Propositions Relatives Réduites : Utilisation des Participes (Post-nominal)
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Trim your sentences by removing 'who is' or 'which was' to create sleek, professional participle phrases.
- Drop the relative pronoun and 'be' verb: 'The man (who is) sitting' becomes 'The man sitting'.
- Use -ing for active actions: 'The girl winning the race' (The girl who is winning).
- Use -ed for passive states: 'The car parked outside' (The car which was parked).
Overview
who is studying, which was written) en un groupe participial compact (studying, written).to be — tu crées des phrases plus percutantes.en faisant, faisant) diffèrent subtilement de l'anglais.who, which, that) doit être le sujet de la proposition relative. Si le pronom est un complément (objet), la réduction par participe ne fonctionne pas de la même manière.- 1La voix active (Participe Présent en
-ing) : Lorsque le nom modifié accomplit l'action. En français, on traduirait souvent cela par « qui » + verbe conjugué ou, dans un style très soutenu, par un participe présent.
- Exemple :
The man who is standing over theredevientThe man standing over there. - Note pour nous, francophones : Attention à ne pas confondre cela avec le gérondif. Ici,
standingfonctionne comme un adjectif qualifiantthe man.
- 1La voix passive (Participe Passé en
-edou irrégulier) : Lorsque le nom subit l'action. C'est ici que l'anglais et le français se ressemblent le plus.
- Exemple :
The report which was sent yesterdaydevientThe report sent yesterday. - En français :
Le rapport envoyé hier(on a aussi supprimé « qui a été »).
-ing. Ce qui est fascinant au niveau C2, c'est que cette réduction fonctionne même si le verbe original n'était pas à un temps progressif (continuous).Noun + who/which/that + be + Verb-ing | Supprimer le pronom + be | Noun + Verb-ing |Noun + who/which/that + Simple Present/Past | Supprimer le pronom + transformer le verbe en -ing | Noun + Verb-ing |- Exemple 1 (Progressif) :
The students who are protesting outside...→The students protesting outside...(Les étudiants qui manifestent...) - Exemple 2 (Simple) :
Anyone who wishes to leave...→Anyone wishing to leave...(Quiconque souhaitant partir...)
Noun + who/which/that + be + Past Participle | Supprimer le pronom + be | Noun + Past Participle |- Exemple 3 :
The bridge that was built in 1890...→The bridge built in 1890...(Le pont construit en 1890...) - Exemple 4 :
The ideas which were discussed earlier...→The ideas discussed earlier...(Les idées discutées plus tôt...)
belong, contain, consist ne s'utilisent normalement pas au présent continu. Pourtant, en proposition réduite, ils prennent la forme -ing !The box which contains the files...→The box containing the files...(C'est très élégant et très fréquent à l'écrit).
- 1L'écriture académique et technique : C'est le domaine de prédilection des propositions réduites. Elles permettent de lier des concepts complexes sans alourdir la phrase avec des
which isouthat areà répétition.
- *Exemple :*
The methodology employed in this study...au lieu deThe methodology that was employed....
- 1Le journalisme et les titres de presse : L'espace est limité, et l'action doit être immédiate.
- *Exemple :*
Protesters demanding change gathered in the square.(Plus dynamique queProtesters who were demanding...).
- 1Les descriptions de processus ou d'objets : Dans un manuel ou une présentation professionnelle, cela permet d'être direct.
- *Exemple :*
The software used for encryption is updated daily.
- 1La création de « Noun Phrases » complexes : En anglais C2, on aime empiler les informations autour d'un nom. Les participes sont les briques idéales pour cela.
- *Exemple :*
A document outlining the new policy, signed by the CEO and distributed to all staff, is now available.(Ici, on a deux réductions : une activeoutlininget une passivesigned).
- 1Le registre formel : Bien que l'on puisse utiliser des réductions à l'oral, elles sont le signe d'un discours soutenu et structuré. Dans un email professionnel à un client, c'est ta meilleure arme pour paraître compétent et concis.
- 1Le piège du pronom fantôme : C'est l'erreur la plus fréquente. On garde le pronom relatif mais on supprime l'auxiliaire, ou vice versa.
- Faux :
*The man who standing there...ou*The man is standing there is my boss. - Vrai :
The man standing there...ouThe man who is standing there.... - *Pourquoi on fait ça ?* En français, on peut parfois omettre des éléments, mais en anglais, c'est tout ou rien : soit tu gardes le bloc
pronom + be, soit tu enlèves les deux.
- 1La confusion entre actif et passif (le dilemme
-ingvs-ed) : Parfois, on utilise un participe passé là où un participe présent est requis, surtout avec des verbes de sentiment.
- Faux :
*The people concerned about the noise...(si on veut dire que ces gens causent du souci). - Vrai :
The people concerning the neighbors...(les gens qui inquiètent les voisins) vsThe people concerned about the noise...(les gens qui sont inquiets). - *Conseil :* Demande-toi toujours : « Est-ce que le nom FAIT l'action ou SUBIT l'action ? ».
- 1Le
Dangling Participle(Participe suspendu) : C'est une erreur de logique qui arrive quand on réduit une proposition au début d'une phrase.
- Faux :
*Walking down the street, the trees were beautiful.(Cela suggère que les arbres marchaient dans la rue !). - Vrai :
Walking down the street, I thought the trees were beautiful. - *Pourquoi c'est important ?* Le sujet du participe réduit doit être identique au sujet de la proposition principale.
- 1L'interférence avec le gérondif français : En français, on utilise beaucoup « en » + participe présent (
en marchant). En anglais, pour une relative réduite, on n'utilise JAMAISbyouwhiledevant le participe si celui-ci définit le nom.
- Faux :
*The man by working here is my friend. - Vrai :
The man working here is my friend.
The girl playing the piano is talented. |Playing the piano is her passion. |Playing the piano, she forgot her troubles. |She is playing the piano right now. |The girl playing the piano..., le mot playing est un adjectif qui nous dit *quelle* fille.Playing the piano, she..., le mot playing nous dit *quand* ou *pourquoi* elle a fait l'action principale.who, which, that) est le sujet du verbe qui suit. Si tu as The book that I read, tu ne peux pas réduire en *The book reading.The book that was read by me en The book read by me (car ici that est sujet de la voix passive).I saw the man who was running → I saw the man running. C'est même souvent la forme préférée des natifs car elle est plus directe.The guy sitting next to me was weird. C'est naturel. Ce qui est formel, c'est d'accumuler plusieurs participes dans une seule phrase, comme on le ferait dans un essai de philosophie ou un rapport financier.Reduction Patterns by Voice
| Original Clause Type | Relative Clause Example | Reduced Form | Participle Used |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active (Continuous)
|
The man who is working
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Active (Simple)
|
The man who works
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Passive (Simple)
|
The car which was stolen
|
The car stolen
|
Past (-ed/V3)
|
|
Passive (Continuous)
|
The car which is being fixed
|
The car being fixed
|
Being + Past Participle
|
|
Perfect (Active)
|
The man who has finished
|
The man having finished
|
Perfect Participle
|
Meanings
A reduced relative clause is a way of shortening a defining relative clause by removing the relative pronoun (who, which, that) and the auxiliary verb 'be', leaving only the participle phrase to modify the noun.
Active Reduction
Using the present participle (-ing) to replace an active relative clause, regardless of the original tense.
“People living in cities often face higher costs.”
“Anyone wanting a refund should speak to the manager.”
Passive Reduction
Using the past participle (-ed/V3) to replace a passive relative clause.
“The bridge built in 1920 is still standing.”
“Items purchased on sale cannot be returned.”
Progressive Passive Reduction
Using 'being' + past participle to indicate an action currently in progress in a passive sense.
“The house being renovated belongs to my uncle.”
“The issues being discussed are quite complex.”
Reference Table
| Type de Clause Originale | Exemple | Forme Réduite | Quand l'utiliser |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Voix Active
|
The man `who is running`
|
The man `running`
|
Le nom *fait* l'action
|
|
Voix Passive
|
The car `which was damaged`
|
The car `damaged`
|
Le nom *reçoit* l'action
|
|
Active (Pas de 'be')
|
The people `who live` next door
|
The people `living` next door
|
Verbes actifs directs
|
|
Passive (Implied 'be')
|
The instructions `that are given`
|
The instructions `given`
|
Courant dans les contextes formels
|
|
Description Concise
|
A student `who is working`
|
A student `working`
|
Pour raccourcir les descriptions
|
|
Déclarations Informatives
|
Information `which is stored`
|
Information `stored`
|
Pour des détails factuels et brefs
|
Spectre de formalité
The individual spearheading the initiative possesses remarkable talent. (Professional evaluation)
The person leading the project is very talented. (Professional evaluation)
The guy running the show is great. (Professional evaluation)
The one killing it on the project is a legend. (Professional evaluation)
Clauses Relatives Réduites : Les Participes
Voix Active
- Verb + -ing
- `The student studying...`
- Le nom fait l'action
- Description active concise
Voix Passive
- Verb + -ed / irregular
- `The book written...`
- Le nom reçoit l'action
- Description passive concise
Clause Originale
- Pronom Relatif
- `who, which, that`
- Verbe 'to be'
- `is, are, was, were`
Clauses Relatives Complètes vs. Réduites
Quand Réduire une Clause Relative
La clause a-t-elle un pronom relatif (`who`, `which`, `that`) comme sujet ?
Le pronom relatif est-il suivi d'une forme de `to be` (is/are/was/were) OU d'un verbe actif ?
Si `to be` est présent, le verbe principal est-il actif ou passif ?
Si seulement verbe actif (pas de `be`) :
Formes Participiales pour la Réduction
Participe Présent (-ing)
- • singing (who is singing)
- • working (that is working)
- • running (who is running)
- • causing (that is causing)
Participe Passé (-ed / irrégulier)
- • written (which was written)
- • damaged (that was damaged)
- • chosen (who was chosen)
- • spoken (which was spoken)
Exemples par niveau
The girl sitting there is my friend.
The girl who is sitting there is my friend.
I like the cake made by Mom.
I like the cake which was made by Mom.
Look at the dog running!
Look at the dog that is running!
The book on the table is mine.
The book which is on the table is mine.
The man wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The man who is wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The letters sent yesterday arrived today.
The letters which were sent yesterday arrived today.
I live in a house built in 1990.
I live in a house which was built in 1990.
The students studying hard got good grades.
The students who were studying hard got good grades.
Anyone wanting to join the club should sign here.
Anyone who wants to join the club should sign here.
The products sold in this shop are expensive.
The products which are sold in this shop are expensive.
The woman talking to the teacher is my mother.
The woman who is talking to the teacher is my mother.
The car damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The car which was damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The candidates applying for the job must be bilingual.
The candidates who are applying for the job must be bilingual.
The ideas discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The ideas which were discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The law, passed last year, has caused much controversy.
The law, which was passed last year, has caused much controversy.
None of the people invited to the party showed up.
None of the people who were invited to the party showed up.
The chemicals found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The chemicals which are found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The methodology employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The methodology which was employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The protesters, fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The protesters, who were fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The house, being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The house, which is being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The paradigm shift occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The paradigm shift which is occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The artifacts, unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The artifacts, which were unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The legislation, having been amended several times, was finally passed.
The legislation, which had been amended several times, was finally passed.
The suspect, seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
The suspect, who was seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
Facile à confondre
They look the same (Verb-ing at the start or middle).
Both end in -ing.
Erreurs courantes
The man is sitting there is my dad.
The man sitting there is my dad.
The car made in Japan it is fast.
The car made in Japan is fast.
The people who waiting for the bus are cold.
The people waiting for the bus are cold.
The problem solving by the team was difficult.
The problem solved by the team was difficult.
Structures de phrases
The ___ ___ing ___ is ___.
Any ___ ___ed by ___ must ___.
Real World Usage
I have several years of experience working with international clients.
See that guy wearing the weird shirt?
The results obtained from the survey suggest a trend.
Local hero honored for bravery.
Batteries included in the box are not rechargeable.
Me trying to finish this project.
Pense Actif vs. Passif
Before reducing, mentally rephrase the clause to see if the noun performs (active, use -ing) or receives (passive, use -ed) the action. This is your compass for correct participle choice.
Évite les Participes Suspendus
Always ensure the noun being modified by your participle phrase is immediately clear. A misplaced participle can create confusion or unintentionally hilarious sentences, making your communication less effective.
Utilise-les pour le Professionnalisme
Reduced relative clauses instantly elevate your writing and speech, making it sound more academic and professional. Sprinkle them in emails, reports, and presentations for maximum impact and conciseness.
La Brièveté en Anglais
English often values conciseness, especially in formal contexts and media. Mastering reductions helps you align with this linguistic preference, making your expression sound more natural and sophisticated to native speakers.
Smart Tips
Delete them! It almost always makes your sentence stronger and more professional.
Use 'being + V3' to keep the continuous feel.
Don't be afraid of -ing in reductions even if you can't use it in normal tenses.
Use reduced clauses to avoid repeating 'who' or 'which'.
Prononciation
Reduced Clause Stress
In a reduced relative clause, the participle usually receives more stress than the noun it follows to emphasize the description.
Falling intonation at the end of the phrase
The books written by him (downward arrow) are on the shelf.
Indicates the end of the descriptive unit.
Mémorise-le
Moyen mnémotechnique
Drop the 'Whiz' (Who/Which/That + Is/Was) to make your writing whiz by!
Association visuelle
Imagine a pair of scissors cutting out the words 'who is' from a sentence, leaving the noun and the action word (-ing/-ed) to snap together like magnets.
Rhyme
If the noun does the act, -ing is the fact. If the noun is the receiver, -ed is the achiever.
Story
A busy editor named 'Red' (Reduction) hates the words 'who', 'which', and 'that'. Every time he sees them with a 'be' verb, he deletes them to save ink, leaving only the 'ing' and 'ed' workers to do the job.
Word Web
Défi
Look at a news article. Find three sentences with 'who is', 'which was', or 'that are' and rewrite them as reduced relative clauses.
Notes culturelles
In Western academic culture, using reduced relative clauses is seen as a sign of high literacy and 'conciseness', which is highly valued in grading.
Headlines almost exclusively use reduced passive clauses to save space.
This construction stems from the Old English use of participles as adjectives, which was later influenced by Latin's heavy use of 'ablative absolutes' and participle phrases.
Amorces de conversation
Have you ever seen a movie filmed in your hometown?
What do you think about the laws being passed regarding AI?
Sujets d'écriture
Erreurs courantes
Test Yourself
The student ___ for the scholarship received an email.
Find and fix the mistake:
The report writing by the committee was very detailed.
Choisis la phrase correcte :
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /4
Exercices pratiques
8 exercisesThe bridge ___ last year is already falling apart.
The people ___ for the train looked bored.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car fixing by the mechanic will be ready soon.
The students ___ ___ felt sad.
The man I met yesterday is here.
Identify the reduction.
Match them!
The report ___ by the committee was rejected.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe proposals ___ at the meeting will be reviewed next week.
The person interviewed me for the job was very friendly.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El documento archivado en la nube es seguro.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the clauses:
The data ___ from various sources needs careful analysis.
Driving down the street, a large dog suddenly appeared.
Choose the best sentence:
Translate into English: 'Los estudiantes participando en el programa recibirán certificados.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Classify the participle usage:
Score: /12
FAQ (8)
No. You can only reduce it if the relative pronoun (who/which/that) is the *subject* of the relative clause. If it's the object, you can omit the pronoun, but you can't turn the verb into a participle.
The participle itself doesn't have a tense. The tense is determined by the main verb of the sentence. `The man sitting there *was* my friend` (Past) vs `The man sitting there *is* my friend` (Present).
Technically, yes, but it's a different type of reduction (omission of the object pronoun). In this lesson, we focus on participle reductions.
Use 'being' only if you want to emphasize that the action is *currently in progress*. Otherwise, just use the past participle.
They are very common in both formal and informal English, but they are especially useful in formal writing to avoid wordiness.
It's a sentence where the reduced clause looks like the main verb at first, confusing the reader. Example: `The horse raced past the barn fell.` (The horse [that was] raced past the barn fell).
Yes! `Anyone knowing the answer should speak up.` This is a great way to use stative verbs which usually don't take -ing.
Only if the information is non-restrictive (extra info). If it's essential to identify the noun, don't use commas.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participios
Spanish cannot say 'el hombre corriendo' to mean 'the man who is running'; it must be 'el hombre que corre'.
Partizipialattribute
English: 'The man sitting there'. German: 'Der dort sitzende Mann'.
連体修飾 (Rentai shuushoku)
There is no 'reduction' because there is no 'who/which' to delete.
Proposition participe
French present participles are much more formal than English ones.
اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول
Arabic participles must agree in gender and number with the noun.
的 (de) construction
The modifier always precedes the noun in Chinese, unlike the post-nominal English reduction.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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