Orações Relativas Reduzidas: Usando Particípios (Pós-nominal)
active -ing para quem faz e passive -ed para quem recebe.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Trim your sentences by removing 'who is' or 'which was' to create sleek, professional participle phrases.
- Drop the relative pronoun and 'be' verb: 'The man (who is) sitting' becomes 'The man sitting'.
- Use -ing for active actions: 'The girl winning the race' (The girl who is winning).
- Use -ed for passive states: 'The car parked outside' (The car which was parked).
Overview
who is studying, which was written) em uma frase participial mais compacta (studying, written). Em português, a estrutura equivalente seria a oração reduzida de particípio ou de gerúndio, mas o inglês utiliza esse recurso com uma frequência muito maior, impulsionado pelo princípio da economia linguística.to be — você cria sentenças mais elegantes, formais e impactantes. Dominar essa construção eleva seu inglês para um patamar de controle estilístico que espelha a intuição de um falante nativo.who, which, that) atua como o sujeito da oração.to be seguido de um particípio presente (gerúndio), deletamos o pronome relativo e o verbo to be. O particípio presente (-ing) passa a modificar o substantivo diretamente. Por exemplo: The scientist who is developing the new algorithm torna-se The scientist developing the new algorithm.to be, restando apenas o particípio passado (-ed ou irregular). O particípio passado atua como um adjetivo. Exemplo: The data which was collected torna-se The data collected.verb-ing.- Oração:
NOUN + RELATIVE PRONOUN + BE + VERB-ing - Redução:
NOUN + VERB-ing - Exemplo:
The delegates who are attending the conference->The delegates attending the conference.
- Oração:
NOUN + RELATIVE PRONOUN + BE + VERB-ed - Redução:
NOUN + VERB-ed - Exemplo:
The theories that were developed in the 19th century->The theories developed in the 19th century.
The project which is managed by the CEO, prefira The project managed by the CEO.The button located on the side controls the volume. É muito mais natural do que The button that is located on the side....- 1Dangling Participles (Particípios soltos): O erro mais comum é quando o particípio não modifica o sujeito correto. Exemplo:
Walking to the office, the rain started.(Isso implica que a chuva estava andando para o escritório). O falante de português comete esse erro porque, no nosso idioma, às vezes somos mais flexíveis com a ordem, mas no inglês, o particípio *deve* estar colado ao substantivo que ele modifica.
- 1Confusão entre -ing e -ed: Muitos brasileiros invertem a voz. Eles dizem
The book reading by me(O livro lendo por mim) em vez deThe book read by me(O livro lido por mim). Isso ocorre porque, em português, usamos 'lendo' em contextos que podem confundir o aluno sobre quem é o agente da ação.
- 1Reduzir orações que não têm o pronome como sujeito: O aluno tenta reduzir
The man who I saw yesterdayparaThe man seeing yesterday, o que está errado, poismannão é o sujeito desaw. O pronome relativo precisa ser o sujeito da oração relativa para que a redução ocorra.
- 1Posso reduzir qualquer oração relativa? Não. Apenas aquelas onde o pronome relativo é o sujeito da oração. Se o pronome for objeto, a redução não funciona da mesma forma.
- 1O uso de 'being' é permitido? Sim, em casos de voz passiva contínua, como
The house being built, mas é mais formal e menos comum.
- 1Isso muda o significado? Não, o significado permanece o mesmo, mas a ênfase e o registro mudam, tornando a frase mais formal e concisa.
Reduction Patterns by Voice
| Original Clause Type | Relative Clause Example | Reduced Form | Participle Used |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active (Continuous)
|
The man who is working
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Active (Simple)
|
The man who works
|
The man working
|
Present (-ing)
|
|
Passive (Simple)
|
The car which was stolen
|
The car stolen
|
Past (-ed/V3)
|
|
Passive (Continuous)
|
The car which is being fixed
|
The car being fixed
|
Being + Past Participle
|
|
Perfect (Active)
|
The man who has finished
|
The man having finished
|
Perfect Participle
|
Meanings
A reduced relative clause is a way of shortening a defining relative clause by removing the relative pronoun (who, which, that) and the auxiliary verb 'be', leaving only the participle phrase to modify the noun.
Active Reduction
Using the present participle (-ing) to replace an active relative clause, regardless of the original tense.
“People living in cities often face higher costs.”
“Anyone wanting a refund should speak to the manager.”
Passive Reduction
Using the past participle (-ed/V3) to replace a passive relative clause.
“The bridge built in 1920 is still standing.”
“Items purchased on sale cannot be returned.”
Progressive Passive Reduction
Using 'being' + past participle to indicate an action currently in progress in a passive sense.
“The house being renovated belongs to my uncle.”
“The issues being discussed are quite complex.”
Reference Table
| Tipo de Oração Original | Exemplo Completo | Forma Reduzida | Quando Usar |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Voz Ativa
|
The man `who is running`
|
The man `running`
|
O substantivo *faz* a ação
|
|
Voz Passiva
|
The car `which was damaged`
|
The car `damaged`
|
O substantivo *recebe* a ação
|
|
Ativa (Sem 'be')
|
The people `who live` next door
|
The people `living` next door
|
Verbos de ação direta
|
|
Passiva (Com 'be' implícito)
|
The instructions `that are given`
|
The instructions `given`
|
Comum em contextos formais
|
|
Descrição Concisa
|
A student `who is working`
|
A student `working`
|
Para encurtar descrições
|
|
Declarações Informativas
|
Information `which is stored`
|
Information `stored`
|
Para detalhes factuais e breves
|
Espectro de formalidade
The individual spearheading the initiative possesses remarkable talent. (Professional evaluation)
The person leading the project is very talented. (Professional evaluation)
The guy running the show is great. (Professional evaluation)
The one killing it on the project is a legend. (Professional evaluation)
Orações Relativas Reduzidas: Particípios
Voz Ativa
- Verbo + -ing `The student studying...`
- Substantivo faz a ação Descrição ativa concisa
Voz Passiva
- Verbo + -ed / irregular `The book written...`
- Substantivo recebe a ação Descrição passiva concisa
Oração Original
- Pronome Relativo `who, which, that`
- Verbo 'to be' `is, are, was, were`
Oração Completa vs. Reduzida
Quando Reduzir uma Oração Relativa
O pronome relativo (`who`, `which`, `that`) é o sujeito da oração?
O pronome é seguido de `to be` OU um verbo de ação?
Se houver `to be`, o verbo principal é ativo ou passivo?
Se houver apenas verbo de ação (sem `be`):
Formas de Particípio para Redução
Particípio Presente (-ing)
- • singing (who is singing)
- • working (that is working)
- • running (who is running)
- • causing (that is causing)
Particípio Passado (-ed / irregular)
- • written (which was written)
- • damaged (that was damaged)
- • chosen (who was chosen)
- • spoken (which was spoken)
Exemplos por nível
The girl sitting there is my friend.
The girl who is sitting there is my friend.
I like the cake made by Mom.
I like the cake which was made by Mom.
Look at the dog running!
Look at the dog that is running!
The book on the table is mine.
The book which is on the table is mine.
The man wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The man who is wearing the red hat is a doctor.
The letters sent yesterday arrived today.
The letters which were sent yesterday arrived today.
I live in a house built in 1990.
I live in a house which was built in 1990.
The students studying hard got good grades.
The students who were studying hard got good grades.
Anyone wanting to join the club should sign here.
Anyone who wants to join the club should sign here.
The products sold in this shop are expensive.
The products which are sold in this shop are expensive.
The woman talking to the teacher is my mother.
The woman who is talking to the teacher is my mother.
The car damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The car which was damaged in the accident was a Ford.
The candidates applying for the job must be bilingual.
The candidates who are applying for the job must be bilingual.
The ideas discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The ideas which were discussed during the meeting were innovative.
The law, passed last year, has caused much controversy.
The law, which was passed last year, has caused much controversy.
None of the people invited to the party showed up.
None of the people who were invited to the party showed up.
The chemicals found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The chemicals which are found in this liquid are highly toxic.
The methodology employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The methodology which was employed in this study is quite rigorous.
The protesters, fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The protesters, who were fearing arrest, dispersed quickly.
The house, being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The house, which is being built on a cliff, has a great view.
The paradigm shift occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The paradigm shift which is occurring in the industry is unprecedented.
The artifacts, unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The artifacts, which were unearthed during the 1920s, are now on display.
The legislation, having been amended several times, was finally passed.
The legislation, which had been amended several times, was finally passed.
The suspect, seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
The suspect, who was seen fleeing the scene, was later apprehended.
Fácil de confundir
They look the same (Verb-ing at the start or middle).
Both end in -ing.
Erros comuns
The man is sitting there is my dad.
The man sitting there is my dad.
The car made in Japan it is fast.
The car made in Japan is fast.
The people who waiting for the bus are cold.
The people waiting for the bus are cold.
The problem solving by the team was difficult.
The problem solved by the team was difficult.
Padrões de frases
The ___ ___ing ___ is ___.
Any ___ ___ed by ___ must ___.
Real World Usage
I have several years of experience working with international clients.
See that guy wearing the weird shirt?
The results obtained from the survey suggest a trend.
Local hero honored for bravery.
Batteries included in the box are not rechargeable.
Me trying to finish this project.
Pense em Ativa vs. Passiva
The company hiring new staff is expanding rapidly.
Cuidado com o Particípio 'Pendente'
The man wearing a tuxedo looked very handsome.
Use para Profissionalismo
The results obtained from the study were surprising.
A Brevidade no Inglês
The plane arriving at gate 5 is from London.
Smart Tips
Delete them! It almost always makes your sentence stronger and more professional.
Use 'being + V3' to keep the continuous feel.
Don't be afraid of -ing in reductions even if you can't use it in normal tenses.
Use reduced clauses to avoid repeating 'who' or 'which'.
Pronúncia
Reduced Clause Stress
In a reduced relative clause, the participle usually receives more stress than the noun it follows to emphasize the description.
Falling intonation at the end of the phrase
The books written by him (downward arrow) are on the shelf.
Indicates the end of the descriptive unit.
Memorize
Mnemônico
Drop the 'Whiz' (Who/Which/That + Is/Was) to make your writing whiz by!
Associação visual
Imagine a pair of scissors cutting out the words 'who is' from a sentence, leaving the noun and the action word (-ing/-ed) to snap together like magnets.
Rhyme
If the noun does the act, -ing is the fact. If the noun is the receiver, -ed is the achiever.
Story
A busy editor named 'Red' (Reduction) hates the words 'who', 'which', and 'that'. Every time he sees them with a 'be' verb, he deletes them to save ink, leaving only the 'ing' and 'ed' workers to do the job.
Word Web
Desafio
Look at a news article. Find three sentences with 'who is', 'which was', or 'that are' and rewrite them as reduced relative clauses.
Notas culturais
In Western academic culture, using reduced relative clauses is seen as a sign of high literacy and 'conciseness', which is highly valued in grading.
Headlines almost exclusively use reduced passive clauses to save space.
This construction stems from the Old English use of participles as adjectives, which was later influenced by Latin's heavy use of 'ablative absolutes' and participle phrases.
Iniciadores de conversa
Have you ever seen a movie filmed in your hometown?
What do you think about the laws being passed regarding AI?
Temas para diário
Erros comuns
Test Yourself
The student ___ for the scholarship received an email.
Find and fix the mistake:
The report writing by the committee was very detailed.
Choose the correct sentence:
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /4
Exercicios praticos
8 exercisesThe bridge ___ last year is already falling apart.
The people ___ for the train looked bored.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car fixing by the mechanic will be ready soon.
The students ___ ___ felt sad.
The man I met yesterday is here.
Identify the reduction.
Match them!
The report ___ by the committee was rejected.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe proposals ___ at the meeting will be reviewed next week.
The person interviewed me for the job was very friendly.
Escolha a frase correta:
Traduza para o inglês: 'O documento arquivado na nuvem é seguro.'
Ordene as palavras:
Combine as orações:
The data ___ from various sources needs careful analysis.
Driving down the street, a large dog suddenly appeared.
Escolha a melhor frase:
Traduza: 'Os alunos participando do programa receberão certificados.'
Desembaralhe as palavras:
Classifique o uso do particípio:
Score: /12
Perguntas frequentes (8)
No. You can only reduce it if the relative pronoun (who/which/that) is the *subject* of the relative clause. If it's the object, you can omit the pronoun, but you can't turn the verb into a participle.
The participle itself doesn't have a tense. The tense is determined by the main verb of the sentence. `The man sitting there *was* my friend` (Past) vs `The man sitting there *is* my friend` (Present).
Technically, yes, but it's a different type of reduction (omission of the object pronoun). In this lesson, we focus on participle reductions.
Use 'being' only if you want to emphasize that the action is *currently in progress*. Otherwise, just use the past participle.
They are very common in both formal and informal English, but they are especially useful in formal writing to avoid wordiness.
It's a sentence where the reduced clause looks like the main verb at first, confusing the reader. Example: `The horse raced past the barn fell.` (The horse [that was] raced past the barn fell).
Yes! `Anyone knowing the answer should speak up.` This is a great way to use stative verbs which usually don't take -ing.
Only if the information is non-restrictive (extra info). If it's essential to identify the noun, don't use commas.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participios
Spanish cannot say 'el hombre corriendo' to mean 'the man who is running'; it must be 'el hombre que corre'.
Partizipialattribute
English: 'The man sitting there'. German: 'Der dort sitzende Mann'.
連体修飾 (Rentai shuushoku)
There is no 'reduction' because there is no 'who/which' to delete.
Proposition participe
French present participles are much more formal than English ones.
اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول
Arabic participles must agree in gender and number with the noun.
的 (de) construction
The modifier always precedes the noun in Chinese, unlike the post-nominal English reduction.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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