عبارات موصولی کاهشیافته: استفاده از صفتهای فعلی (پس از اسم)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Trim your sentences by removing 'who is' or 'which was' to create sleek, professional participle phrases.
- Drop the relative pronoun and 'be' verb: 'The man (who is) sitting' becomes 'The man sitting'.
- Use -ing for active actions: 'The girl winning the race' (The girl who is winning).
- Use -ed for passive states: 'The car parked outside' (The car which was parked).
مرور کلی
The student who is studying یا The email which was sent).who, which, that) و فعل to be را حذف میکنیم و مستقیماً از فرم -ing (برای حالت معلوم) یا قسمت سوم فعل (برای حالت مجهول) بعد از اسم استفاده میکنیم. نتیجه این میشود که جمله شما از یک ساختار طولانی و خستهکننده، به یک عبارت فشرده، حرفهای و بسیار روان تبدیل میشود. تسلط بر این ساختار، تفاوت بین یک زبانآموز سطح متوسط و یک کاربر حرفهای زبان انگلیسی را رقم میزند و نشاندهنده درک عمیق شما از جریان طبیعی اطلاعات در زبان انگلیسی است.interesting book).who, which, that) نقش فاعل را در جملهواره خودش داشته باشد.-ing فعل) استفاده میکنیم. در اینجا یک نکته بسیار مهم برای فارسیزبانان وجود دارد: ما در فارسی فرم -ing را معمولاً معادل «دارم انجام میدهم» (زمان حال استمراری) میدانیم. اما در این ساختار، -ing هیچ ربطی به زمان استمراری ندارد!The scientist who is developing the new algorithm (دانشمندی که در حال توسعه الگوریتم جدید است) تبدیل میشود به The scientist developing the new algorithm. در اینجا دانشمند خودش در حال انجام کار است.V3) استفاده میکنیم. این حالت برای ما فارسیزبانان بسیار آشناتر است، زیرا ما هم از صفت مفعولی (مثل: نوشتهشده، ساختهشده) به همین شکل استفاده میکنیم.The data which was collected from various sources (دادههایی که از منابع مختلف جمعآوری شد) تبدیل میشود به The data collected from various sources. در اینجا دادهها خودشان چیزی را جمع نکردهاند، بلکه جمعآوری شدهاند (مجهول).NOUN + who/which/that + BE VERB + VERB-ing (مثال: the student who is studying) | ۱. حذف ضمیر موصولی (who/which/that) ۲. حذف فعل to be (is/are/was/were) | NOUN + VERB-ing (مثال: the student studying) |NOUN + who/which/that + SIMPLE VERB (مثال: the scientist who develops) | ۱. حذف ضمیر موصولی (who/which/that) ۲. تبدیل فعل ساده به فرم -ing | NOUN + VERB-ing (مثال: the scientist developing) |- مثال ۱ (از زمان استمراری):
- کامل:
The delegates who are attending the conference represent over fifty nations. - کوتاهشده:
The delegates attending the conference represent over fifty nations. - ترجمه: نمایندگانی که در کنفرانس شرکت میکنند، نماینده بیش از پنجاه کشور هستند.
- مثال ۲ (از زمان ساده):
- کامل:
Students who prepare for the Konkur exam experience high stress. - کوتاهشده:
Students preparing for the Konkur exam experience high stress. - ترجمه: دانشآموزانی که برای آزمون کنکور آماده میشوند، استرس بالایی را تجربه میکنند.
NOUN + who/which/that + BE VERB + VERB-ed/V3 (مثال: the report which was written) | ۱. حذف ضمیر موصولی (who/which/that) ۲. حذف فعل to be | NOUN + VERB-ed/V3 (مثال: the report written) |- مثال ۳:
- کامل:
The theories that were developed in the 19th century still influence modern thought. - کوتاهشده:
The theories developed in the 19th century still influence modern thought. - ترجمه: نظریههایی که در قرن نوزدهم توسعه یافتند، هنوز بر تفکر مدرن تأثیر میگذارند.
- مثال ۴:
- کامل:
Any documentation which is required for the visa application must be submitted by Friday. - کوتاهشده:
Any documentation required for the visa application must be submitted by Friday. - ترجمه: هرگونه مدرکی که برای درخواست ویزا مورد نیاز است، باید تا جمعه ارسال شود.
- به جای:
The methodology that was outlined in Chapter 3 provides a robust framework. - بنویسید:
The methodology outlined in Chapter 3 provides a robust framework.
- به جای:
All employees who are working on the new project must attend the meeting. - بنویسید:
All employees working on the new project must attend the meeting.
- مثال:
Authorities investigating the incident have released a statement.(مقاماتِ در حال بررسی حادثه، بیانیهای صادر کردند.)
- مثال:
The software used for data encryption is highly secure.(نرمافزار استفادهشده برای رمزگذاری دادهها بسیار امن است.)
who is یا which was ریتم جمله شما را کند کرده است، زمان استفاده از این گرامر فرا رسیده است.who/which/that) نقش فاعل را داشته باشد. در فارسی ما میگوییم «کتابی که خریدم». زبانآموز ممکن است سعی کند این را با -ing کوتاه کند.- غلط:
The book buying by me was expensive.(این یعنی کتاب داشت من را میخرید!) - درست:
The book that I bought was expensive.(در اینجا چونIفاعل است وthatمفعول، اصلاً نمیتوانیم از قانون Participle استفاده کنیم. فقط میتوانیمthatرا حذف کنیم:The book I bought...)
-ing همیشه به معنای زمان حال استمراری (دارم میروم، دارد میخورد) است. بنابراین وقتی میخواهند یک اتفاق در گذشته را توصیف کنند، از -ing استفاده نمیکنند.- غلط:
The man who helped me yesterday was very kind.->The man helped me yesterday was very kind.(این از نظر گرامری کاملاً اشتباه است چون جمله دو فعل اصلی پیدا میکند). - درست:
The man helping me yesterday was very kind.
-ing در اینجا زمان را نشان نمیدهد، بلکه فقط نشان میدهد که آن مرد فاعل (انجامدهنده) کار بوده است. زمان جمله از فعل اصلی (was) مشخص میشود.- غلط:
Walking in the Grand Bazaar, the beautiful carpets caught my eye.(این جمله میگوید فرشهای زیبا در حال قدم زدن در بازار بزرگ بودند!) - درست:
Walking in the Grand Bazaar, I saw some beautiful carpets.(حالا مشخص است که «من» در حال قدم زدن بودم).
The falling leaves (برگهای در حال ریزش) | فقط یک کلمه است و مستقیماً قبل از اسم میآید. |The leaves falling from the tree (برگهایی که از درخت میریزند) | چون یک «عبارت» (شامل بیش از یک کلمه) است، حتماً باید بعد از اسم بیاید. |The leaves which are falling from the tree | ساختار کامل و رسمیتر که شامل ضمیر موصولی و فعل کمکی است. |The man standing by the door است. در اینجا «ایستاده» صفت فاعلی است و «در کنار در» متمم آن.-ing تبدیل کرد. مثلاً The students who must take the exam را نمیتوان به The students musting... تبدیل کرد!The students required to take the exam).who is...) استفاده کنند.-ing استفاده کنم یا -ed. راه حل چیست؟The car moving... (معلوم / -ing)The car stolen... (مجهول / قسمت سوم فعل)Reduction Patterns by Voice
| Original Clause Type | Relative Clause Example | Reduced Form | Participle Used |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active (Continuous)
|
The man who is working
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Active (Simple)
|
The man who works
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Passive (Simple)
|
The car which was stolen
|
The car stolen
|
Past (-ed/V3)
|
|
Passive (Continuous)
|
The car which is being fixed
|
The car being fixed
|
Being + Past Participle
|
|
Perfect (Active)
|
The man who has finished
|
The man having finished
|
Perfect Participle
|
Meanings
A reduced relative clause is a way of shortening a defining relative clause by removing the relative pronoun (who, which, that) and the auxiliary verb 'be', leaving only the participle phrase to modify the noun.
Active Reduction
Using the present participle (-ing) to replace an active relative clause, regardless of the original tense.
“People living in cities often face higher costs.”
“Anyone wanting a refund should speak to the manager.”
Passive Reduction
Using the past participle (-ed/V3) to replace a passive relative clause.
“The bridge built in 1920 is still standing.”
“Items purchased on sale cannot be returned.”
Progressive Passive Reduction
Using 'being' + past participle to indicate an action currently in progress in a passive sense.
“The house being renovated belongs to my uncle.”
“The issues being discussed are quite complex.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Active
|
Noun + [Verb-ing]
|
The girl winning the race is my sister.
|
|
Passive
|
Noun + [Verb-ed]
|
The poem written by Keats is famous.
|
|
Progressive Passive
|
Noun + being + [Verb-ed]
|
The bridge being built will be huge.
|
|
Negative Active
|
Noun + not + [Verb-ing]
|
Students not paying attention will fail.
|
|
Negative Passive
|
Noun + not + [Verb-ed]
|
The books not returned must be paid for.
|
|
Stative Active
|
Noun + [Stative-ing]
|
The box containing the files is heavy.
|
طیف رسمیت
The individual spearheading the initiative possesses remarkable talent. (Professional evaluation)
The person leading the project is very talented. (Professional evaluation)
The guy running the show is great. (Professional evaluation)
The one killing it on the project is a legend. (Professional evaluation)
The Anatomy of Reduction
Active
- Present Participle -ing
Passive
- Past Participle -ed / V3
Requirements
- Subject Pronoun Who/Which/That
- Be Verb is/am/are/was/were
Full vs. Reduced
Can I Reduce This?
Is the relative pronoun the subject?
Is there a 'be' verb?
مثالها بر اساس سطح
The girl sitting there is my friend.
The girl who is sitting there is my friend.
I like the cake made by Mom.
I like the cake which was made by Mom.
Look at the dog running!
Look at the dog that is running!
The book on the table is mine.
The book which is on the table is mine.
The man wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The man who is wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The letters sent yesterday arrived today.
The letters which were sent yesterday arrived today.
I live in a house built in 1990.
I live in a house which was built in 1990.
The students studying hard got good grades.
The students who were studying hard got good grades.
Anyone wanting to join the club should sign here.
Anyone who wants to join the club should sign here.
The products sold in this shop are expensive.
The products which are sold in this shop are expensive.
The woman talking to the teacher is my mother.
The woman who is talking to the teacher is my mother.
The car damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The car which was damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The candidates applying for the job must be bilingual.
The candidates who are applying for the job must be bilingual.
The ideas discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The ideas which were discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The law, passed last year, has caused much controversy.
The law, which was passed last year, has caused much controversy.
None of the people invited to the party showed up.
None of the people who were invited to the party showed up.
The chemicals found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The chemicals which are found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The methodology employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The methodology which was employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The protesters, fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The protesters, who were fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The house, being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The house, which is being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The paradigm shift occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The paradigm shift which is occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The artifacts, unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The artifacts, which were unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The legislation, having been amended several times, was finally passed.
The legislation, which had been amended several times, was finally passed.
The suspect, seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
The suspect, who was seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
They look the same (Verb-ing at the start or middle).
Both end in -ing.
اشتباهات رایج
The man is sitting there is my dad.
The man sitting there is my dad.
The car made in Japan it is fast.
The car made in Japan is fast.
The people who waiting for the bus are cold.
The people waiting for the bus are cold.
The problem solving by the team was difficult.
The problem solved by the team was difficult.
الگوهای جملهسازی
The ___ ___ing ___ is ___.
Any ___ ___ed by ___ must ___.
Real World Usage
I have several years of experience working with international clients.
See that guy wearing the weird shirt?
The results obtained from the survey suggest a trend.
Local hero honored for bravery.
Batteries included in the box are not rechargeable.
Me trying to finish this project.
The Stative Exception
Watch for Ambiguity
Punctuation Matters
Legal Language
Smart Tips
Delete them! It almost always makes your sentence stronger and more professional.
Use 'being + V3' to keep the continuous feel.
Don't be afraid of -ing in reductions even if you can't use it in normal tenses.
Use reduced clauses to avoid repeating 'who' or 'which'.
تلفظ
Reduced Clause Stress
In a reduced relative clause, the participle usually receives more stress than the noun it follows to emphasize the description.
Falling intonation at the end of the phrase
The books written by him (downward arrow) are on the shelf.
Indicates the end of the descriptive unit.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Drop the 'Whiz' (Who/Which/That + Is/Was) to make your writing whiz by!
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a pair of scissors cutting out the words 'who is' from a sentence, leaving the noun and the action word (-ing/-ed) to snap together like magnets.
Rhyme
If the noun does the act, -ing is the fact. If the noun is the receiver, -ed is the achiever.
Story
A busy editor named 'Red' (Reduction) hates the words 'who', 'which', and 'that'. Every time he sees them with a 'be' verb, he deletes them to save ink, leaving only the 'ing' and 'ed' workers to do the job.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at a news article. Find three sentences with 'who is', 'which was', or 'that are' and rewrite them as reduced relative clauses.
نکات فرهنگی
In Western academic culture, using reduced relative clauses is seen as a sign of high literacy and 'conciseness', which is highly valued in grading.
Headlines almost exclusively use reduced passive clauses to save space.
This construction stems from the Old English use of participles as adjectives, which was later influenced by Latin's heavy use of 'ablative absolutes' and participle phrases.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Have you ever seen a movie filmed in your hometown?
What do you think about the laws being passed regarding AI?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
The bridge ___ last year is already falling apart.
The people ___ for the train looked bored.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car fixing by the mechanic will be ready soon.
The students ___ ___ felt sad.
The man I met yesterday is here.
Identify the reduction.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
The report ___ by the committee was rejected.
Score: /8
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThe bridge ___ last year is already falling apart.
The people ___ for the train looked bored.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car fixing by the mechanic will be ready soon.
The students ___ ___ felt sad.
The man I met yesterday is here.
Identify the reduction.
Match them!
The report ___ by the committee was rejected.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe proposals ___ at the meeting will be reviewed next week.
The person interviewed me for the job was very friendly.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El documento archivado en la nube es seguro.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the clauses:
The data ___ from various sources needs careful analysis.
Driving down the street, a large dog suddenly appeared.
Choose the best sentence:
Translate into English: 'Los estudiantes participando en el programa recibirán certificados.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Classify the participle usage:
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
No. You can only reduce it if the relative pronoun (who/which/that) is the *subject* of the relative clause. If it's the object, you can omit the pronoun, but you can't turn the verb into a participle.
The participle itself doesn't have a tense. The tense is determined by the main verb of the sentence. `The man sitting there *was* my friend` (Past) vs `The man sitting there *is* my friend` (Present).
Technically, yes, but it's a different type of reduction (omission of the object pronoun). In this lesson, we focus on participle reductions.
Use 'being' only if you want to emphasize that the action is *currently in progress*. Otherwise, just use the past participle.
They are very common in both formal and informal English, but they are especially useful in formal writing to avoid wordiness.
It's a sentence where the reduced clause looks like the main verb at first, confusing the reader. Example: `The horse raced past the barn fell.` (The horse [that was] raced past the barn fell).
Yes! `Anyone knowing the answer should speak up.` This is a great way to use stative verbs which usually don't take -ing.
Only if the information is non-restrictive (extra info). If it's essential to identify the noun, don't use commas.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participios
Spanish cannot say 'el hombre corriendo' to mean 'the man who is running'; it must be 'el hombre que corre'.
Partizipialattribute
English: 'The man sitting there'. German: 'Der dort sitzende Mann'.
連体修飾 (Rentai shuushoku)
There is no 'reduction' because there is no 'who/which' to delete.
Proposition participe
French present participles are much more formal than English ones.
اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول
Arabic participles must agree in gender and number with the noun.
的 (de) construction
The modifier always precedes the noun in Chinese, unlike the post-nominal English reduction.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
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