अपने वाक्यों को छोटा करें: घटाए गए संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Reduced relative clauses allow you to remove the relative pronoun and 'be' verb to create concise, professional-sounding sentences.
- Active: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' and use the -ing form. Example: 'The man (who is) sitting there.'
- Passive: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' and use the past participle. Example: 'The car (which was) stolen yesterday.'
- Prepositional: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' before a preposition. Example: 'The book (that is) on the table.'
Overview
standing एक Reduced Relative Clause है।who is, which was जैसे शब्दों को हटाकर सीधे participle का उपयोग करें। यह न केवल समय बचाता है, बल्कि सुनने में भी बहुत नेचुरल लगता है। सोचिए आप एक ऑटो रिक्शा वाले से बात कर रहे हैं या ऑफिस में ईमेल लिख रहे हैं—वहां आप लंबे वाक्यों के बजाय संक्षिप्त वाक्यों का प्रयोग करेंगे, जो आपकी भाषा में एक 'फ्लो' लाता है।- 1Active Voice (सक्रिय): जब संज्ञा (noun) खुद काम कर रही हो, तो हम
present participle(verb+ing) का उपयोग करते हैं। जैसे: 'The boy who is running' → 'The boy running.' - 2Passive Voice (निष्क्रिय): जब संज्ञा पर काम हो रहा हो, तो हम
past participle(verb+ed/3rd form) का उपयोग करते हैं। जैसे: 'The letter which was written' → 'The letter written.'
past participle बिल्कुल इसी 'हुई' वाली स्थिति को दर्शाता है। यह समझना बहुत ज़रूरी है कि यह 'reduced' है क्योंकि हमने इसमें से who/which/that + be वर्ब को हटा दिया है।- 1Active: Noun + [who/which/that + be] + Verb-ing → Noun + Verb-ing
- 2Passive: Noun + [who/which/that + be] + Verb-ed → Noun + Verb-ed
- 3Prepositional: Noun + [who/which/that + be] + Prep Phrase → Noun + Prep Phrase
- Professional Writing: ईमेल में 'The report that was submitted by the team' के बजाय 'The report submitted by the team' लिखना अधिक पेशेवर लगता है।
- Natural Speech: क्रिकेट कमेंट्री या न्यूज़ में देखिए, वे कभी नहीं कहते 'The player who is batting'. वे कहते हैं 'The player batting at the crease'.
- Conciseness: जब आपको एक ही वाक्य में बहुत सारी जानकारी देनी हो, तो ये क्लॉज़ बहुत काम आते हैं। जैसे: 'The woman living in the house built in 1990 is my aunt.' यहाँ दो बार रिडक्शन हुआ है, जो वाक्य को बहुत स्पष्ट बनाता है।
- 1L1 Interference (हिंदी से प्रभाव): हिंदी भाषी अक्सर
present participleका प्रयोग गलत जगह करते हैं। जैसे 'The topic interesting me' (यह गलत है क्योंकि टॉपिक खुद 'इंटरेस्ट' नहीं ले रहा)। हिंदी में 'दिलचस्प' के लिए हम एक ही शब्द इस्तेमाल करते हैं, जबकि अंग्रेजी मेंinterested(passive) औरinteresting(active) में फर्क है। - 2Object का रिडक्शन: हिंदी में हम कहते हैं 'वह आदमी जिसे मैंने देखा', अंग्रेजी में 'The man whom I saw' को 'The man seeing' नहीं लिख सकते। यह सबसे बड़ी गलती है क्योंकि 'seeing' का मतलब होगा कि आदमी खुद देख रहा है। याद रखें: रिडक्शन केवल तब होता है जब
relative pronounवाक्य का Subject हो। - 3Irregular Verbs: हिंदी भाषी अक्सर
written,taken,givenजैसे अनियमित क्रियाओं के बजायwrited,takedका प्रयोग कर देते हैं। यह याद रखना महत्वपूर्ण है कि Passive Reduction में हमेशा V3 (Past Participle) ही आएगा।
- 1क्या हम हर वाक्य को रिड्यूस कर सकते हैं? नहीं, केवल उन वाक्यों को जिनमें
who/which/thatकर्ता (subject) के रूप में कार्य कर रहे हैं। - 2क्या इसका कोई हिंदी समकक्ष है? पूर्णतः नहीं, लेकिन यह हिंदी के 'कृदंत' (participles) जैसे 'हंसता हुआ लड़का' (laughing boy) के काफी करीब है।
- 3क्या यह बोलने में अजीब लगता है? बिल्कुल नहीं! असल में, नेटिव स्पीकर्स इसे रोजमर्रा की बातचीत में बहुत ज्यादा इस्तेमाल करते हैं। इसे न इस्तेमाल करना आपकी अंग्रेजी को 'किताबी' बना सकता है।
How to Reduce Different Verb Types
| Original Verb Type | Full Relative Clause | Reduced Relative Clause | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Continuous
|
The man who is working
|
The man working
|
Drop 'who is'
|
|
Past Continuous
|
The girl who was singing
|
The girl singing
|
Drop 'who was'
|
|
Simple Present
|
The path that leads home
|
The path leading home
|
Change verb to -ing
|
|
Simple Past
|
The person who saw it
|
The person seeing it
|
Change verb to -ing
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The book which was written
|
The book written
|
Drop 'which was'
|
|
Prepositional
|
The cat that is on the mat
|
The cat on the mat
|
Drop 'that is'
|
Meanings
A reduced relative clause is a relative clause that is not marked by an explicit relative pronoun (like who, which, or that) or a finite verb. It functions as an adjective to modify a noun, making the sentence more compact.
Active Voice Reduction
Used when the noun is performing the action. The relative pronoun and 'be' verb are removed, leaving the present participle (-ing).
“People living in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.”
“The woman leading the parade is my aunt.”
Passive Voice Reduction
Used when the noun is receiving the action. The relative pronoun and 'be' verb are removed, leaving the past participle (-ed/irregular).
“The house built in 1920 is being renovated.”
“Items purchased on sale cannot be returned.”
Prepositional Phrase Reduction
Used when the relative clause contains a prepositional phrase. Only the pronoun and 'be' verb are deleted.
“The keys on the counter are mine.”
“The man in the suit is the CEO.”
Adjective Phrase Reduction
Used when the relative clause consists of an adjective or adjective phrase. Usually occurs with adjectives that follow the noun.
“The person responsible for the mess should clean it.”
“We need a room large enough for fifty people.”
Reference Table
| Original Clause Type | Full Clause Example | Reduced Clause Example | Why it's Reduced |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active Voice
|
The student `who is talking` is my brother.
|
The student `talking` is my brother.
|
Subject (student) is *doing* the action.
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The book `which was written` by her is great.
|
The book `written` by her is great.
|
Subject (book) is *receiving* the action.
|
|
Active Voice
|
The birds `that are singing` woke me up.
|
The birds `singing` woke me up.
|
Subject (birds) is *doing* the action.
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The food `that was prepared` for the party was delicious.
|
The food `prepared` for the party was delicious.
|
Subject (food) is *receiving* the action.
|
|
Active Voice
|
The person `who is waiting` for the bus is late.
|
The person `waiting` for the bus is late.
|
Subject (person) is *doing* the action.
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The products `that are sold` here are local.
|
The products `sold` here are local.
|
Subject (products) is *receiving* the action.
|
औपचारिकता का स्तर
The gentleman wearing the azure shirt is my superior. (Workplace)
The man wearing the blue shirt is my boss. (Workplace)
The guy in the blue shirt is my boss. (Workplace)
The dude in the blue is the big man. (Workplace)
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
The girl in the park is my friend.
La niña en el parque es mi amiga.
The man with the dog is tall.
El hombre con el perro es alto.
Look at the cat on the wall.
Mira al gato en la pared.
The coffee on the table is cold.
El café en la mesa está frío.
The people waiting for the bus are cold.
La gente que espera el autobús tiene frío.
I live in a house built in 1990.
Vivo en una casa construida en 1990.
The boy playing football is my brother.
El niño jugando fútbol es mi hermano.
Do you like the cake made by my mom?
¿Te gusta el pastel hecho por mi mamá?
The car parked outside belongs to the boss.
El coche aparcado fuera pertenece al jefe.
Anyone wanting to join the club should sign here.
Cualquiera que quiera unirse al club debe firmar aquí.
The letter sent yesterday was very important.
La carta enviada ayer era muy importante.
I saw a man running down the street.
Vi a un hombre corriendo por la calle.
The methodology used in this study is innovative.
La metodología utilizada en este estudio es innovadora.
Candidates applying for the job must speak English.
Los candidatos que soliciten el trabajo deben hablar inglés.
The issues discussed at the meeting were complex.
Los temas discutidos en la reunión eran complejos.
The bridge, damaged by the storm, is now closed.
El puente, dañado por la tormenta, está ahora cerrado.
The theory, first proposed in 1920, is still relevant.
La teoría, propuesta por primera vez en 1920, sigue siendo relevante.
The individual responsible for the breach has been identified.
El individuo responsable de la brecha ha sido identificado.
None of the participants, having been warned, chose to leave.
Ninguno de los participantes, habiendo sido advertidos, decidió irse.
The artifacts, discovered deep underground, are priceless.
Los artefactos, descubiertos a gran profundidad, no tienen precio.
The silence, broken only by the ticking clock, was eerie.
El silencio, roto solo por el tictac del reloj, era inquietante.
The legislation, as currently drafted, poses significant risks.
La legislación, tal como está redactada actualmente, plantea riesgos significativos.
The suspect, seen fleeing the scene, remains at large.
El sospechoso, visto huyendo de la escena, sigue prófugo.
The city, once thriving, is now a shadow of its former self.
La ciudad, una vez próspera, es ahora una sombra de lo que fue.
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
Both use the -ing form, but a gerund is a noun, while a reduced clause is an adjective.
In regular verbs, the -ed form looks the same for both.
Learners think dropping 'that' in 'The book (that) I read' is the same as reduction.
सामान्य गलतियाँ
The boy who in the garden.
The boy in the garden.
The car is red parked here.
The red car parked here is mine.
The man with dog.
The man with the dog.
The girl is sitting there is my sister.
The girl sitting there is my sister.
The cake making by my mom.
The cake made by my mom.
The people who waiting.
The people waiting.
I saw a movie was interesting.
I saw an interesting movie.
The man stolen the car was caught.
The man who stole the car was caught.
The book written I read it.
The book written by him was good.
The students not study failed.
The students not studying failed.
The results, having obtained, were analyzed.
The results, having been obtained, were analyzed.
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
The person ___ (verb-ing) is my ___.
I found a ___ ___ (verb-ed) in the ___.
Anyone ___ (verb-ing) to ___ must ___.
The ___, ___ (verb-ed) by ___, was ___.
Real World Usage
I am a professional dedicated to achieving results.
Thousands displaced by floods.
See the girl dancing?
The evidence presented in Chapter 2...
Pasta served with a creamy sauce.
Follow the signs pointing toward the exit.
Be Verb को पहचानो!
The man who knows you is here.
Active vs. Passive Participles
The car driving fast(तेज़ चलाती हुई गाड़ी) vs
The car driven fast(तेज़ चलाई गई गाड़ी)।
ज़ोर से पढ़ो!
The project completed on time was a success.
ज़्यादा Native लगो
The book on the table is mine.
Headlines से प्रैक्टिस करो
Man arrested for robbery.
Smart Tips
Try deleting them! 90% of the time, the sentence will sound better and more professional.
Use a prepositional phrase reduction instead of a full clause.
These are perfect for -ing reductions in technical writing.
Just keep the V3 (past participle) and lose the rest.
उच्चारण
Reduced Stress
In reduced clauses, the participle (-ing or -ed) usually receives less stress than the noun it modifies.
Linking
The final consonant of the noun often links to the vowel of the participle.
Non-restrictive pause
The car, [pause] damaged in the crash, [pause] was totaled.
The pauses (commas) indicate the information is extra, not essential for identification.
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Drop the 'Whiz' (Who/Which/That + Is/Was) to make your sentence a whiz!
दृश्य संबंध
Imagine a pair of scissors cutting out the words 'who is' from a sentence strip, making the two remaining ends snap together perfectly.
Rhyme
If the noun is doing the act, use -ing to keep it compact. If the noun is being served, the -ed form is what's deserved.
Story
A busy editor named 'Red' (for Reduction) hates long sentences. Every time he sees 'who is' or 'which was', he deletes them with his red pen to make the newspaper fit on one page.
Word Web
चैलेंज
Look at the last three emails you sent. Find one relative clause and reduce it. Does it sound better?
सांस्कृतिक नोट्स
In Western academic culture, using reduced relative clauses is seen as a sign of high-level literacy and professional 'distance'.
Newspaper headlines in English-speaking countries almost always use reduced forms to save space and create a sense of urgency.
Legal documents use reduced clauses to be extremely precise about which 'party' or 'item' is being discussed without repeating 'which is' hundreds of times.
The term 'Whiz-deletion' was coined by generative grammarians in the 1970s to describe the deletion of 'Who/Which' + 'Is'.
बातचीत की शुरुआत
Do you know the person sitting next to you?
What's the most interesting book written in your language?
Have you ever seen a movie filmed in your hometown?
In your opinion, what are the main challenges facing the world today?
डायरी विषय
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Test Yourself
परीक्षा के लिए ___ छात्र घबराया हुआ लग रहा था।
Find and fix the mistake:
दुर्घटना में क्षतिग्रस्त कार को मरम्मत की ज़रूरत थी।
सही वाक्य चुनें:
Score: /3
अभ्यास प्रश्न
8 exercisesThe man who is standing by the window is my uncle.
The car ___ (repair) yesterday is working now.
Find and fix the mistake:
The girl who singing is very talented.
Anyone ___ (want) to leave early must ask for permission.
1. The book that is on the table. 2. The man who was arrested. 3. The path that leads home.
I saw a dog. It was barking at the mailman.
The cake eaten by the boy was chocolate.
Find the odd one out.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesपहाड़ी पर ___ पुराना घर भूतिया है।
समिति द्वारा लिया गया निर्णय विवादास्पद था।
कौन सा वाक्य सही है?
Translate into English: 'El documento escrito por el profesor es muy claro.'
इन शब्दों को एक वाक्य में व्यवस्थित करें:
जोड़ों का मिलान करें:
उन्नत सुविधाओं से ____ नया फोन काफी महंगा है।
परियोजना पर चर्चा करने वाले छात्रों को अधिक समय चाहिए।
कौन सा विकल्प व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही है?
Translate into English: 'La información obtenida de la encuesta es crucial.'
एक वाक्य बनाएं:
वाक्यों का मिलान करें:
Score: /12
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)
No. You can only reduce a relative clause if the relative pronoun (who, which, that) is the **subject** of the clause. If it's the object, you can't use this method.
Generally, no. It only changes the style and tone, making it more concise. However, in some cases, it can make a sentence feel more 'permanent' or 'characteristic'.
No, clauses starting with `whose` cannot be reduced using the Whiz-deletion method. They must remain full clauses.
Both are possible but have different meanings. 'The concerned people' means they are worried. 'The people concerned' (reduced clause) means the people involved in the matter.
Yes! 'The man who was running' becomes 'The man running'. The -ing form doesn't mean 'present'; it means 'active'.
They are used in both! However, they are especially common in formal writing (academic, legal) to save space and sound objective.
You change the main verb to its -ing form. 'The path that leads home' becomes 'The path leading home'.
Yes. Place 'not' before the participle: 'Students not living on campus must pay a fee.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participio adjetival
Spanish present participles cannot modify nouns directly.
Participe présent / passé
English reduced clauses are common in speech; French ones are mostly literary.
Partizipialattribut
Word order: German puts the reduced phrase before the noun.
連体修飾 (Rentai shuushoku)
No relative pronouns exist, and the modifier always comes first.
اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول
Agreement in definiteness is required in Arabic.
的 (de) construction
Chinese modifiers always precede the noun and use 'de'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
संबंधित वीडियो
04:49 When should you break a promise? - Sarah Stroud and Michael Vazquez
10:06 The Legendary Bully Maguire | Spider-Man 3
04:01 MUFASA The Lion King "Who Are The Outsiders?" Official Clip
Reduced Relative Clauses in English Grammar | Learn English Speaking
Learn English Speaking
English Grammar: Reduced Relative Clauses
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Reduced Relative Clauses - English Grammar
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