جملات موصولی تعریفکننده: شناسایی افراد و اشیاء
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Defining relative clauses give essential information to identify exactly which person or thing you are talking about.
- Use 'who' or 'that' for people (e.g., The man who called).
- Use 'which' or 'that' for things (e.g., The car that I bought).
- Never use commas before or after a defining relative clause.
مرور کلی
این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
که توی ایبیزا اجاره کردم». هر دو به ما میگن کدوم ماشین، اما جملهواره به ما فضای بیشتری برای جزئیات میده. تو یه جمله اصلی رو برمیداری و یه جمله موصولی رو به یه اسم «میچسبونی».Whoوthatبرای آدمها هستن.Whichوthatبرای چیزها و حیوونها هستن.Whoseبرای مالکیته (شخصیکهگوشیش داره زنگ میخوره).Whereبرای مکانهاست.
که خوردم» میتونه فقط بشه «The coffee I drank». اما اگه ضمیر «فاعل» باشه، باید بمونه. نمیتونی بگی «The girl lives next door is nice».who نیاز داری! مثل عضویت باشگاهه؛ گاهی میتونی یه روز نری، اما برای وزنههای سنگین (جملههای مهم)، باید حضور داشته باشی.
الگوی ساخت
who / that | پسری که بهم پیام داد. | who برای آدمها رایجتره.
which / that | سریالی که دارم پشت سر هم میبینم. | that توی گفتار غیررسمی خیلی رایجه.
where | کافهای که اونجا همدیگه رو دیدیم. | جایگزین 'at which' یا 'in which' میشه.
whose | دختری که گربهش معروفه. | برای آدمها و چیزها کار میکنه.
that) | پیتزایی که سفارش دادم. | اگه مفعول باشه میتونی that رو نگی.
کی استفاده کنیم
که ممکنه دوست داشته باشی» هست. یا سبد خرید آمازون (Amazon): «کالاهایی که اخیراً دیدی». وقتی میخوایم دقیق باشیم ازش استفاده میکنیم.- شبکههای اجتماعی: «اینفلوئنسری
کهاون ویدیوی ضایع رو پست کرد.» - سفر: «هاستلی
کهتوی برلین موندیم صبحانه رایگان داشت!» - شغل: «دنبال شرکتی میگردم
کهاجازه دورکاری بده.»
که اجازه میده از توی گوشیت ماشین بگیری.» تو داری اون 'اپلیکیشن' رو تعریف میکنی. اگه فقط میگفتی «یه اپلیکیشنه»، مادربزرگت هنوز گیج میموند و تو هم هنوز پشتیبان فنیش بودی.
اشتباهات رایج
who برای چیزهاست. لطفاً نگو «The laptop who I bought». لپتاپها (هنوز) احساسات ندارن. از which یا that استفاده کن.who she lives next door». تو همین الان who رو به عنوان فاعل داری! نیازی به she نداری. مثل اینه که دو جفت عینک آفتابی بزنی. شاید باحال به نظر برسی، اما اضافیه.whose رو برای مالکیت فراموش نکن. از گفتن «The man that his car was stolen» خودداری کن. از «The man whose car was stolen» استفاده کن. اینطوری جملهت روانتر میشه و مثل حرفهایها به نظر میای.مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
- محدودکننده: «دانشجوهایی
کهدرس خوندن امتحان رو پاس کردن.» (فقط اونایی که درس خوندن! بقیه؟ احتمالاً داشتن Fortnite بازی میکردن.) - غیرمحدودکننده: «دانشجوها،
کهخیلی درس خونده بودن، امتحان رو پاس کردن.» (همه دانشجوها درس خوندن و راستی، همهشون هم پاس کردن.)
that و which رو هم قاطی کنی. توی انگلیسی آمریکایی، ما تقریباً همیشه از that برای جملهوارههای محدودکننده و از which برای غیرمحدودکنندهها استفاده میکنیم. توی انگلیسی بریتانیایی منعطفترن، اما هنوزم that توی چتهای صمیمی پادشاه جملهوارههای محدودکنندهست.where در مقابل which هست. «شهری که توش زندگی میکنم» در مقابل «شهری که ازش بازدید کردم». اگه از where استفاده کنی، نیازی به حرف اضافه مثل 'in' نداری.which استفاده کنی، معمولاً نیاز داری: «The city which I live in». استفاده از where مثل «صف اکسپرس» توی سوپرمارکته؛ کلاً سریعتره.سؤالات رایج
that استفاده کنم؟that برای آدمها اوکیه. اما who یکم طبیعیتر و مودبانهتر به نظر میاد.who/which/that رو حذف کنم؟که منو دید».whom استفاده میشه؟who برای تقریباً همه چی کاملاً عالیه.where به ویرگول نیاز دارم؟که کار میکنم نزدیک ایستگاهه.» ویرگول مجاز نیست.که دیدمش که توی گوگل کار میکنه.» یکم طولانی میشه اما از نظر گرامری اوکیه.Relative Pronoun Selection
| Target | Subject Form | Object Form | Possessive Form |
|---|---|---|---|
|
People
|
who / that
|
who / whom / that / (omitted)
|
whose
|
|
Things
|
which / that
|
which / that / (omitted)
|
whose / of which
|
|
Places
|
which / that
|
where
|
n/a
|
|
Times
|
that
|
when
|
n/a
|
Meanings
A defining relative clause provides information that is necessary to identify the noun it follows. Without this clause, the sentence would be incomplete or the meaning would change significantly.
Identifying People
Using 'who' or 'that' to specify which person is being discussed.
“The woman who lives next door is a doctor.”
“I know a girl that speaks five languages.”
Identifying Things
Using 'which' or 'that' to specify which object or concept is being discussed.
“The book which I borrowed is excellent.”
“This is the phone that has the best camera.”
Possession
Using 'whose' to show who something belongs to within the identifying clause.
“The boy whose father is a pilot is my friend.”
“I met a woman whose car had broken down.”
Reference Table
| نوع اسم | ضمیر موصولی | کارکرد | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
|
آدمها
|
who / that
|
فاعل/مفعول
|
The girl who won.
|
|
چیزها
|
which / that
|
فاعل/مفعول
|
The car that I like.
|
|
مکانها
|
where
|
مکان
|
The club where we dance.
|
|
مالکیت
|
whose
|
مالک
|
The man whose dog barked.
|
|
زمان
|
when
|
مناسبت/وقت
|
The day when we met.
|
|
آدمها (رسمی)
|
whom
|
فقط مفعول
|
The man whom I met.
|
طیف رسمیت
The gentleman whom I encountered this morning. (social_interaction)
The man who I met this morning. (social_interaction)
The guy I met this morning. (social_interaction)
The dude I linked with earlier. (social_interaction)
Relative Pronoun Choice
People
- who subject
- whom object (formal)
Things
- which subject/object
- that subject/object
Defining vs Non-Defining
Can I omit the pronoun?
Is it a defining clause?
Is the pronoun the object?
Common Relative Pronouns
People
- • who
- • that
- • whom
- • whose
Things
- • which
- • that
- • whose
مثالها بر اساس سطح
The man who is happy is my dad.
The man who is happy is my dad.
The dog which is big is mine.
The dog which is big is mine.
I like the girl who is nice.
I like the girl who is nice.
This is the house which is blue.
This is the house which is blue.
The phone that I have is new.
The phone that I have is new.
The people that live here are kind.
The people that live here are kind.
Where is the cake that I bought?
Where is the cake that I bought?
I saw the movie that you liked.
I saw the movie that you liked.
The woman whose car broke down is waiting.
The woman whose car broke down is waiting.
The hotel where we stayed was cheap.
The hotel where we stayed was cheap.
The reason why I called is important.
The reason why I called is important.
Is that the man you were talking about?
Is that the man you were talking about?
The candidate whom we interviewed yesterday was impressive.
The candidate whom we interviewed yesterday was impressive.
The city in which he was born is very small.
The city in which he was born is very small.
The students failing the test will need to retake it.
The students failing the test will need to retake it.
It was the atmosphere that made the restaurant special.
It was the atmosphere that made the restaurant special.
The speed at which the virus spread was alarming.
The speed at which the virus spread was alarming.
Any person found trespassing will be prosecuted.
Any person found trespassing will be prosecuted.
The extent to which he went to help was amazing.
The extent to which he went to help was amazing.
He is a man for whom I have great respect.
He is a man for whom I have great respect.
The manner in which the data was manipulated suggests fraud.
The manner in which the data was manipulated suggests fraud.
Such was the intensity with which she studied that she fell ill.
Such was the intensity with which she studied that she fell ill.
The person to whom the letter was addressed has moved.
The person to whom the letter was addressed has moved.
The criteria by which we judge art are subjective.
The criteria by which we judge art are subjective.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use commas in defining clauses or use 'that' in non-defining clauses.
Using 'what' to mean 'the thing that'.
Mixing up the person with their possessions.
اشتباهات رایج
The man what lives here.
The man who lives here.
The car who I like.
The car that I like.
The boy he is my friend.
The boy who is my friend.
I like the book is red.
I like the book that is red.
The man, who is tall, is my uncle.
The man who is tall is my uncle.
The girl who she called me.
The girl who called me.
The house that I live.
The house where I live.
The man whose his car is red.
The man whose car is red.
The reason because I came.
The reason why I came.
The book I read it was good.
The book I read was good.
The person that I gave the book.
The person to whom I gave the book.
الگوهای جملهسازی
The ___ who ___ is ___.
I'm looking for a ___ that ___.
That is the ___ where ___.
He is the kind of person whose ___ is always ___.
Real World Usage
I am looking for a role that allows me to use my coding skills.
Show me the laptops that are under $500.
I want to meet someone who loves hiking and travel.
The suspect is a man who was wearing a blue hoodie.
Did you see the video I sent you?
Take the bus that stops in front of the library.
میانبر "That"
who بذاری یا which، از that استفاده کن. هم برای آدمها و هم برای چیزها توی این جور جملهها کاملاً درسته! The person that called meor
The thing that broke.
تله کاما
that توی جملات موصولی کاما نذار. این سریعترین راهیه که معلمها اشتباه زبانآموزها رو میفهمن! The car, which I bought, is red(WRONG).
قانون حذف
I یا you یا he و اینا رو بذاری، معمولاً میتونی خود ضمیر رو حذف کنی. The movie I watched.
Smart Tips
You can probably omit the relative pronoun entirely to sound more like a native speaker.
Avoid using 'that' for people; use 'who' or 'whom' instead to maintain a professional tone.
Try removing the clause. If the sentence becomes confusing or 'The [Noun]' doesn't refer to anyone specific anymore, don't use commas.
Remember that 'whose' replaces 'his/her/their' + the noun. Don't keep the possessive adjective!
تلفظ
Relative Pronoun Reduction
In fast speech, 'that' is often pronounced with a schwa /ðət/.
Stress on the Noun
The stress usually falls on the noun being defined, not the relative pronoun.
Continuous Flow
The girl who lives next door ↗ is a doctor.
There is no pause between the noun and the defining clause.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
WHO is for humans, WHICH is for things, and THAT is the friend that fits both strings.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a giant magnifying glass hovering over a crowd of people. The glass highlights one person wearing a 'WHO' t-shirt. This represents how the clause 'defines' or 'zooms in' on one specific person.
Rhyme
If the info is a must, no commas you shall trust.
Story
A detective is looking for a thief. He says, 'I need the man WHO has the red bag.' There are ten men, but only one has the red bag. The 'who' clause is the detective's tool to find the right person.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around your room. Pick three objects and describe them using 'that' or 'which' (e.g., 'The lamp that is on my desk is black').
نکات فرهنگی
American English speakers strongly prefer 'that' over 'which' for defining clauses. Using 'which' can sometimes sound overly formal or even British to American ears.
British English is more accepting of 'which' in defining clauses, though 'that' is still very common in speech.
In formal academic papers, 'whom' is still expected when the person is the object of the clause, whereas it has almost disappeared from spoken English.
Relative pronouns in English evolved from interrogative pronouns (who/which) and demonstrative pronouns (that).
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Tell me about a person who has influenced your life.
What is a gadget that you can't live without?
Describe the kind of house where you would like to live.
Think of a movie that made you cry. Why was it so sad?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
The person ___ lives next door is very noisy.
who استفاده میکنیم. Which برای اشیا، و where برای مکانهاست.Choose the correct option:
that یا which استفاده میکنیم، نه who.Find and fix the mistake:
This is the hotel where we stayed there last year.
where استفاده میکنی، نیازی به there یا in نیست. خودش معنی مکان رو توش داره.Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe woman ___ lives next door is a famous singer.
Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
Find and fix the mistake:
The man who he called me is my boss.
I have a friend. Her father is a doctor.
You can use 'that' instead of 'who' for people in defining clauses.
A: Which book do you want? B: I want the one ___ is on the top shelf.
The movie that we saw last night was great.
1. The person... 2. The car... 3. The girl... 4. The house...
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesman / is / the / who / lives / door / next / He
Das ist das Buch, das ich gestern gelesen habe.
Match them:
The restaurant ___ we ate last night was expensive.
The man `who` is standing over there is my uncle.
The woman who she works in my office is from Spain.
I met a writer ___ books are all about vampires.
Choose the formal version:
you / email / search / for / the / that / Are / sent / I / ?
Der Tag, an dem wir uns trafen, war sonnig.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
You can leave it out only if it is the **object** of the clause. For example, in 'The man [that] I saw', 'I' is the subject and 'that' is the object, so you can omit it. In 'The man who called', 'who' is the subject, so you must keep it.
Neither is 'better', but 'who' is more common in formal writing, while 'that' is very common in everyday speech.
No, 'which' is strictly for things and animals. For people, use 'who' or 'that'.
Commas in English indicate that the information is 'extra'. In defining clauses, the information is essential to identify the noun, so we don't use commas.
'Who' is for subjects and 'whom' is for objects. However, 'whom' is very formal and rarely used in spoken English today.
Yes! You can say 'The tree whose leaves are falling' instead of the more clunky 'The tree of which the leaves are falling'.
In American English, 'that' is preferred for defining clauses. In British English, both 'that' and 'which' are used frequently.
Yes, 'where' is much more natural in conversation. 'The house where I live' is better than 'The house in which I live'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
que
English has different pronouns for people vs. things, whereas Spanish often uses 'que' for both.
qui / que
French never omits the relative pronoun, while English often does.
der / die / das
German relative clauses always require commas, even if they are defining.
None (Adnominal clause)
Japanese uses word order instead of pronouns like 'who' or 'which'.
al-ladhi (الذي)
English does not use resumptive pronouns (e.g., we don't say 'the man who I saw him').
de (的)
The relative clause precedes the noun in Chinese but follows it in English.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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ویدیوهای مرتبط
09:00 The Deadliest Virus on Earth
07:46 You Are Not Where You Think You Are
06:59 No, honey can’t cure your allergies
Relative Clauses (Defining & Non-Defining) | EasyTeaching
EasyTeaching
Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses - English Grammar Lesson
Oxford English Now
Reduced Relative Clauses - Defining and Non- Defining Relative Clauses - Advanced Grammar Lesson
Oxford English Now
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