اختصر جملك: العبارات الوصفية المختزلة
Active (-ing) أو Passive (-ed).
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Reduced relative clauses allow you to remove the relative pronoun and 'be' verb to create concise, professional-sounding sentences.
- Active: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' and use the -ing form. Example: 'The man (who is) sitting there.'
- Passive: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' and use the past participle. Example: 'The car (which was) stolen yesterday.'
- Prepositional: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' before a preposition. Example: 'The book (that is) on the table.'
نظرة عامة
The man who is standing at the door، يفضل المتحدث الإنجليزي قول The man standing at the door. هذا الاختصار لا يغير المعنى، بل يجعله أكثر انسيابية ومهنية.majlis أو حتى في المراسلات الرسمية في سوق العمل.who, which, that) وفعل الكينونة (is, are, was, were) إذا وُجد. ما يتبقى لدينا هو participle (اسم الفاعل أو المفعول). في النحو العربي، نحن نستخدم «اسم الفاعل» و«اسم المفعول» كصفات، وهذا هو بالضبط ما يحدث هنا.The student studying، نحن نستخدم studying كاسم فاعل (مشتق من الفعل) ليصف الطالب.non-finite clauses لأن الفعل فيها لا يحمل زمنًا (Tense) خاصاً به، بل يتبع زمن الجملة الرئيسية. فمثلاً في جملة The boy playing outside is my brother، الفعل playing لا يحدد الزمن، بل is في الجملة الرئيسية هي التي تحدد أننا نتحدث عن الحاضر.Present Participle (-ing) للحالة النشطة، و Past Participle (-ed/V3) للحالة المنفعلة. هذا الاختصار متاح فقط إذا كان ضمير الوصل هو «فاعل» الجملة. إذا كان ضمير الوصل «مفعول به»، لا يمكننا استخدام هذه القاعدة بنفس الطريقة، وهو ما يختلف عن مرونة اللغة العربية في صياغة الصفات.who/which + be + -ing | Verb-ing | The girl who is running -> The girl running |who/which + be + V3 | V3 (Past Participle) | The car which was stolen -> The car stolen |- 1Active Voice: نستخدم
Verb-ingعندما يكون الاسم هو الذي يقوم بالفعل. مثال:The man who is talking to the manager is my friendتصبحThe man talking to the manager is my friend. - 2Passive Voice: نستخدم التصريف الثالث للفعل (
Past Participle) عندما يكون الاسم هو الذي وقع عليه الفعل. مثال:The cake that was baked by my mother is deliciousتصبحThe cake baked by my mother is delicious. - 3Adjective/Prepositional Phrase: يمكن حذف
who isأوwhich isوترك الصفة أو حرف الجر فقط. مثال:The book which is on the tableتصبحThe book on the table.
souq (سوق) وتحاول وصف شيء ما، لن تقول The item which is sold here، بل ستقول The item sold here لتبدو أكثر طلاقة.- 1L1 Interference (حذف فعل الكينونة في الجملة الرئيسية): يميل المتعلم العربي إلى قول
The man standing there my brother(حذفis) لأننا في العربية نقول «الرجلُ الواقفُ هناك أخي» (جملة اسمية). تذكر أن الإنجليزية تتطلب فعل كينونة رئيسي:The man standing there is my brother. - 2الخلط بين المعلوم والمجهول: يخطئ الكثيرون في استخدام
ingبدلاً منedفي جمل المبني للمجهول. مثال: قولThe report writing by the teamبدلاً منThe report written by the team. السبب هو أننا في العربية نستخدم اسم الفاعل واسم المفعول بوضوح، لكن في الإنجليزية قد يختلط الأمر إذا لم نركز على أن التقرير «يُكتب» ولا «يكتب». - 3محاولة اختصار جمل لا يمكن اختصارها: يحاول البعض اختصار جمل مثل
The book that I boughtإلىThe book buyingوهذا خطأ فادح! القاعدة تقول إن ضمير الوصل يجب أن يكون فاعل الجملة. هناIهو الفاعل، لذا لا يمكننا الاختصار بهذه الطريقة.
Reduced Relative Clause | اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول | يختصر الجملة إلى صفة |Full Relative Clause | جملة صلة الموصول | جملة كاملة (فعلية/اسمية) |Contact Clause | حذف العائد | حذف الضمير فقط (في حالة المفعول) |Reduced Relative Clause تقوم بحذف الضمير وفعل الكينونة معاً، بينما Contact Clause تحذف الضمير فقط وتبقى الجملة محافظة على زمنها وأركانها.- 1هل يمكنني اختصار أي جملة وصل؟
- 1ماذا أفعل إذا لم يكن هناك فعل
be؟
- 1هل الاختصار يجعل الجملة غير رسمية؟
How to Reduce Different Verb Types
| Original Verb Type | Full Relative Clause | Reduced Relative Clause | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Continuous
|
The man who is working
|
The man working
|
Drop 'who is'
|
|
Past Continuous
|
The girl who was singing
|
The girl singing
|
Drop 'who was'
|
|
Simple Present
|
The path that leads home
|
The path leading home
|
Change verb to -ing
|
|
Simple Past
|
The person who saw it
|
The person seeing it
|
Change verb to -ing
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The book which was written
|
The book written
|
Drop 'which was'
|
|
Prepositional
|
The cat that is on the mat
|
The cat on the mat
|
Drop 'that is'
|
Meanings
A reduced relative clause is a relative clause that is not marked by an explicit relative pronoun (like who, which, or that) or a finite verb. It functions as an adjective to modify a noun, making the sentence more compact.
Active Voice Reduction
Used when the noun is performing the action. The relative pronoun and 'be' verb are removed, leaving the present participle (-ing).
“People living in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.”
“The woman leading the parade is my aunt.”
Passive Voice Reduction
Used when the noun is receiving the action. The relative pronoun and 'be' verb are removed, leaving the past participle (-ed/irregular).
“The house built in 1920 is being renovated.”
“Items purchased on sale cannot be returned.”
Prepositional Phrase Reduction
Used when the relative clause contains a prepositional phrase. Only the pronoun and 'be' verb are deleted.
“The keys on the counter are mine.”
“The man in the suit is the CEO.”
Adjective Phrase Reduction
Used when the relative clause consists of an adjective or adjective phrase. Usually occurs with adjectives that follow the noun.
“The person responsible for the mess should clean it.”
“We need a room large enough for fifty people.”
Reference Table
| نوع الجملة الأصلية | مثال للجملة الكاملة | مثال للجملة المختصرة | سبب الاختصار |
|---|---|---|---|
|
مبني للمعلوم
|
The student `who is talking` is my brother.
|
The student `talking` is my brother.
|
الفاعل (الطالب) هو من *يقوم* بالفعل.
|
|
مبني للمجهول
|
The book `which was written` by her is great.
|
The book `written` by her is great.
|
الفاعل (الكتاب) هو من *يقع* عليه الفعل.
|
|
مبني للمعلوم
|
The birds `that are singing` woke me up.
|
The birds `singing` woke me up.
|
الفاعل (الطيور) هي من *تقوم* بالفعل.
|
|
مبني للمجهول
|
The food `that was prepared` for the party was delicious.
|
The food `prepared` for the party was delicious.
|
الفاعل (الطعام) هو من *يقع* عليه الفعل.
|
|
مبني للمعلوم
|
The person `who is waiting` for the bus is late.
|
The person `waiting` for the bus is late.
|
الفاعل (الشخص) هو من *يقوم* بالفعل.
|
|
مبني للمجهول
|
The products `that are sold` here are local.
|
The products `sold` here are local.
|
الفاعل (المنتجات) هي من *يقع* عليها الفعل.
|
طيف الرسمية
The gentleman wearing the azure shirt is my superior. (Workplace)
The man wearing the blue shirt is my boss. (Workplace)
The guy in the blue shirt is my boss. (Workplace)
The dude in the blue is the big man. (Workplace)
الجمل الموصولة المختصرة: الأساسيات
اختصار المبني للمعلوم
- who is playing playing
- that are running running
- which was shining shining
اختصار المبني للمجهول
- which was built built
- who were injured injured
- that is known known
العناصر المحذوفة
- ضمير الوصل who, which, that
- فعل 'Be' is, are, was, were
الفوائد
- الإيجاز Shorter sentences
- الطلاقة More natural English
- الوضوح Easier to read
الجمل الكاملة مقابل المختصرة
هل يمكنني اختصار هذه الجملة؟
هل تصف الجملة اسماً؟
هل تحتوي على ضمير وصل (who, which, that)؟
هل تحتوي على فعل 'be' متبوعاً بـ V-ing أو تصريف ثالث؟
أشكال الاختصار في الواقع
معلوم (-ing)
- • The man `talking`...
- • The book `lying`...
- • The students `studying`...
مجهول (-ed)
- • The car `damaged`...
- • The food `ordered`...
- • The documents `signed`...
سياقات شائعة
- • الإيميلات
- • عناوين الأخبار
- • الأوصاف
- • الكتابة الأكاديمية
أمثلة حسب المستوى
The girl in the park is my friend.
La niña en el parque es mi amiga.
The man with the dog is tall.
El hombre con el perro es alto.
Look at the cat on the wall.
Mira al gato en la pared.
The coffee on the table is cold.
El café en la mesa está frío.
The people waiting for the bus are cold.
La gente que espera el autobús tiene frío.
I live in a house built in 1990.
Vivo en una casa construida en 1990.
The boy playing football is my brother.
El niño jugando fútbol es mi hermano.
Do you like the cake made by my mom?
¿Te gusta el pastel hecho por mi mamá?
The car parked outside belongs to the boss.
El coche aparcado fuera pertenece al jefe.
Anyone wanting to join the club should sign here.
Cualquiera que quiera unirse al club debe firmar aquí.
The letter sent yesterday was very important.
La carta enviada ayer era muy importante.
I saw a man running down the street.
Vi a un hombre corriendo por la calle.
The methodology used in this study is innovative.
La metodología utilizada en este estudio es innovadora.
Candidates applying for the job must speak English.
Los candidatos que soliciten el trabajo deben hablar inglés.
The issues discussed at the meeting were complex.
Los temas discutidos en la reunión eran complejos.
The bridge, damaged by the storm, is now closed.
El puente, dañado por la tormenta, está ahora cerrado.
The theory, first proposed in 1920, is still relevant.
La teoría, propuesta por primera vez en 1920, sigue siendo relevante.
The individual responsible for the breach has been identified.
El individuo responsable de la brecha ha sido identificado.
None of the participants, having been warned, chose to leave.
Ninguno de los participantes, habiendo sido advertidos, decidió irse.
The artifacts, discovered deep underground, are priceless.
Los artefactos, descubiertos a gran profundidad, no tienen precio.
The silence, broken only by the ticking clock, was eerie.
El silencio, roto solo por el tictac del reloj, era inquietante.
The legislation, as currently drafted, poses significant risks.
La legislación, tal como está redactada actualmente, plantea riesgos significativos.
The suspect, seen fleeing the scene, remains at large.
El sospechoso, visto huyendo de la escena, sigue prófugo.
The city, once thriving, is now a shadow of its former self.
La ciudad, una vez próspera, es ahora una sombra de lo que fue.
سهل الخلط
Both use the -ing form, but a gerund is a noun, while a reduced clause is an adjective.
In regular verbs, the -ed form looks the same for both.
Learners think dropping 'that' in 'The book (that) I read' is the same as reduction.
أخطاء شائعة
The boy who in the garden.
The boy in the garden.
The car is red parked here.
The red car parked here is mine.
The man with dog.
The man with the dog.
The girl is sitting there is my sister.
The girl sitting there is my sister.
The cake making by my mom.
The cake made by my mom.
The people who waiting.
The people waiting.
I saw a movie was interesting.
I saw an interesting movie.
The man stolen the car was caught.
The man who stole the car was caught.
The book written I read it.
The book written by him was good.
The students not study failed.
The students not studying failed.
The results, having obtained, were analyzed.
The results, having been obtained, were analyzed.
أنماط الجُمل
The person ___ (verb-ing) is my ___.
I found a ___ ___ (verb-ed) in the ___.
Anyone ___ (verb-ing) to ___ must ___.
The ___, ___ (verb-ed) by ___, was ___.
Real World Usage
I am a professional dedicated to achieving results.
Thousands displaced by floods.
See the girl dancing?
The evidence presented in Chapter 2...
Pasta served with a creamy sauce.
Follow the signs pointing toward the exit.
ابحث عن فعل Be!
The man who is runningتصبح
The man running.المبني للمعلوم ضد المجهول
The girl invited تعني المدعوة، بينما The girl inviting تعني الداعية.اقرأها بصوت عالٍ!
Does this sound natural?
تحدث كأنك صاحب اللغة
People living here are friendly.
تدرب مع عناوين الأخبار
Man arrested for theft.
Smart Tips
Try deleting them! 90% of the time, the sentence will sound better and more professional.
Use a prepositional phrase reduction instead of a full clause.
These are perfect for -ing reductions in technical writing.
Just keep the V3 (past participle) and lose the rest.
النطق
Reduced Stress
In reduced clauses, the participle (-ing or -ed) usually receives less stress than the noun it modifies.
Linking
The final consonant of the noun often links to the vowel of the participle.
Non-restrictive pause
The car, [pause] damaged in the crash, [pause] was totaled.
The pauses (commas) indicate the information is extra, not essential for identification.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Drop the 'Whiz' (Who/Which/That + Is/Was) to make your sentence a whiz!
ربط بصري
Imagine a pair of scissors cutting out the words 'who is' from a sentence strip, making the two remaining ends snap together perfectly.
Rhyme
If the noun is doing the act, use -ing to keep it compact. If the noun is being served, the -ed form is what's deserved.
Story
A busy editor named 'Red' (for Reduction) hates long sentences. Every time he sees 'who is' or 'which was', he deletes them with his red pen to make the newspaper fit on one page.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Look at the last three emails you sent. Find one relative clause and reduce it. Does it sound better?
ملاحظات ثقافية
In Western academic culture, using reduced relative clauses is seen as a sign of high-level literacy and professional 'distance'.
Newspaper headlines in English-speaking countries almost always use reduced forms to save space and create a sense of urgency.
Legal documents use reduced clauses to be extremely precise about which 'party' or 'item' is being discussed without repeating 'which is' hundreds of times.
The term 'Whiz-deletion' was coined by generative grammarians in the 1970s to describe the deletion of 'Who/Which' + 'Is'.
بدايات محادثة
Do you know the person sitting next to you?
What's the most interesting book written in your language?
Have you ever seen a movie filmed in your hometown?
In your opinion, what are the main challenges facing the world today?
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
The student ___ for the exam seemed nervous.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car damaging in the accident needed repairs.
Choose the correct sentence:
Score: /3
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesThe man who is standing by the window is my uncle.
The car ___ (repair) yesterday is working now.
Find and fix the mistake:
The girl who singing is very talented.
Anyone ___ (want) to leave early must ask for permission.
1. The book that is on the table. 2. The man who was arrested. 3. The path that leads home.
I saw a dog. It was barking at the mailman.
The cake eaten by the boy was chocolate.
Find the odd one out.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe old house ___ on the hill is haunted.
The decision making by the committee was controversial.
أي جملة هي الصحيحة؟
ترجم إلى الإنجليزية: 'المستند الذي كتبه البروفيسور واضح جداً.'
رتب الكلمات لتكوين جملة:
صل الجمل ببعضها:
The new phone `____` with advanced features is quite expensive.
The students discussing the project needs more time.
أي خيار هو الأدق لغوياً؟
ترجم إلى الإنجليزية: 'المعلومات التي تم الحصول عليها من الاستطلاع حاسمة.'
أنشئ جملة:
طابق الجمل:
Score: /12
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
No. You can only reduce a relative clause if the relative pronoun (who, which, that) is the **subject** of the clause. If it's the object, you can't use this method.
Generally, no. It only changes the style and tone, making it more concise. However, in some cases, it can make a sentence feel more 'permanent' or 'characteristic'.
No, clauses starting with `whose` cannot be reduced using the Whiz-deletion method. They must remain full clauses.
Both are possible but have different meanings. 'The concerned people' means they are worried. 'The people concerned' (reduced clause) means the people involved in the matter.
Yes! 'The man who was running' becomes 'The man running'. The -ing form doesn't mean 'present'; it means 'active'.
They are used in both! However, they are especially common in formal writing (academic, legal) to save space and sound objective.
You change the main verb to its -ing form. 'The path that leads home' becomes 'The path leading home'.
Yes. Place 'not' before the participle: 'Students not living on campus must pay a fee.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participio adjetival
Spanish present participles cannot modify nouns directly.
Participe présent / passé
English reduced clauses are common in speech; French ones are mostly literary.
Partizipialattribut
Word order: German puts the reduced phrase before the noun.
連体修飾 (Rentai shuushoku)
No relative pronouns exist, and the modifier always comes first.
اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول
Agreement in definiteness is required in Arabic.
的 (de) construction
Chinese modifiers always precede the noun and use 'de'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
فيديوهات ذات صلة
02:25 Inception - Trailer 3
19:09 Pacino, De Niro & Pesci Discuss Their Acting Methods in Scorsese’s The Irishman | Netflix
04:36 La scène de L'Ours Juif | Inglourious Basterds | Extrait VF
شرح Reduced Relative Clauses بالتفصيل
English with Omnia
قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية: الجمل الموصولة المختصرة
ZAmericanEnglish
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