घटित सापेक्ष खंड: कृदंतों का उपयोग (संज्ञा के बाद)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Trim your sentences by removing 'who is' or 'which was' to create sleek, professional participle phrases.
- Drop the relative pronoun and 'be' verb: 'The man (who is) sitting' becomes 'The man sitting'.
- Use -ing for active actions: 'The girl winning the race' (The girl who is winning).
- Use -ed for passive states: 'The car parked outside' (The car which was parked).
Overview
- 1Active Voice: यदि वाक्य सक्रिय है, तो हम 'verb + ing' (present participle) का उपयोग करते हैं। उदाहरण: 'The students who study hard pass the exam' -> 'The students studying hard pass the exam.'
- 2Passive Voice: यदि वाक्य निष्क्रिय है, तो हम 'past participle' (verb + ed/3rd form) का उपयोग करते हैं। उदाहरण: 'The project which was completed yesterday is successful' -> 'The project completed yesterday is successful.'
- Active: [Noun] + [Relative Pronoun] + [to be] + [Verb-ing] → [Noun] + [Verb-ing]
- Passive: [Noun] + [Relative Pronoun] + [to be] + [Verb-ed] → [Noun] + [Verb-ed]
- 1अकादमिक लेखन (Academic Writing): शोध पत्रों में, 'The data that was collected' की तुलना में 'The data collected' अधिक प्रभावशाली लगता है। यह आपकी भाषा को 'formal' और 'objective' बनाता है।
- 2व्यावसायिक ईमेल (Business Emails): 'The report that is attached' के बजाय 'The attached report' का उपयोग करना अधिक सीधा और पेशेवर है।
- 3पत्रकारिता (Journalism): समाचार रिपोर्टों में कम शब्दों में अधिक जानकारी देने के लिए यह अनिवार्य है। 'The suspect who was seen leaving the building' के बजाय 'The suspect seen leaving the building' का उपयोग करना अधिक नाटकीय और संक्षिप्त है।
- 4विवरण (Descriptions): जब आप किसी वस्तु की विशेषता बता रहे हों, तो यह संरचना विशेषणों की तरह काम करती है। 'The car which is parked outside' (बाहर खड़ी कार) - यहाँ 'parked' सीधे 'car' की स्थिति स्पष्ट कर रहा है।
- 1'Dangling Participles': हिंदी में हम वाक्य की संरचना को लेकर थोड़े लचीले होते हैं। छात्र अक्सर लिखते हैं: 'Walking down the road, the house looked beautiful.' यह गलत है क्योंकि इसका अर्थ निकलता है कि 'घर' सड़क पर चल रहा था! हिंदी में हम 'चलते हुए, मैंने घर देखा' कह सकते हैं, लेकिन अंग्रेजी में 'participle' को उस संज्ञा के पास होना चाहिए जिसे वह संशोधित कर रहा है।
- 2'Be' क्रिया को न हटाना: हिंदी में हम 'जो... है' का अनुवाद करने के आदी हैं। छात्र अक्सर कहते हैं: 'The boy who is sitting there is my friend.' वे 'who is' को हटाना भूल जाते हैं क्योंकि हिंदी में 'जो' का लोप करना अजीब लगता है।
- 3'Passive' में 'ing' का प्रयोग: हिंदी में हम 'किया जा रहा काम' (passive continuous) और 'किया गया काम' (passive perfect) के बीच के सूक्ष्म अंतर को कभी-कभी अंग्रेजी में गलत कर देते हैं। छात्र 'The book being written by him' (लिखी जा रही किताब) और 'The book written by him' (लिखी गई किताब) में भ्रमित हो जाते हैं।
- 1क्या मैं हर 'Relative Clause' को कम (reduce) कर सकता हूँ?
- 1क्या यह केवल 'Formal' अंग्रेजी में उपयोग होता है?
- 1क्या 'Reduced Clause' से वाक्य का अर्थ बदल सकता है?
Reduction Patterns by Voice
| Original Clause Type | Relative Clause Example | Reduced Form | Participle Used |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active (Continuous)
|
The man who is working
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Active (Simple)
|
The man who works
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Passive (Simple)
|
The car which was stolen
|
The car stolen
|
Past (-ed/V3)
|
|
Passive (Continuous)
|
The car which is being fixed
|
The car being fixed
|
Being + Past Participle
|
|
Perfect (Active)
|
The man who has finished
|
The man having finished
|
Perfect Participle
|
Meanings
A reduced relative clause is a way of shortening a defining relative clause by removing the relative pronoun (who, which, that) and the auxiliary verb 'be', leaving only the participle phrase to modify the noun.
Active Reduction
Using the present participle (-ing) to replace an active relative clause, regardless of the original tense.
“People living in cities often face higher costs.”
“Anyone wanting a refund should speak to the manager.”
Passive Reduction
Using the past participle (-ed/V3) to replace a passive relative clause.
“The bridge built in 1920 is still standing.”
“Items purchased on sale cannot be returned.”
Progressive Passive Reduction
Using 'being' + past participle to indicate an action currently in progress in a passive sense.
“The house being renovated belongs to my uncle.”
“The issues being discussed are quite complex.”
Reference Table
| मूल क्लॉज़ का प्रकार | उदाहरण | छोटा किया गया रूप | कब इस्तेमाल करें |
|---|---|---|---|
|
एक्टिव वॉइस
|
The man `who is running`
|
The man `running`
|
नाउन एक्शन करता है
|
|
पैसिव वॉइस
|
The car `which was damaged`
|
The car `damaged`
|
नाउन पर एक्शन होता है
|
|
एक्टिव (कोई 'be' नहीं)
|
The people `who live` next door
|
The people `living` next door
|
सीधे सक्रिय क्रियाएँ
|
|
पैसिव (निहित 'be')
|
The instructions `that are given`
|
The instructions `given`
|
औपचारिक संदर्भों में आम
|
|
संक्षिप्त वर्णन
|
A student `who is working`
|
A student `working`
|
वर्णन को छोटा करने के लिए
|
|
जानकारी देने वाले वाक्य
|
Information `which is stored`
|
Information `stored`
|
तथ्यात्मक, संक्षिप्त विवरण के लिए
|
औपचारिकता का स्तर
The individual spearheading the initiative possesses remarkable talent. (Professional evaluation)
The person leading the project is very talented. (Professional evaluation)
The guy running the show is great. (Professional evaluation)
The one killing it on the project is a legend. (Professional evaluation)
रिड्यूस्ड रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: पार्टिसिपल
एक्टिव वॉइस
- Verb + -ing `The student studying...`
- नाउन एक्शन करता है संक्षिप्त सक्रिय वर्णन
पैसिव वॉइस
- Verb + -ed / अनियमित `The book written...`
- नाउन पर एक्शन होता है संक्षिप्त निष्क्रिय वर्णन
मूल क्लॉज़
- रिलेटिव प्रोनाउन `who, which, that`
- 'to be' क्रिया `is, are, was, were`
फुल बनाम रिड्यूस्ड रिलेटिव क्लॉज़
रिलेटिव क्लॉज़ को कब छोटा करें
क्या क्लॉज़ में 'relative pronoun' (`who`, `which`, `that`) सब्जेक्ट के रूप में है?
क्या 'relative pronoun' के बाद 'to be' (is/are/was/were) का कोई रूप है या एक एक्टिव क्रिया है?
अगर 'to be' मौजूद है, तो मुख्य क्रिया एक्टिव है या पैसिव?
अगर केवल एक्टिव क्रिया है ('be' नहीं):
रिडक्शन के लिए पार्टिसिपल फॉर्म्स
प्रेजेंट पार्टिसिपल (-ing)
- • singing (who is singing)
- • working (that is working)
- • running (who is running)
- • causing (that is causing)
पास्ट पार्टिसिपल (-ed / अनियमित)
- • written (which was written)
- • damaged (that was damaged)
- • chosen (who was chosen)
- • spoken (which was spoken)
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
The girl sitting there is my friend.
The girl who is sitting there is my friend.
I like the cake made by Mom.
I like the cake which was made by Mom.
Look at the dog running!
Look at the dog that is running!
The book on the table is mine.
The book which is on the table is mine.
The man wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The man who is wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The letters sent yesterday arrived today.
The letters which were sent yesterday arrived today.
I live in a house built in 1990.
I live in a house which was built in 1990.
The students studying hard got good grades.
The students who were studying hard got good grades.
Anyone wanting to join the club should sign here.
Anyone who wants to join the club should sign here.
The products sold in this shop are expensive.
The products which are sold in this shop are expensive.
The woman talking to the teacher is my mother.
The woman who is talking to the teacher is my mother.
The car damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The car which was damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The candidates applying for the job must be bilingual.
The candidates who are applying for the job must be bilingual.
The ideas discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The ideas which were discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The law, passed last year, has caused much controversy.
The law, which was passed last year, has caused much controversy.
None of the people invited to the party showed up.
None of the people who were invited to the party showed up.
The chemicals found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The chemicals which are found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The methodology employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The methodology which was employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The protesters, fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The protesters, who were fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The house, being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The house, which is being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The paradigm shift occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The paradigm shift which is occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The artifacts, unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The artifacts, which were unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The legislation, having been amended several times, was finally passed.
The legislation, which had been amended several times, was finally passed.
The suspect, seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
The suspect, who was seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
They look the same (Verb-ing at the start or middle).
Both end in -ing.
सामान्य गलतियाँ
The man is sitting there is my dad.
The man sitting there is my dad.
The car made in Japan it is fast.
The car made in Japan is fast.
The people who waiting for the bus are cold.
The people waiting for the bus are cold.
The problem solving by the team was difficult.
The problem solved by the team was difficult.
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
The ___ ___ing ___ is ___.
Any ___ ___ed by ___ must ___.
Real World Usage
I have several years of experience working with international clients.
See that guy wearing the weird shirt?
The results obtained from the survey suggest a trend.
Local hero honored for bravery.
Batteries included in the box are not rechargeable.
Me trying to finish this project.
एक्टिव बनाम पैसिव सोचो
barking at the mailman' (एक्टिव) और 'The letter sent yesterday' (पैसिव)।डैंगलिंग पार्टिसिपल से बचो
प्रोफेशनलिज्म के लिए इस्तेमाल करो
analyzed in this report shows a clear trend'।इंग्लिश में संक्षिप्तता
provided was sufficient'।Smart Tips
Delete them! It almost always makes your sentence stronger and more professional.
Use 'being + V3' to keep the continuous feel.
Don't be afraid of -ing in reductions even if you can't use it in normal tenses.
Use reduced clauses to avoid repeating 'who' or 'which'.
उच्चारण
Reduced Clause Stress
In a reduced relative clause, the participle usually receives more stress than the noun it follows to emphasize the description.
Falling intonation at the end of the phrase
The books written by him (downward arrow) are on the shelf.
Indicates the end of the descriptive unit.
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Drop the 'Whiz' (Who/Which/That + Is/Was) to make your writing whiz by!
दृश्य संबंध
Imagine a pair of scissors cutting out the words 'who is' from a sentence, leaving the noun and the action word (-ing/-ed) to snap together like magnets.
Rhyme
If the noun does the act, -ing is the fact. If the noun is the receiver, -ed is the achiever.
Story
A busy editor named 'Red' (Reduction) hates the words 'who', 'which', and 'that'. Every time he sees them with a 'be' verb, he deletes them to save ink, leaving only the 'ing' and 'ed' workers to do the job.
Word Web
चैलेंज
Look at a news article. Find three sentences with 'who is', 'which was', or 'that are' and rewrite them as reduced relative clauses.
सांस्कृतिक नोट्स
In Western academic culture, using reduced relative clauses is seen as a sign of high literacy and 'conciseness', which is highly valued in grading.
Headlines almost exclusively use reduced passive clauses to save space.
This construction stems from the Old English use of participles as adjectives, which was later influenced by Latin's heavy use of 'ablative absolutes' and participle phrases.
बातचीत की शुरुआत
Have you ever seen a movie filmed in your hometown?
What do you think about the laws being passed regarding AI?
डायरी विषय
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Test Yourself
The student ___ for the scholarship received an email.
Find and fix the mistake:
The report writing by the committee was very detailed.
सही वाक्य चुनें:
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /4
अभ्यास प्रश्न
8 exercisesThe bridge ___ last year is already falling apart.
The people ___ for the train looked bored.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car fixing by the mechanic will be ready soon.
The students ___ ___ felt sad.
The man I met yesterday is here.
Identify the reduction.
Match them!
The report ___ by the committee was rejected.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe proposals ___ at the meeting will be reviewed next week.
The person interviewed me for the job was very friendly.
सही वाक्य चुनें:
इंग्लिश में अनुवाद करें: 'El documento archivado en la nube es seguro.'
इन शब्दों को एक वाक्य में व्यवस्थित करें:
क्लॉज़ का मिलान करें:
The data ___ from various sources needs careful analysis.
Driving down the street, a large dog suddenly appeared.
सबसे अच्छा वाक्य चुनें:
इंग्लिश में अनुवाद करें: 'Los estudiantes participando en el programa recibirán certificados.'
इन शब्दों को एक वाक्य में व्यवस्थित करें:
पार्टिसिपल के उपयोग को वर्गीकृत करें:
Score: /12
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)
No. You can only reduce it if the relative pronoun (who/which/that) is the *subject* of the relative clause. If it's the object, you can omit the pronoun, but you can't turn the verb into a participle.
The participle itself doesn't have a tense. The tense is determined by the main verb of the sentence. `The man sitting there *was* my friend` (Past) vs `The man sitting there *is* my friend` (Present).
Technically, yes, but it's a different type of reduction (omission of the object pronoun). In this lesson, we focus on participle reductions.
Use 'being' only if you want to emphasize that the action is *currently in progress*. Otherwise, just use the past participle.
They are very common in both formal and informal English, but they are especially useful in formal writing to avoid wordiness.
It's a sentence where the reduced clause looks like the main verb at first, confusing the reader. Example: `The horse raced past the barn fell.` (The horse [that was] raced past the barn fell).
Yes! `Anyone knowing the answer should speak up.` This is a great way to use stative verbs which usually don't take -ing.
Only if the information is non-restrictive (extra info). If it's essential to identify the noun, don't use commas.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participios
Spanish cannot say 'el hombre corriendo' to mean 'the man who is running'; it must be 'el hombre que corre'.
Partizipialattribute
English: 'The man sitting there'. German: 'Der dort sitzende Mann'.
連体修飾 (Rentai shuushoku)
There is no 'reduction' because there is no 'who/which' to delete.
Proposition participe
French present participles are much more formal than English ones.
اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول
Arabic participles must agree in gender and number with the noun.
的 (de) construction
The modifier always precedes the noun in Chinese, unlike the post-nominal English reduction.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
संबंधित वीडियो
Related Grammar Rules
रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर
Overview कल्पना करें कि आप अपना इंस्टाग्राम फीड स्क्रॉल कर रहे हैं। आप एक दोस्त की पोस्ट देखते हैं जिसके पास दो बिल्लिया...
रिलेटिव एडवर्ब: Where स्थानों के लिए
Overview क्या आपने कभी किसी दोस्त को उस शानदार पिज्जा जगह के बारे में बताने की कोशिश की है लेकिन वाक्य के बीच में ही अटक...
औपचारिक सापेक्ष खंड (जिसमें, जिसे)
### परिचय नमस्ते! जब हम English सीखने के सफर में B2 लेवल यानी Upper-Intermediate स्तर पर पहुँचते हैं, तो हमारा लक्ष्य स...
अपने वाक्यों को छोटा करें: घटाए गए संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य
### Overview Reduced relative clauses (संक्षिप्त सापेक्ष उपवाक्य) अंग्रेजी भाषा में अपनी बात को संक्षिप्त, प्रभावी और पे...
Whose: स्वामित्व दिखाना
### Overview English grammar में fluency हासिल करने के लिए वाक्यों को जोड़ना (connecting sentences) एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्...
