B1 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read متوسط

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the passive voice to report facts or opinions objectively without needing to name a specific person as the source.

  • Use 'λέγεται ότι' (it is said that) to report general beliefs: 'Λέγεται ότι η οικονομία βελτιώνεται.'
  • Use 'πιστεύεται ότι' (it is believed that) for theories: 'Πιστεύεται ότι η λύση είναι κοντά.'
  • Use 'θεωρείται ότι' (it is considered that) for established facts: 'Θεωρείται ότι το έργο θα ολοκληρωθεί.'
Verb (Passive) + ότι + Clause

Passive Reported Verbs (Present Tense)

Verb Meaning Example
Λέγεται
It is said
Λέγεται ότι θα έρθει.
Πιστεύεται
It is believed
Πιστεύεται ότι είναι αλήθεια.
Θεωρείται
It is considered
Θεωρείται ότι είναι έτοιμος.
Εκτιμάται
It is estimated
Εκτιμάται ότι θα αργήσει.
Αναμένεται
It is expected
Αναμένεται ότι θα βρέξει.
Διαπιστώνεται
It is observed
Διαπιστώνεται ότι υπάρχει πρόβλημα.

Meanings

This structure allows speakers to report information, rumors, or general consensus without identifying a specific subject, making the tone formal and detached.

1

General Reporting

Reporting what 'people' generally say or think.

“Λέγεται ότι θα βρέξει.”

“Πιστεύεται ότι η απόφαση είναι σωστή.”

2

Professional Assessment

Expressing an expert or collective opinion.

“Θεωρείται ότι το πρόβλημα λύθηκε.”

“Εκτιμάται ότι οι ζημιές είναι μεγάλες.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Passive in Formal Writing
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Passive Verb + ότι + Clause
Λέγεται ότι είναι έτοιμος.
Negative
Δεν + Passive Verb + ότι + Clause
Δεν λέγεται ότι είναι έτοιμος.
Question
Passive Verb + ότι + Clause?
Λέγεται ότι είναι έτοιμος;
Past Tense
Past Passive Verb + ότι + Clause
Λέχθηκε ότι ήταν έτοιμος.
Future
Passive Verb + ότι + Clause (Future)
Θα λεχθεί ότι είναι έτοιμος.
Passive Participle
Passive Participle + είναι
Είναι θεωρημένο ότι...

طیف رسمیت

رسمی
Θεωρείται ότι το έργο θα ολοκληρωθεί σύντομα.

Θεωρείται ότι το έργο θα ολοκληρωθεί σύντομα. (Work update)

خنثی
Λέγεται ότι το έργο θα τελειώσει σύντομα.

Λέγεται ότι το έργο θα τελειώσει σύντομα. (Work update)

غیر رسمی
Λένε ότι τελειώνουν το έργο.

Λένε ότι τελειώνουν το έργο. (Work update)

عامیانه
Λένε πως το τελειώνουν.

Λένε πως το τελειώνουν. (Work update)

Passive Reported Structure

Passive Reported

Verbs

  • Λέγεται It is said
  • Πιστεύεται It is believed

Connectors

  • ότι that

Active vs Passive Reporting

Active (Informal)
Λένε ότι... They say that...
Passive (Formal)
Λέγεται ότι... It is said that...

When to use Passive Reporting

1

Is the context formal?

YES
Use Passive Reported
NO
Use Active

Common Passive Verbs

🗣️

Reporting

  • Λέγεται
  • Πιστεύεται
  • Θεωρείται
  • Εκτιμάται

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

Λέγεται ότι είναι καλό.

It is said that it is good.

2

Λέγεται ότι θα βρέξει.

It is said that it will rain.

3

Λέγεται ότι είναι αργά.

It is said that it is late.

4

Λέγεται ότι έρχεται.

It is said that he is coming.

1

Πιστεύεται ότι η λύση είναι εύκολη.

It is believed that the solution is easy.

2

Θεωρείται ότι είναι σωστό.

It is considered that it is correct.

3

Λέγεται ότι η πόλη είναι όμορφη.

It is said that the city is beautiful.

4

Πιστεύεται ότι θα κερδίσουν.

It is believed that they will win.

1

Εκτιμάται ότι οι ζημιές είναι μεγάλες.

It is estimated that the damages are large.

2

Αναμένεται ότι θα υπάρξουν αλλαγές.

It is expected that there will be changes.

3

Διαπιστώνεται ότι το πρόβλημα επιμένει.

It is observed that the problem persists.

4

Θεωρείται ότι η εμπειρία μετράει.

It is considered that experience counts.

1

Λέγεται ότι η απόφαση ελήφθη βιαστικά.

It is said that the decision was taken hastily.

2

Πιστεύεται ότι η στρατηγική θα αποδώσει.

It is believed that the strategy will pay off.

3

Εκτιμάται ότι ο πληθωρισμός θα μειωθεί.

It is estimated that inflation will decrease.

4

Αναμένεται ότι η συνάντηση θα αναβληθεί.

It is expected that the meeting will be postponed.

1

Είχε θεωρηθεί ότι η πρόταση ήταν αβάσιμη.

It had been considered that the proposal was unfounded.

2

Λέγεται πως η κατάσταση έχει επιδεινωθεί.

It is said that the situation has worsened.

3

Διαπιστώθηκε ότι οι κανόνες δεν τηρήθηκαν.

It was observed that the rules were not followed.

4

Εκτιμάται πως η επένδυση θα είναι κερδοφόρα.

It is estimated that the investment will be profitable.

1

Λέγεται ότι η ιστορική αναδρομή είναι απαραίτητη.

It is said that the historical review is necessary.

2

Πιστεύεται ότι η κοινωνική συνοχή θα ενισχυθεί.

It is believed that social cohesion will be strengthened.

3

Θεωρείται ότι η προσέγγιση αυτή είναι καινοτόμος.

It is considered that this approach is innovative.

4

Αναμένεται ότι οι συνέπειες θα είναι μακροπρόθεσμες.

It is expected that the consequences will be long-term.

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

Passive in Formal Writing در مقابل Active vs Passive Reporting

Learners often use 'Λένε' (Active) when they should use 'Λέγεται' (Passive).

Passive in Formal Writing در مقابل Passive Reported vs Direct Passive

Learners confuse 'It is said that' with 'He is said to'.

Passive in Formal Writing در مقابل Reported Speech vs Passive Reporting

Learners mix up 'He said that...' with 'It is said that...'.

اشتباهات رایج

Λένε ότι...

Λέγεται ότι...

Active voice is too informal for this structure.

Λέγεται η λύση...

Λέγεται ότι η λύση...

Missing the conjunction 'ότι'.

Πιστεύεται από τον κόσμο ότι...

Πιστεύεται ότι...

The passive reported voice is impersonal; don't add the agent.

Λέγεται ότι θα είχε γίνει.

Λέγεται ότι θα γίνει.

Tense mismatch in the reported clause.

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

___ ότι η κατάσταση είναι δύσκολη.

Λέγεται ότι ___ θα υπάρξουν αλλαγές.

___ ότι η απόφαση είναι σωστή.

Αναμένεται ότι ___ θα ολοκληρωθεί.

Real World Usage

News Report constant

Λέγεται ότι η κυβέρνηση θα λάβει μέτρα.

Academic Paper very common

Θεωρείται ότι η μέθοδος είναι αποτελεσματική.

Business Email common

Αναμένεται ότι η παράδοση θα καθυστερήσει.

Job Interview occasional

Θεωρείται ότι η εμπειρία είναι απαραίτητη.

Social Media (Formal) occasional

Πιστεύεται ότι η κατάσταση θα βελτιωθεί.

Travel Guide common

Λέγεται ότι το νησί είναι πανέμορφο.

💡

Use for Objectivity

When you want to sound neutral, use these verbs instead of 'I think'.
⚠️

Don't add the agent

Never say 'by me' or 'by them' with these verbs; they are impersonal.
🎯

Mix your verbs

Don't just use 'Λέγεται'. Use 'Πιστεύεται', 'Θεωρείται', and 'Εκτιμάται' to vary your language.
💬

Professionalism

Using these verbs in a Greek workplace shows you have a high level of language proficiency.

Smart Tips

Replace all instances of 'I think' with 'Θεωρείται ότι'.

I think the project is good. Θεωρείται ότι το έργο είναι καλό.

Use 'Λέγεται ότι' to introduce the information.

They say the price will fall. Λέγεται ότι η τιμή θα πέσει.

Use 'Αναμένεται ότι' for future events.

We expect the meeting to be delayed. Αναμένεται ότι η συνάντηση θα καθυστερήσει.

Use 'Διαπιστώνεται ότι' to report findings.

I found that the problem persists. Διαπιστώνεται ότι το πρόβλημα επιμένει.

تلفظ

LE-ye-te

Stress

Passive verbs like 'λέγεται' have the stress on the antepenultimate syllable.

Formal Reporting

Λέγεται ότι... (flat intonation)

Conveys objectivity and distance.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of the 'Passive Shield': When you use these verbs, you are hiding behind a shield of objectivity.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a news anchor behind a desk. They don't say 'I think', they say 'It is reported'. The desk is the passive shield.

Rhyme

When you want to sound quite grand, use the passive, understand!

Story

A reporter stands in front of a crowd. Instead of saying 'I saw a fire', he says 'It is said that there is a fire'. The crowd nods because he sounds so professional. He uses the passive to stay safe.

شبکه واژگان

ΛέγεταιΠιστεύεταιΘεωρείταιΕκτιμάταιΑναμένεταιΔιαπιστώνεται

چالش

Write 3 sentences about the weather or current news using 'Λέγεται ότι' and 'Πιστεύεται ότι'.

نکات فرهنگی

Journalists use this constantly to avoid libel and maintain a neutral tone.

In university papers, you must use these forms instead of 'I think'.

Used in emails to soften bad news or present collective decisions.

These constructions are rooted in Classical Greek rhetorical traditions where impersonal verbs were used to lend authority to arguments.

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

Τι λέγεται για την οικονομία;

Πιστεύεται ότι η τεχνολογία βοηθάει;

Θεωρείται ότι ο τουρισμός είναι σημαντικός;

Αναμένεται ότι θα αλλάξει ο καιρός;

موضوعات نگارش

Write a short news report about a local event using at least three passive reported verbs.
Write a formal email to your boss about a project delay using passive reporting.
Discuss a common belief in your country using the passive reported voice.
Write a short academic paragraph on a topic of your choice.

اشتباهات رایج

Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح


Incorrect

صحیح

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct passive verb.

___ ότι η λύση είναι σωστή.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The passive 'Λέγεται' is required for formal reporting.
Choose the correct sentence. چند گزینه‌ای

Which sentence is more formal?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
The passive 'Λέγεται' is the most formal option.
Correct the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Λέγεται από τον κόσμο ότι θα έρθει.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The passive reported voice is impersonal; remove the agent.
Transform the active sentence to passive reported. Sentence Transformation

Οι άνθρωποι λένε ότι η τιμή θα πέσει.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The standard structure is Passive Verb + ότι + Clause.
Match the verb to its meaning. جفت کردن

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
Εκτιμάται means 'it is estimated'.
Build a sentence using the given words. Sentence Building

ότι / η λύση / είναι / Λέγεται / καλή

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The correct order is Verb + ότι + Clause.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Can you use 'Λέγεται' in a formal email?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Yes, it is very common in formal emails.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Ποια είναι η γνώμη σου; B: ___ ότι η απόφαση είναι σωστή.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: d
All these verbs fit the context of reporting an opinion.

Score: /8

تمرین‌های عملی

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct passive verb.

___ ότι η λύση είναι σωστή.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The passive 'Λέγεται' is required for formal reporting.
Choose the correct sentence. چند گزینه‌ای

Which sentence is more formal?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
The passive 'Λέγεται' is the most formal option.
Correct the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Λέγεται από τον κόσμο ότι θα έρθει.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The passive reported voice is impersonal; remove the agent.
Transform the active sentence to passive reported. Sentence Transformation

Οι άνθρωποι λένε ότι η τιμή θα πέσει.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The standard structure is Passive Verb + ότι + Clause.
Match the verb to its meaning. جفت کردن

Match 'Εκτιμάται' to its meaning.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
Εκτιμάται means 'it is estimated'.
Build a sentence using the given words. Sentence Building

ότι / η λύση / είναι / Λέγεται / καλή

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The correct order is Verb + ότι + Clause.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Can you use 'Λέγεται' in a formal email?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Yes, it is very common in formal emails.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Ποια είναι η γνώμη σου; B: ___ ότι η απόφαση είναι σωστή.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: d
All these verbs fit the context of reporting an opinion.

Score: /8

سوالات متداول (8)

You can, but it is informal. In professional Greek, we prefer the passive 'Λέγεται' to sound more objective.

Yes, 'ότι' (that) is the conjunction that connects the passive verb to the reported clause.

Yes, you can use 'Λέχθηκε' (It was said) or 'Πιστεύτηκε' (It was believed) to report past events.

No, it is used in academic writing, business emails, and even formal conversations.

If you want to express your own opinion, use 'Πιστεύω' (I believe) or 'Θεωρώ' (I consider).

Yes, 'Αναμένεται' (It is expected), 'Διαπιστώνεται' (It is observed), and 'Εκτιμάται' (It is estimated) are all very common.

The structure is very consistent, so once you learn the pattern, it is quite easy to apply.

It might sound a bit too formal for a text, but it depends on the person you are texting.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Se dice que...

Greek uses a full passive verb conjugation, while Spanish uses the 'se' particle.

French moderate

On dit que...

French 'on' is active in form, while Greek uses a passive verb.

German high

Es wird gesagt, dass...

German requires the 'es' placeholder subject, while Greek drops the subject entirely.

Japanese moderate

...と言われている (...to iwarete iru)

Japanese places the reporting verb at the end of the sentence.

Arabic high

يُقال إن... (Yuqal inna...)

Arabic requires the 'inna' particle after the verb.

Chinese moderate

据说... (Jùshuō...)

Chinese does not use a passive verb conjugation but rather a fixed phrase.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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