفاده کن. اگه نه (یا اگه گربهست—شوخی کردم، کلاً برای حیوانات از which استفاده کن، هرچند بعضیا برای حیوانات خونگی از whom استفاده میکنن)، از which استفاده کن.
کی استفاده کنیم
- Formal Writing: این استاندارد طلایی برای مقالات دانشگاهیه. به جای نوشتن
The researchers interviewed 100 people. 20 of them were students، مینویسیThe researchers interviewed 100 people, 20 of whom were students. این نشون میده که روی نحو (syntax) پیچیده تسلط داری. - Professional Emails: وقتی داری به رئیست یا یه مشتری گزارش میدی.
We launched three new features, all of which have received positive feedback.این خیلی بااعتمادبهنفستر از دو تا جمله جداگانه به نظر میاد. - Storytelling: اگه داری یه پست وبلاگ درباره سفرهات مینویسی.
I visited five islands, each of which had a unique culture.این یه ریتم قشنگ به روایتت میده. - Describing Groups: عالی برای حرف زدن درباره تیمت، کلکسیون صفحات گرامافونت، یا اپلیکیشنهای روی گوشیت.
I have 50 apps, most of which I never use.(همهمون تو این مورد گناهکاریم). - Job Interviews: وقتی داری تجربهت رو توضیح میدی خوب جواب میده.
I managed ten projects, several of which were international.این خیلی تأثیرگذارتر از اینه که بگیI managed ten projects. Some were international.
- Formal:
I have three colleagues, all of whom are experts.(عالی برای خلاصه لینکدین). - Neutral/Informal:
I have three colleagues, and they're all experts.(بهتر برای یه گپ دوستانه موقع قهوه خوردن). - Very Casual:
I've got three workmates, all geniuses.(پیام دادن به یه دوست).
all of who یا some of which استفاده میکنن. تو اون آدم نباش. توی نوشتن به قوانین رسمی بچسب، و همیشه جوری به نظر میای که انگار میدونی داری چیکار میکنی.
اشتباهات رایج
Comma Splice (اتصال اشتباه با ویرگول) یا Pronoun Trap (تله ضمیر) هست.- The Pronoun Trap: خیلیها میگن
I have two brothers, both of them are tall. توی انگلیسی، این یه 'run-on sentence' یا comma splice محسوب میشه. تو نمیتونی دو تا جمله کامل رو فقط با یه ویرگول به هم وصل کنی. یا نیاز به نقطه داری (...brothers. Both of them...)، یا یه حرف ربط (...brothers, and both of them...)، یا جملهواره موصولی مخصوص ما (...brothers, both of whom...). - Who vs. Whom: زبانآموزها اغلب دلشون میخواد بگن
all of who. توی این الگوی خاص، بعد از حرف اضافهای مثلof، تو باید از حالت مفعولیwhomاستفاده کنی. بله، حتی اگه فکر میکنیwhomشبیه کلماتیه که از رمانهای قرن نوزدهم اومده. - Forgetting the Comma: بعضیها کلاً ویرگول رو فراموش میکنن.
I have three cars none of which work.خوندن این گیجکنندهست. ویرگول علامتیه که نشون میده اطلاعات اضافی داره میاد. - Using 'That': شاید بدونی که
thatاغلب میتونه جایگزینwhichدر جملهوارههای موصولی بشه. اینجا نه. تو توی این ساختار موصولی خاص، هیچوقت نمیتونی بگیall of that. همیشهwhichهست. - Verb Agreement: مطمئن شو که فعلت با کمیتسنج مطابقت داره.
None of which IS(اگه درباره یه چیز حرف میزنی) در مقابلNone of which ARE(اگه درباره چندتا چیز حرف میزنی). در واقع، باnone، اغلب میتونی از هر دو استفاده کنی، اماall of which areقطعاً جمعه. نذار فعلهات تنها بمونن؛ مطمئن شو که با فاعلهاشون جورن!
مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
- Standard Relative Clauses:
The books which I bought are good. اینجا،whichفقط یه ضمیر موصولی سادهست. هیچ کمیتسنجی (all,some) وجود نداره. این مشخص میکنه که منظورت *کدوم* کتابهاست. - Sentence with Conjunction:
I have ten cousins, and many of them live in London. این کاملاً درسته و توی انگلیسی محاوره خیلی رایجه. این غیررسمیتر ازmany of whomهست. وقتی با دوستات هستی از این استفاده کن. - Two Separate Sentences:
I have ten cousins. Many of them live in London. اگه مبتدی هستی این امنترین روش برای حرف زدنه. واضحه، اما اگه همه جملاتت اینقدر کوتاه باشن ممکنه یکم «رباتیک» به نظر بیاد. - Participle Phrases:
I have ten cousins living in London. این یه راه دیگه برای کوتاه کردن چیزهاست، اما اجازه استفاده از کمیتسنج رو نمیده (نمیتونی راحت بگی 'many of living in London').
Alex: Have you seen the new Marvel movies?
Sam: I've seen all five, none of which I actually liked.
Alex: Wow, tough critic!
Manager: How are the new recruits doing?
Lead: We hired six developers, four of whom have already finished their orientation.
Manager: Excellent progress.
سؤالات رایج
آیا واقعاً whom ضروریه؟ نمیتونم فقط از who استفاده کنم؟
توی این الگوی خاص (quantifier + of)، بله، whom تنها انتخاب گرامری درسته. استفاده از who اینجا برای بومیها خیلی ضایع و توی چشم خواهد بود.
میتونم این رو با whose استفاده کنم؟
آره! برای مثال: I have two friends, both of whose parents are teachers. این کمیابه و خیلی رسمی، ولی درسته.
آیا این برای حیوانات کاربرد داره؟
معمولاً، ما برای حیوانات از which استفاده میکنیم. با این حال، اگه خیلی به حیوانات خونگیت نزدیکی، بعضیها از whom استفاده میکنن. ولی اگه داری یه گزارش علمی درباره موشهای آزمایشگاهی مینویسی، قطعاً به which بچسب.
میتونم این رو اول جمله استفاده کنم؟
نه، یه جملهواره موصولی باید بعد از اسمی که توصیفش میکنه بیاد. این یه دنبالکنندهست، نه یه رهبر.
اگه فقط یه دونه چیز داشته باشم چی؟ میتونم بگی one of which؟
قطعاً. I have three watches, only one of which still works. این یه راه عالی برای نشون دادن تضاده.
برای پیامک دادن (texting) خوبه؟
ممکنه برای یه پیامک سریع یکم «زیادی» باشه. معمولاً، تو پیامکها، ما فقط از دو تا جمله یا یه and ساده استفاده میکنیم. اما اگه میخوای کراشت رو با مهارتهای گرامریت تحت تأثیر قرار بدی، برو بریم!
از چه کمیتسنجهایی میتونم استفاده کنم؟
تقریباً هرچی! All, most, many, some, a few, few, none, both, neither, each, و اعداد مشخص.
آیا ویرگول همیشه لازمه؟
بله. اینها جملهوارههای موصولی غیرتوصیفی هستن، و توی انگلیسی، اونها همیشه نیاز به ویرگول دارن. این قانونه (خب، قانون گرامر).
میتونم از that به جای which استفاده کنم؟
نه. That نمیتونه بعد از حرف اضافهای مثل of توی یه جملهواره موصولی بیاد. همیشه which هست.
چطور پیشرفت کنم؟
سعی کن این رو توی محیط واقعی پیدا کنی. یه مقاله خبری توی BBC یا The New York Times بخون. تضمین میکنم توی پنج دقیقه حداقل یه of whom یا of which پیدا میکنی. وقتی دیدیش، سعی کن توی تکلیف نوشتاری بعدیت ازش تقلید کنی.
The Quantifier Structure
| Quantifier | Preposition | Relative Pronoun | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
whom
|
For People
|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
which
|
For Things
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
whom
|
Negative (People)
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
which
|
Negative (Things)
|
|
Two / Three / Ten
|
of
|
whom
|
Specific Number (People)
|
|
The majority / Half
|
of
|
which
|
Portions (Things)
|
Meanings
A type of non-defining relative clause used to provide information about a specific portion or quantity of a previously mentioned noun.
Quantifying People
Using 'of whom' to specify a number or portion of a group of people.
“The team has ten members, all of whom are experts.”
“I met several students, two of whom were from Italy.”
Quantifying Objects/Ideas
Using 'of which' to specify a number or portion of a group of things or concepts.
“He wrote five books, none of which were published.”
“We visited three museums, each of which was unique.”
Specifying Parts of a Whole
Using words like 'half', 'most', or 'the majority' to describe a portion.
“The company hired 100 workers, half of whom are part-time.”
“The forest has thousands of trees, the majority of which are oaks.”
Reference Table
| نوع فاعل | ساختار | مثالهای Quantifier | جمله نمونه |
|---|---|---|---|
|
مردم
|
Quantifier + of whom
|
all, many, some, three
|
I have ten friends, many of whom live abroad.
|
|
چیزها
|
Quantifier + of which
|
all, most, none, a few
|
She has many books, all of which are signed.
|
|
جفت (مردم)
|
Both/Neither + of whom
|
both, neither
|
I met two actors, neither of whom I recognized.
|
|
جفت (چیزها)
|
Both/Neither + of which
|
both, neither
|
He has two cars, both of which are electric.
|
|
مالکیت
|
Quantifier + of whose + noun
|
all, some
|
They have three kids, all of whose names start with A.
|
|
اعداد
|
Number + of which/whom
|
one, two, five
|
We ordered five pizzas, two of which were vegan.
|
طیف رسمیت
I have ten colleagues, all of whom are highly skilled. (Professional/Social)
I have ten colleagues, and they are all very good at their jobs. (Professional/Social)
I've got ten people at work, all of them are great. (Professional/Social)
My work crew? All of 'em are legends. (Professional/Social)
جملهوارههای موصولی با Quantifier
مردم
- whom referring to humans
- all of whom every person in the group
چیزها/اشیاء
- which referring to non-humans
- most of which majority of the items
مقایسه: رسمی در مقابل غیررسمی
چطور ضمیر درست رو انتخاب کنیم؟
آیا داری آدمها رو توصیف میکنی؟
آیا بعد از ویرگول اومده؟
دستهبندی Quantifierهای رایج
کل / مثبت
- • all of
- • both of
- • most of
منفی
- • none of
- • neither of
جزئی / اعداد
- • some of
- • a few of
- • three of
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners confuse 'of whom' (part of a group) with 'whose' (possession).
Learners forget to add the quantifier and just use 'which' or 'who'.
اشتباهات رایج
I have two brothers, all of who are tall.
I have two brothers. Both of them are tall.
I have many books, some of them are old.
I have many books, and some of them are old.
I have three friends, all of them live in London.
I have three friends, all of whom live in London.
He has two cars, both of who are fast.
He has two cars, both of which are fast.
The guests, many of who arrived late...
The guests, many of whom arrived late...
الگوهای جملهسازی
I have ___, ___ of whom ___.
There are ___, ___ of which ___.
Real World Usage
The survey included 500 participants, most of whom were students.
I led several teams, all of whom exceeded their targets.
The police arrested five suspects, two of whom have been charged.
The resort has three pools, none of which were crowded.
The set comes with six brushes, each of which has a specific use.
He had many secrets, some of which were dangerous.
ویرگول خیلی مهمه!
of whom/which رو حذف نکن. اینجوری معلوم میشه که این قسمت اضافه است و جمله رو خراب نمیکنه. I need eggs, milk and bread.
رئیست رو تحت تاثیر بذار!
We analyzed 50 samples, 40 of which showed improvement.خیلی حرفهایتر از جملههای جدا جداست.
تست ضربان قلب!
whom استفاده کن. اگه نداره (کتاب، ماشین، اپلیکیشن)، از which استفاده کن. The influencer has millions of followers, most of whom are teenagers.
Smart Tips
Try combining them with 'of whom' or 'of which' to make your writing flow better.
If there is a preposition like 'of' right before it, it is ALWAYS 'whom'.
تلفظ
Stress on the Quantifier
In these clauses, the quantifier (all, some, none) usually receives the primary stress to emphasize the amount.
The 'of' reduction
The word 'of' is often reduced to a weak 'schwa' sound /əv/.
Non-defining pause
I have two brothers [pause] both of whom are doctors.
The pause (indicated by the comma) shows that the following information is extra.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Remember: 'Whom' for the 'Home-sapiens' (people), 'Which' for the 'Witch's' broom (things).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a large circle representing a group. Inside, a smaller circle is highlighted with a label like '3 of whom' or 'some of which'. This shows you are focusing on a subset.
Rhyme
For people use 'whom', for things use 'which', add a comma first to avoid a glitch!
Story
A king had three sons, all of whom wanted the throne. He gave them three tasks, none of which were easy. The first son failed, at which point the second son tried.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write three sentences about your family or your belongings using 'all of whom', 'none of which', and 'two of whom'.
نکات فرهنگی
This structure is a hallmark of high-level academic writing in the UK and US. Using it correctly can significantly improve the 'academic tone' of an essay.
In formal British contexts, 'whom' is preserved more strictly than in some casual American dialects.
Legal documents use this to be extremely precise about which parts of a contract or group of people are being discussed.
This structure stems from the Latin 'partitive genitive', where a part is taken from a whole.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Tell me about your favorite movies. How many have you seen recently?
How many people are in your family, and what do they do?
Think about the apps on your phone. Which ones do you use most?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
I have two best friends, both of ___ live in London.
whom استفاده میکنیم.Choose the best sentence for a formal essay:
Find and fix the mistake:
I have many unread notifications, some of who are from Instagram.
which استفاده کنیم نه who.Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesI have three cousins, all of ___ live in America.
He bought five shirts, two of ___ were too small.
Find and fix the mistake:
She has many friends, some of them are doctors.
He told me three stories. They weren't true.
'The company has ten employees, all of who work from home.'
A: Did you like the books I lent you? B: I've read three of them, ___.
1. Students, 2. Computers
sisters / I / two / have / whom / of / both / doctors / are / ,
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe team has ten members, six of ___ are from Germany.
He has two houses, neither of who is in the city.
many / , / I / apps / of / use / which / I / have / .
Ich habe zwei Schwestern, von denen beide Lehrerinnen sind.
Identify the grammatically perfect sentence:
Match correctly:
The store sells many brands, most of ___ are local.
I have five pens none of which work.
none of whom / , / the party / ten people attended / I knew / .
Er machte viele Vorschläge, von denen keiner akzeptiert wurde.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
No. In this specific structure (after a quantifier and 'of'), you can only use `which` for things and `whom` for people.
It is quite formal. In casual speech, most people say `I have three brothers and all of them are...` rather than using `all of whom`.
Yes. These are non-defining relative clauses, which always require a comma to separate the extra information from the main clause.
Absolutely! Any quantifier works: `one`, `two`, `several`, `many`, `a few`, `none`, `all`, etc.
Usually, we use `which` for animals. However, if the animals are pets with names, some people use `whom`, though `which` is always safe.
It depends on the noun. Usually, it takes a plural verb if the group is plural: `None of which are...` but in very formal English, some prefer the singular `is`.
No, the relative clause must follow the noun it describes. You must introduce the group before you can quantify it.
Use `both` specifically for two people. Use `all` for three or more.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
de los cuales / de quienes
English pronouns (whom/which) do not change for gender or number.
dont / desquels
French 'dont' is much more versatile and common than the English quantifier structure.
von denen / von welchen
German requires the verb at the very end of the clause.
そのうちの (sono uchi no)
Japanese does not use relative pronouns like 'which' or 'whom'.
منهم (minhum) / منها (minha)
Arabic uses pronouns attached to prepositions rather than independent relative pronouns.
其中 (qízhōng)
Chinese lacks relative pronouns and uses fixed phrases to show part-whole relationships.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
06:29 What are truffles, and why are they so expensive? - Carolyn Beans
06:10 The murderous medieval king who inspired "Macbeth" - Benjamin Hudson
03:28 Getting Vaccinated at the Coolest Place 😎
Advanced English Grammar: Clauses
English with Lucy
Relative Clauses - English Grammar Lesson (Upper Intermediate)
Maltalingua English Language School
Related Grammar Rules
جملهوارههای موصولی: تفاوت معنایی معرف و غیرمعرف
Overview تصور کنید در حال اسکرول کردن فید اینستاگرام خود هستید. پستی از دوستی میبینید که دو گربه دارد. یکی سفید و پشمال...
قید نسبی: Where برای مکانها
Overview تا حالا شده بخواهید به دوستی درباره اون پیتزافروشی عالی بگید اما وسط جمله گیر کنید؟ همونی که میشناسید. همون جا...
عبارات موصولی رسمی (در آن، به چه کسی)
### Overview در مسیر یادگیری زبان انگلیسی، رسیدن به سطح `B2` یا همان سطح متوسط رو به بالا (Upper-Intermediate)، نقطهی...
کوتاه کردن جملات: جملات موصولی تقلیل یافته
### Overview در مسیر یادگیری زبان انگلیسی در سطح B2، یکی از مهمترین مهارتهایی که شما را از یک زبانآموز متوسط به یک س...
Whose: نمایش مالکیت
### Overview در زبان انگلیسی، کلمه `whose` یکی از کاربردیترین و در عین حال چالشبرانگیزترین ضمایر موصولی است. اگر بخوا...
