کوتاه کردن جملات: جملات موصولی تقلیل یافته
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Reduced relative clauses allow you to remove the relative pronoun and 'be' verb to create concise, professional-sounding sentences.
- Active: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' and use the -ing form. Example: 'The man (who is) sitting there.'
- Passive: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' and use the past participle. Example: 'The car (which was) stolen yesterday.'
- Prepositional: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' before a preposition. Example: 'The book (that is) on the table.'
مرور کلی
Reduced Relative Clauses یا همان «جملهوارههای موصولی کوتاهشده»، ابزاری قدرتمند برای دستیابی به این هدف است. این ساختار به شما اجازه میدهد تا جملات طولانی و گاهی تکراری را که با کلماتی مانند who is ،which was یا that are شروع میشوند، کوتاه کرده و به عباراتی فشردهتر و شیکتر تبدیل کنید.The book which is on the table یا The student who is studying.Reduced Relative Clauses بر پایه حذف (Ellipsis) است. در واقع ما بخشهایی از جمله را که شنونده یا خواننده میتواند از طریق بافتار (Context) حدس بزند، حذف میکنیم. اما نکته کلیدی اینجاست: شما فقط زمانی میتوانید یک جملهواره موصولی را کوتاه کنید که ضمیر موصولی (who, which, that) در نقش فاعل جملهواره باشد.- 1استفاده از Present Participle (صفت فاعلی با
-ing): زمانی که اسم مورد نظر، خودش انجامدهنده کار باشد (حالت معلوم یا Active). در فارسی ما معمولاً این را با ساختار «در حالِ...» یا توصیف مستقیم بیان میکنیم. - 2استفاده از Past Participle (صفت مفعولی یا شکل سوم فعل): زمانی که بر روی اسم مورد نظر، کاری انجام شده باشد (حالت مجهول یا Passive). این دقیقاً معادل صفت مفعولی در فارسی است (مانند: نوشته شده، ساخته شده).
who/which/that به همراه فعل be یک استاندارد در نگارش حرفهای محسوب میشود. به این جمله دقت کنید:- ساختار کامل:
The man who is standing there is my uncle. - ساختار کوتاه شده:
The man standing there is my uncle.
standing به تنهایی نقش توصیفی ایفا میکند و جمله را از حالت کتابی و سنگین خارج میکند.be با هم حذف میشوند.-ingbe حذف شده و فعل اصلی به صورت -ing باقی میماند.- فرمول:
Noun + [who/which/that + be] + Verb-ing->Noun + Verb-ing - مثال:
The students who are preparing for the Konkur exam are very stressed. - کوتاه شده:
The students preparing for the Konkur exam are very stressed.
be حذف شده و فقط شکل سوم فعل (p.p) باقی میماند.- فرمول:
Noun + [who/which/that + be] + Past Participle->Noun + Past Participle - مثال:
The tea which is served in traditional Iranian cafes is usually excellent. - کوتاه شده:
The tea served in traditional Iranian cafes is usually excellent.
be، یک صفت یا یک عبارت که با حرف اضافه شروع میشود (Prepositional Phrase) میآید. در این حالت هم میتوان ضمیر و فعل be را حذف کرد.- مثال با صفت:
A person who is capable of leading a team is hard to find.->A person capable of leading a team is hard to find. - مثال با حرف اضافه:
The documents that are on the manager's desk need to be signed.->The documents on the manager's desk need to be signed.
The girl who is playing the piano | The girl playing the piano | معلوم (Active) |The house which was built in 1990 | The house built in 1990 | مجهول (Passive) |The books that are available | The books available | صفت (Adjective) |Reduced Relative Clauses توصیه میشود:- در نگارش آکادمیک و مقالات: برای جلوگیری از تکرار کلماتی مثل
whichوthatکه باعث خستگی خواننده میشود. مثلاً در توصیف نتایج یک تحقیق:The data collected from the participants...بسیار حرفهایتر ازThe data which was collected...است. - در مکاتبات اداری و ایمیلها: برای انتقال سریع و صریح پیام. در محیط کار، زمان ارزشمند است. عباراتی مثل
The issues raised during the meeting(موضوعات مطرح شده در جلسه) به جای نسخه طولانی آن، جدیت و تسلط شما را نشان میدهد. - برای ایجاد تنوع در ساختار جملات: اگر تمام جملات شما با ساختار
Subject + Verb + who/whichباشد، متن شما یکنواخت و مبتدیانه به نظر میرسد. ترکیب جملات کامل و کوتاه شده، به نوشته شما «ریتم» میدهد. - در توصیفات سریع (مثل شبکههای اجتماعی یا کپشنها): در پلتفرمهایی مثل اینستاگرام یا تلگرام، کوتاهی و جذابیت کلام حرف اول را میزند.
The sunset seen from Milad Tower(غروب دیده شده از برج میلاد) بسیار تاثیرگذارتر از نسخه کامل آن است.
-ing و p.p (معلوم در برابر مجهول):- اشتباه:
The invitation sending to you yesterday...(اشتباه است چون دعوتنامه خودش چیزی را نمیفرستد). - درست:
The invitation sent to you yesterday...(دعوتنامهای که دیروز فرستاده شد). - نکته برای فارسیزبانان: همیشه از خود بپرسید: «آیا این اسم، این کار را انجام میدهد (فاعلی) یا این کار رویش انجام شده (مفعولی)؟»
- جمله اصلی:
The person whom I met yesterday is a doctor. - اشتباه:
The person meeting yesterday...(این یعنی آن شخص داشت ملاقات میکرد، در حالی که من او را ملاقات کردم). - توضیح: در اینجا
whomمفعول است (من او را دیدم). شما میتوانیدwhomرا حذف کنید (The person I met...) اما نمیتوانید فعل را به صورت-ingیاp.pبیاورید.
-ed اضافه کنند. در حالی که در این ساختار، استفاده از شکل سوم فعل (Past Participle) الزامی است.- اشتباه:
The letter writed by the manager... - درست:
The letter written by the manager... - نکته: لیست افعال بیقاعده (Irregular Verbs) را برای این مبحث دوباره مرور کنید.
Reduced Relative Clauses را با Gerunds یا Present Continuous اشتباه میگیرند. در جدول زیر تفاوت این ساختارها را مشاهده میکنید:The man who is running is fast. | جمله کامل با ضمیر و فعل کمکی |The man running is fast. | عبارت وصفی (Adjective Phrase) |The man is running. | فعل اصلی جمله (بیان زمان حال استمراری) |Running is good for health. | اسم مصدر (نقش فاعلی برای کل جمله) |Reduced Relative Clause، عبارتِ کوتاه شده فقط نقش یک صفت بزرگ را برای اسم قبل از خود بازی میکند و فعل اصلی جمله معمولاً بعد از آن میآید.who/which/that) فاعلِ جملهواره باشد و بعد از آن فعل be (یا فعلی که بتوان آن را به صورت -ing درآورد) وجود داشته باشد. اگر ضمیر موصولی مفعول باشد، این نوع کوتاهسازی ممکن نیست.The guy talking to the waiter is my friend.be نباشد چه؟-ing تبدیل میشود.People who live in Tehran suffer from pollution. -> People living in Tehran suffer from pollution.How to Reduce Different Verb Types
| Original Verb Type | Full Relative Clause | Reduced Relative Clause | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Continuous
|
The man who is working
|
The man working
|
Drop 'who is'
|
|
Past Continuous
|
The girl who was singing
|
The girl singing
|
Drop 'who was'
|
|
Simple Present
|
The path that leads home
|
The path leading home
|
Change verb to -ing
|
|
Simple Past
|
The person who saw it
|
The person seeing it
|
Change verb to -ing
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The book which was written
|
The book written
|
Drop 'which was'
|
|
Prepositional
|
The cat that is on the mat
|
The cat on the mat
|
Drop 'that is'
|
Meanings
A reduced relative clause is a relative clause that is not marked by an explicit relative pronoun (like who, which, or that) or a finite verb. It functions as an adjective to modify a noun, making the sentence more compact.
Active Voice Reduction
Used when the noun is performing the action. The relative pronoun and 'be' verb are removed, leaving the present participle (-ing).
“People living in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.”
“The woman leading the parade is my aunt.”
Passive Voice Reduction
Used when the noun is receiving the action. The relative pronoun and 'be' verb are removed, leaving the past participle (-ed/irregular).
“The house built in 1920 is being renovated.”
“Items purchased on sale cannot be returned.”
Prepositional Phrase Reduction
Used when the relative clause contains a prepositional phrase. Only the pronoun and 'be' verb are deleted.
“The keys on the counter are mine.”
“The man in the suit is the CEO.”
Adjective Phrase Reduction
Used when the relative clause consists of an adjective or adjective phrase. Usually occurs with adjectives that follow the noun.
“The person responsible for the mess should clean it.”
“We need a room large enough for fifty people.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Active (Present)
|
Noun + [Verb-ing]
|
The students studying hard will pass.
|
|
Active (Past)
|
Noun + [Verb-ing]
|
The man driving the car was my uncle.
|
|
Passive (General)
|
Noun + [Past Participle]
|
The car repaired yesterday is running well.
|
|
Prepositional
|
Noun + [Prepositional Phrase]
|
The coffee in my cup is hot.
|
|
Adjective Phrase
|
Noun + [Adjective + Phrase]
|
We need a box bigger than this one.
|
|
Negative Active
|
Noun + [Not + Verb-ing]
|
People not attending the meeting must email me.
|
|
Negative Passive
|
Noun + [Not + Past Participle]
|
The rules not mentioned here still apply.
|
طیف رسمیت
The gentleman wearing the azure shirt is my superior. (Workplace)
The man wearing the blue shirt is my boss. (Workplace)
The guy in the blue shirt is my boss. (Workplace)
The dude in the blue is the big man. (Workplace)
The Reduction Process
Active
- Present Participle -ing form
Passive
- Past Participle -ed/V3 form
Location
- Prepositional in, on, at, etc.
Full vs. Reduced
Can I Reduce This?
Is the relative pronoun the subject?
Is there a 'be' verb?
Common Participles
Active (-ing)
- • Leading
- • Containing
- • Involving
Passive (-ed)
- • Based
- • Located
- • Known
مثالها بر اساس سطح
The girl in the park is my friend.
La niña en el parque es mi amiga.
The man with the dog is tall.
El hombre con el perro es alto.
Look at the cat on the wall.
Mira al gato en la pared.
The coffee on the table is cold.
El café en la mesa está frío.
The people waiting for the bus are cold.
La gente que espera el autobús tiene frío.
I live in a house built in 1990.
Vivo en una casa construida en 1990.
The boy playing football is my brother.
El niño jugando fútbol es mi hermano.
Do you like the cake made by my mom?
¿Te gusta el pastel hecho por mi mamá?
The car parked outside belongs to the boss.
El coche aparcado fuera pertenece al jefe.
Anyone wanting to join the club should sign here.
Cualquiera que quiera unirse al club debe firmar aquí.
The letter sent yesterday was very important.
La carta enviada ayer era muy importante.
I saw a man running down the street.
Vi a un hombre corriendo por la calle.
The methodology used in this study is innovative.
La metodología utilizada en este estudio es innovadora.
Candidates applying for the job must speak English.
Los candidatos que soliciten el trabajo deben hablar inglés.
The issues discussed at the meeting were complex.
Los temas discutidos en la reunión eran complejos.
The bridge, damaged by the storm, is now closed.
El puente, dañado por la tormenta, está ahora cerrado.
The theory, first proposed in 1920, is still relevant.
La teoría, propuesta por primera vez en 1920, sigue siendo relevante.
The individual responsible for the breach has been identified.
El individuo responsable de la brecha ha sido identificado.
None of the participants, having been warned, chose to leave.
Ninguno de los participantes, habiendo sido advertidos, decidió irse.
The artifacts, discovered deep underground, are priceless.
Los artefactos, descubiertos a gran profundidad, no tienen precio.
The silence, broken only by the ticking clock, was eerie.
El silencio, roto solo por el tictac del reloj, era inquietante.
The legislation, as currently drafted, poses significant risks.
La legislación, tal como está redactada actualmente, plantea riesgos significativos.
The suspect, seen fleeing the scene, remains at large.
El sospechoso, visto huyendo de la escena, sigue prófugo.
The city, once thriving, is now a shadow of its former self.
La ciudad, una vez próspera, es ahora una sombra de lo que fue.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Both use the -ing form, but a gerund is a noun, while a reduced clause is an adjective.
In regular verbs, the -ed form looks the same for both.
Learners think dropping 'that' in 'The book (that) I read' is the same as reduction.
اشتباهات رایج
The boy who in the garden.
The boy in the garden.
The car is red parked here.
The red car parked here is mine.
The man with dog.
The man with the dog.
The girl is sitting there is my sister.
The girl sitting there is my sister.
The cake making by my mom.
The cake made by my mom.
The people who waiting.
The people waiting.
I saw a movie was interesting.
I saw an interesting movie.
The man stolen the car was caught.
The man who stole the car was caught.
The book written I read it.
The book written by him was good.
The students not study failed.
The students not studying failed.
The results, having obtained, were analyzed.
The results, having been obtained, were analyzed.
الگوهای جملهسازی
The person ___ (verb-ing) is my ___.
I found a ___ ___ (verb-ed) in the ___.
Anyone ___ (verb-ing) to ___ must ___.
The ___, ___ (verb-ed) by ___, was ___.
Real World Usage
I am a professional dedicated to achieving results.
Thousands displaced by floods.
See the girl dancing?
The evidence presented in Chapter 2...
Pasta served with a creamy sauce.
Follow the signs pointing toward the exit.
The 'Be' Test
Watch the Commas
Stative Verbs are OK
Sounding Professional
Smart Tips
Try deleting them! 90% of the time, the sentence will sound better and more professional.
Use a prepositional phrase reduction instead of a full clause.
These are perfect for -ing reductions in technical writing.
Just keep the V3 (past participle) and lose the rest.
تلفظ
Reduced Stress
In reduced clauses, the participle (-ing or -ed) usually receives less stress than the noun it modifies.
Linking
The final consonant of the noun often links to the vowel of the participle.
Non-restrictive pause
The car, [pause] damaged in the crash, [pause] was totaled.
The pauses (commas) indicate the information is extra, not essential for identification.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Drop the 'Whiz' (Who/Which/That + Is/Was) to make your sentence a whiz!
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a pair of scissors cutting out the words 'who is' from a sentence strip, making the two remaining ends snap together perfectly.
Rhyme
If the noun is doing the act, use -ing to keep it compact. If the noun is being served, the -ed form is what's deserved.
Story
A busy editor named 'Red' (for Reduction) hates long sentences. Every time he sees 'who is' or 'which was', he deletes them with his red pen to make the newspaper fit on one page.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at the last three emails you sent. Find one relative clause and reduce it. Does it sound better?
نکات فرهنگی
In Western academic culture, using reduced relative clauses is seen as a sign of high-level literacy and professional 'distance'.
Newspaper headlines in English-speaking countries almost always use reduced forms to save space and create a sense of urgency.
Legal documents use reduced clauses to be extremely precise about which 'party' or 'item' is being discussed without repeating 'which is' hundreds of times.
The term 'Whiz-deletion' was coined by generative grammarians in the 1970s to describe the deletion of 'Who/Which' + 'Is'.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Do you know the person sitting next to you?
What's the most interesting book written in your language?
Have you ever seen a movie filmed in your hometown?
In your opinion, what are the main challenges facing the world today?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
The man who is standing by the window is my uncle.
The car ___ (repair) yesterday is working now.
Find and fix the mistake:
The girl who singing is very talented.
Anyone ___ (want) to leave early must ask for permission.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
I saw a dog. It was barking at the mailman.
The cake eaten by the boy was chocolate.
Find the odd one out.
Score: /8
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe man who is standing by the window is my uncle.
The car ___ (repair) yesterday is working now.
Find and fix the mistake:
The girl who singing is very talented.
Anyone ___ (want) to leave early must ask for permission.
1. The book that is on the table. 2. The man who was arrested. 3. The path that leads home.
I saw a dog. It was barking at the mailman.
The cake eaten by the boy was chocolate.
Find the odd one out.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe old house ___ on the hill is haunted.
The decision making by the committee was controversial.
Which sentence is correct?
Translate into English: 'El documento escrito por el profesor es muy claro.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the clauses:
The new phone `____` with advanced features is quite expensive.
The students discussing the project needs more time.
Which option is grammatically sound?
Translate into English: 'La información obtenida de la encuesta es crucial.'
Create a sentence:
Match the sentences:
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
No. You can only reduce a relative clause if the relative pronoun (who, which, that) is the **subject** of the clause. If it's the object, you can't use this method.
Generally, no. It only changes the style and tone, making it more concise. However, in some cases, it can make a sentence feel more 'permanent' or 'characteristic'.
No, clauses starting with `whose` cannot be reduced using the Whiz-deletion method. They must remain full clauses.
Both are possible but have different meanings. 'The concerned people' means they are worried. 'The people concerned' (reduced clause) means the people involved in the matter.
Yes! 'The man who was running' becomes 'The man running'. The -ing form doesn't mean 'present'; it means 'active'.
They are used in both! However, they are especially common in formal writing (academic, legal) to save space and sound objective.
You change the main verb to its -ing form. 'The path that leads home' becomes 'The path leading home'.
Yes. Place 'not' before the participle: 'Students not living on campus must pay a fee.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participio adjetival
Spanish present participles cannot modify nouns directly.
Participe présent / passé
English reduced clauses are common in speech; French ones are mostly literary.
Partizipialattribut
Word order: German puts the reduced phrase before the noun.
連体修飾 (Rentai shuushoku)
No relative pronouns exist, and the modifier always comes first.
اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول
Agreement in definiteness is required in Arabic.
的 (de) construction
Chinese modifiers always precede the noun and use 'de'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
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