الجمل الوصلية المختصرة: استخدام الأفعال التشاركية (بعد الاسم)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Trim your sentences by removing 'who is' or 'which was' to create sleek, professional participle phrases.
- Drop the relative pronoun and 'be' verb: 'The man (who is) sitting' becomes 'The man sitting'.
- Use -ing for active actions: 'The girl winning the race' (The girl who is winning).
- Use -ed for passive states: 'The car parked outside' (The car which was parked).
نظرة عامة
C2 لا يعني فقط التحدث بطلاقة، بل يعني القدرة على التلاعب ببنية الجملة لتحقيق ما نسميه بـ «الاقتصاد اللغوي» (Linguistic Economy).The man who is sitting at the table (الرجل الذي يجلس على الطاولة)، نفضل قول The man sitting at the table. نحن هنا لم نحذف المعنى، بل اختصرنا «الاسم الموصول» (who) و«فعل الكينونة» (is) لنحول الجملة من «جملة صلة» كاملة إلى «عبارة وصفية» (Participial Phrase).Relative Clause) تبدأ باسم موصول مثل who أو which أو that وتعمل كفاعل للجملة، ثم نقوم بحذف أجزاء معينة لتحويلها إلى عبارة تعتمد على Participle (اسم الفاعل أو اسم المفعول).- الشرط الأول: يجب أن يكون الاسم الموصول (
who,which,that) هو الفاعل (Subject) للجملة الموصولة. إذا كان مفعولاً به، فلا يمكننا استخدام هذه الطريقة (رغم وجود طرق اختصار أخرى). - الشرط الثاني: غالباً ما يتم الاختصار عندما يتبع الاسم الموصول فعل كينونة (
be verb) أو فعل أساسي يمكن تحويله إلى صيغة-ing.
- المبني للمعلوم (Active Voice): نستخدم فيه
Present Participle(الفعل ينتهي بـ-ing). هنا الاسم الذي نصفه هو من يقوم بالحدث. - المبني للمجهول (Passive Voice): نستخدم فيه
Past Participle(التصريف الثالث للفعل). هنا الاسم الذي نصفه هو من يقع عليه الحدث.
Present Participle (-ing).The girl who is playing... | حذف who + is | The girl playing... |People who live in cities... | حذف who + تحويل live إلى living | People living in cities... |The bus which arrives at 9... | حذف which + تحويل arrives إلى arriving | The bus arriving at 9... |Noun + [Verb + -ing] + rest of phrasePast Participle (التصريف الثالث).The book which was written... | حذف which + was | The book written... |Cars that are made in Japan... | حذف that + are | Cars made in Japan... |The issues which were discussed... | حذف which + were | The issues discussed... |Noun + [Past Participle / V3] + rest of phraseis being built)، يمكننا أحياناً الاحتفاظ بكلمة being للتركيز على استمرارية الحدث، فنقول: The bridge being built over the river is huge. (الجسر الذي يُبنى حالياً...).C2، يجب أن تعرف متى تستخدم هذه التراكيب لتبدو كمتحدث لبق (Sophisticated). إليك السياقات الأكثر أهمية:- 1الكتابة الأكاديمية والتقنية (Academic Writing):
- *مثال:*
The data collected from the survey (instead of 'which was collected') suggests a trend.
- 1الصحافة وعناوين الأخبار (Journalism):
- *مثال:*
Protesters demanding change gathered in the square.
demanding حلت محل who are demanding.- 1الأوصاف الأدبية (Literary Descriptions):
- *مثال:*
The sun, rising over the horizon, bathed the city in gold.
which was rising.- 1التعريفات والتصنيفات (Definitions):
- *مثال:*
A triangle having three equal sides is called equilateral.
- 1تقليل التكرار (Avoiding Repetition):
who أو which في مكان آخر، نستخدم الاختصار لتجنب التكرار المزعج للأذن.The man who sitting there is my brother (خطأ!).- لماذا يحدث هذا؟ لأن الطالب يحاول دمج الجملة الكاملة مع المختصرة.
- التصحيح: إما أن تستخدم الجملة كاملة
The man who IS sittingأو تختصرها تماماًThe man sitting. لا تتركwhoوحيدة بدون فعل مساعد.
C2.- الخطأ:
The students invited to the party were happy(صحيحة - الطلاب الذين دُعوا). - الخطأ:
The students inviting to the party...(خاطئة إذا كنت تقصد أنهم استقبلوا الدعوة). - نصيحة: اسأل نفسك دائماً: هل الاسم «فاعل» (قام بالحدث) أم «مفعول» (وقع عليه الحدث)؟
- خطأ:
Walking down the street, the trees were beautiful. - لماذا؟ هذه الجملة تعني لغوياً أن الأشجار هي التي كانت تمشي في الشارع!
- التصحيح:
Walking down the street, I saw that the trees were beautiful.
- جملة:
The book which I read yesterday was great. - خطأ:
The book reading yesterday was great.(لا يمكن الاختصار هنا لأنIهو الفاعل وwhichتعود على المفعول به).
Noun + who/which + Verb | وصف دقيق ومفصل | The man who works here is kind. |Noun + Verb-ing | وصف موجز (مبني للمعلوم) | The man working here is kind. |Noun + V3 | وصف موجز (مبني للمجهول) | The work done here is vital. |Noun + Adjective | وصف مباشر بصفة | The man responsible for this... |Noun + Noun Phrase | إعادة تعريف الاسم | Mr. Ali, the manager, is out. |Full Clause) تعطي تركيزاً أكبر على الفعل والزمن، بينما الجملة المختصرة (Reduced) تركز على الاسم وتجعله هو محور الجملة، مما يجعل الكلام يبدو أكثر تماسكاً (Cohesive).know أو believe؟People who believe in justice... يمكنك قول People believing in justice.... ومع ذلك، كن حذراً لأن بعض أفعال الحالة قد تبدو غريبة بصيغة -ing إذا لم تستخدم في سياق وصفي صحيح.-ing؟The man who saved the child...تصبحThe man saving the child...(حتى لو كان الحدث وقع في الماضي، الـParticipleهنا لا يعبر عن زمن، بل عن وظيفة وصفية).
My brother, living in Dubai, is a doctor.The man living in Dubai is my brother.Reduction Patterns by Voice
| Original Clause Type | Relative Clause Example | Reduced Form | Participle Used |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active (Continuous)
|
The man who is working
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Active (Simple)
|
The man who works
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Passive (Simple)
|
The car which was stolen
|
The car stolen
|
Past (-ed/V3)
|
|
Passive (Continuous)
|
The car which is being fixed
|
The car being fixed
|
Being + Past Participle
|
|
Perfect (Active)
|
The man who has finished
|
The man having finished
|
Perfect Participle
|
Meanings
A reduced relative clause is a way of shortening a defining relative clause by removing the relative pronoun (who, which, that) and the auxiliary verb 'be', leaving only the participle phrase to modify the noun.
Active Reduction
Using the present participle (-ing) to replace an active relative clause, regardless of the original tense.
“People living in cities often face higher costs.”
“Anyone wanting a refund should speak to the manager.”
Passive Reduction
Using the past participle (-ed/V3) to replace a passive relative clause.
“The bridge built in 1920 is still standing.”
“Items purchased on sale cannot be returned.”
Progressive Passive Reduction
Using 'being' + past participle to indicate an action currently in progress in a passive sense.
“The house being renovated belongs to my uncle.”
“The issues being discussed are quite complex.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Active
|
Noun + [Verb-ing]
|
The girl winning the race is my sister.
|
|
Passive
|
Noun + [Verb-ed]
|
The poem written by Keats is famous.
|
|
Progressive Passive
|
Noun + being + [Verb-ed]
|
The bridge being built will be huge.
|
|
Negative Active
|
Noun + not + [Verb-ing]
|
Students not paying attention will fail.
|
|
Negative Passive
|
Noun + not + [Verb-ed]
|
The books not returned must be paid for.
|
|
Stative Active
|
Noun + [Stative-ing]
|
The box containing the files is heavy.
|
طيف الرسمية
The individual spearheading the initiative possesses remarkable talent. (Professional evaluation)
The person leading the project is very talented. (Professional evaluation)
The guy running the show is great. (Professional evaluation)
The one killing it on the project is a legend. (Professional evaluation)
The Anatomy of Reduction
Active
- Present Participle -ing
Passive
- Past Participle -ed / V3
Requirements
- Subject Pronoun Who/Which/That
- Be Verb is/am/are/was/were
Full vs. Reduced
Can I Reduce This?
Is the relative pronoun the subject?
Is there a 'be' verb?
أمثلة حسب المستوى
The girl sitting there is my friend.
The girl who is sitting there is my friend.
I like the cake made by Mom.
I like the cake which was made by Mom.
Look at the dog running!
Look at the dog that is running!
The book on the table is mine.
The book which is on the table is mine.
The man wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The man who is wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The letters sent yesterday arrived today.
The letters which were sent yesterday arrived today.
I live in a house built in 1990.
I live in a house which was built in 1990.
The students studying hard got good grades.
The students who were studying hard got good grades.
Anyone wanting to join the club should sign here.
Anyone who wants to join the club should sign here.
The products sold in this shop are expensive.
The products which are sold in this shop are expensive.
The woman talking to the teacher is my mother.
The woman who is talking to the teacher is my mother.
The car damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The car which was damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The candidates applying for the job must be bilingual.
The candidates who are applying for the job must be bilingual.
The ideas discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The ideas which were discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The law, passed last year, has caused much controversy.
The law, which was passed last year, has caused much controversy.
None of the people invited to the party showed up.
None of the people who were invited to the party showed up.
The chemicals found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The chemicals which are found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The methodology employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The methodology which was employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The protesters, fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The protesters, who were fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The house, being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The house, which is being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The paradigm shift occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The paradigm shift which is occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The artifacts, unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The artifacts, which were unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The legislation, having been amended several times, was finally passed.
The legislation, which had been amended several times, was finally passed.
The suspect, seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
The suspect, who was seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
سهل الخلط
They look the same (Verb-ing at the start or middle).
Both end in -ing.
أخطاء شائعة
The man is sitting there is my dad.
The man sitting there is my dad.
The car made in Japan it is fast.
The car made in Japan is fast.
The people who waiting for the bus are cold.
The people waiting for the bus are cold.
The problem solving by the team was difficult.
The problem solved by the team was difficult.
أنماط الجُمل
The ___ ___ing ___ is ___.
Any ___ ___ed by ___ must ___.
Real World Usage
I have several years of experience working with international clients.
See that guy wearing the weird shirt?
The results obtained from the survey suggest a trend.
Local hero honored for bravery.
Batteries included in the box are not rechargeable.
Me trying to finish this project.
The Stative Exception
Watch for Ambiguity
Punctuation Matters
Legal Language
Smart Tips
Delete them! It almost always makes your sentence stronger and more professional.
Use 'being + V3' to keep the continuous feel.
Don't be afraid of -ing in reductions even if you can't use it in normal tenses.
Use reduced clauses to avoid repeating 'who' or 'which'.
النطق
Reduced Clause Stress
In a reduced relative clause, the participle usually receives more stress than the noun it follows to emphasize the description.
Falling intonation at the end of the phrase
The books written by him (downward arrow) are on the shelf.
Indicates the end of the descriptive unit.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Drop the 'Whiz' (Who/Which/That + Is/Was) to make your writing whiz by!
ربط بصري
Imagine a pair of scissors cutting out the words 'who is' from a sentence, leaving the noun and the action word (-ing/-ed) to snap together like magnets.
Rhyme
If the noun does the act, -ing is the fact. If the noun is the receiver, -ed is the achiever.
Story
A busy editor named 'Red' (Reduction) hates the words 'who', 'which', and 'that'. Every time he sees them with a 'be' verb, he deletes them to save ink, leaving only the 'ing' and 'ed' workers to do the job.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Look at a news article. Find three sentences with 'who is', 'which was', or 'that are' and rewrite them as reduced relative clauses.
ملاحظات ثقافية
In Western academic culture, using reduced relative clauses is seen as a sign of high literacy and 'conciseness', which is highly valued in grading.
Headlines almost exclusively use reduced passive clauses to save space.
This construction stems from the Old English use of participles as adjectives, which was later influenced by Latin's heavy use of 'ablative absolutes' and participle phrases.
بدايات محادثة
Have you ever seen a movie filmed in your hometown?
What do you think about the laws being passed regarding AI?
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
The bridge ___ last year is already falling apart.
The people ___ for the train looked bored.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car fixing by the mechanic will be ready soon.
The students ___ ___ felt sad.
The man I met yesterday is here.
Identify the reduction.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
The report ___ by the committee was rejected.
Score: /8
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesThe bridge ___ last year is already falling apart.
The people ___ for the train looked bored.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car fixing by the mechanic will be ready soon.
The students ___ ___ felt sad.
The man I met yesterday is here.
Identify the reduction.
Match them!
The report ___ by the committee was rejected.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe proposals ___ at the meeting will be reviewed next week.
The person interviewed me for the job was very friendly.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El documento archivado en la nube es seguro.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the clauses:
The data ___ from various sources needs careful analysis.
Driving down the street, a large dog suddenly appeared.
Choose the best sentence:
Translate into English: 'Los estudiantes participando en el programa recibirán certificados.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Classify the participle usage:
Score: /12
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
No. You can only reduce it if the relative pronoun (who/which/that) is the *subject* of the relative clause. If it's the object, you can omit the pronoun, but you can't turn the verb into a participle.
The participle itself doesn't have a tense. The tense is determined by the main verb of the sentence. `The man sitting there *was* my friend` (Past) vs `The man sitting there *is* my friend` (Present).
Technically, yes, but it's a different type of reduction (omission of the object pronoun). In this lesson, we focus on participle reductions.
Use 'being' only if you want to emphasize that the action is *currently in progress*. Otherwise, just use the past participle.
They are very common in both formal and informal English, but they are especially useful in formal writing to avoid wordiness.
It's a sentence where the reduced clause looks like the main verb at first, confusing the reader. Example: `The horse raced past the barn fell.` (The horse [that was] raced past the barn fell).
Yes! `Anyone knowing the answer should speak up.` This is a great way to use stative verbs which usually don't take -ing.
Only if the information is non-restrictive (extra info). If it's essential to identify the noun, don't use commas.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participios
Spanish cannot say 'el hombre corriendo' to mean 'the man who is running'; it must be 'el hombre que corre'.
Partizipialattribute
English: 'The man sitting there'. German: 'Der dort sitzende Mann'.
連体修飾 (Rentai shuushoku)
There is no 'reduction' because there is no 'who/which' to delete.
Proposition participe
French present participles are much more formal than English ones.
اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول
Arabic participles must agree in gender and number with the noun.
的 (de) construction
The modifier always precedes the noun in Chinese, unlike the post-nominal English reduction.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
فيديوهات ذات صلة
Related Grammar Rules
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