Sätze kürzen: Reduzierte Relativsätze
active oder passive Partizipien für den perfekten Flow.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Reduced relative clauses allow you to remove the relative pronoun and 'be' verb to create concise, professional-sounding sentences.
- Active: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' and use the -ing form. Example: 'The man (who is) sitting there.'
- Passive: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' and use the past participle. Example: 'The car (which was) stolen yesterday.'
- Prepositional: Remove 'who/which/that' + 'be' before a preposition. Example: 'The book (that is) on the table.'
Overview
who, which oder that zu eröffnen.Reduced Relative Clauses (verkürzte Relativsätze) sind dein wichtigstes Werkzeug, um dieses Problem zu lösen. Sie sind das Geheimnis für einen flüssigen, eleganten Schreibstil auf B2-Niveau. Im Kern geht es um Sprachökonomie: Warum drei Wörter benutzen (who is running), wenn eines reicht (running)?who, which, that) und die Form von to be (am, is, are, was, were) gestrichen wurden. Was übrig bleibt, ist ein Partizip – entweder das Present Participle (-ing) oder das Past Participle (3. Verbform, z.-ed oder unregelmäßig).- 1Ein voller Relativsatz: „Der Kollege, der im Büro arbeitet...“
- 2Ein erweitertes Partizipialattribut: „Der im Büro arbeitende Kollege...“
The colleague working in the office.The man standing there is my boss.(Gegenwart)The man standing there was my boss.(Vergangenheit)
standing bleibt gleich, egal ob wir über gestern oder heute sprechen. Das macht die englische Grammatik an dieser Stelle tatsächlich viel einfacher als die deutsche, wo wir Endungen anpassen müssten.-ing-Form. Das gilt sowohl für Verlaufsformen (Continuous) als auch oft für einfache Zeitformen, die einen Zustand oder eine Gewohnheit beschreiben.- Formel:
Substantiv + [Relativpronomen + be] + Verb-ing→Substantiv + Verb-ing
People who are living in London... | People living in London... | Die Leute leben dort selbst (Aktiv). |The train that is arriving at platform 4... | The train arriving at platform 4... | Der Zug kommt an (Aktiv). |- Formel:
Substantiv + [Relativpronomen + be] + Past Participle→Substantiv + Past Participle
The report which was written by Max... | The report written by Max... | Der Bericht wurde geschrieben (Passiv). |Items that were bought online... | Items bought online... | Die Artikel wurden gekauft (Passiv). |be. Auch hier kannst du radikal kürzen.- Formel:
Substantiv + [Relativpronomen + be] + Adjektiv/Präposition→Substantiv + Phrase
- Beispiel Präposition:
The book that is on the table...→The book on the table... - Beispiel Adjektiv:
A person who is responsible for this...→A person responsible for this...
- Satz:
The book that I read yesterday was great. - Hier ist
Idas Subjekt undthat(das Buch) das Objekt. Du kannst nicht sagen:The book reading yesterday...(Das würde bedeuten, das Buch hätte selbst gelesen!). In diesem Fall kannst du nur dasthatweglassen (The book I read...), aber das ist eine andere Regel (Contact Clauses).
which was oder who are wirken oft umständlich.- *Statt:*
Please find the documents which are attached to this email. - *Besser:*
Please find the documents attached to this email.
- *Beispiel:*
The study conducted in 2022 suggests...klingt viel wissenschaftlicher alsThe study which was conducted in 2022....
Do you see the guy wearing the red hat?(stattwho is wearing)Is there any food left?(stattthat is left)
who oder which beginnen, ist das ein Warnsignal. Nutze Verkürzungen, um den Rhythmus deiner Sätze zu variieren. Das macht deinen Text für den Leser deutlich angenehmer.- Falsch:
The people invited the party were loud. - Warum?
Invitedist Passiv. Das hieße, die Leute wurden eingeladen. Wenn du meinst, dass die Leute die Partygäste *waren*, die andere eingeladen haben (Aktiv), müsstest duinvitingsagen. Aber meistens meinst du:The people at the party...oderThe people who invited us.... - Anderes Beispiel:
The results summarizing in the report...(Falsch, da der Bericht die Ergebnisse zusammenfasst, die Ergebnisse werden zusammengefasst). - Richtig:
The results summarized in the report....
- Deutsch-Denken:
The sent email...(Das geht zwar als Adjektiv, aber bei längeren Phrasen wird es falsch). - Falsch:
The by the manager sent email...(Direkte Übersetzung von: „Die vom Manager gesendete E-Mail“). - Richtig:
The email sent by the manager....
-ed an. Das führt bei verkürzten Relativsätzen zu Fehlern, die dein B2-Niveau sofort untergraben.- Falsch:
The car stealed yesterday... - Richtig:
The car stolen yesterday... - Tipp: Lerne die dritte Spalte der unregelmäßigen Verben (Past Participle) auswendig. Du brauchst sie hier ständig!
The student who is talking to the teacher is Max. | Formell, betont die Identität des Subjekts deutlich. |The student talking to the teacher is Max. | Elegant, flüssig, Fokus auf der laufenden Handlung. |The student (that) I saw yesterday is Max. | Nur möglich, wenn das Pronomen ein Objekt ist (kein be wird entfernt). |Walking down the street, I saw a cat.while oder because) ersetzt. Ein verkürzter Relativsatz steht immer direkt hinter dem Nomen, das er beschreibt.- Relativsatz (verkürzt):
The man walking down the street...(Beschreibt den Mann). - Partizipialkonstruktion:
Walking down the street, the man...(Beschreibt die Umstände der Handlung).
to be oder ein Verb folgt, das sich sinnvoll in ein Partizip verwandeln lässt. Wenn der Relativsatz ein anderes Subjekt hat (The cake that my mother baked), kannst du ihn nicht auf diese Weise kürzen.know, believe oder contain werden selten im Continuous (-ing) gebraucht. Dennoch kannst du sie oft kürzen:The box containing the documents...(stattwhich contains).
How to Reduce Different Verb Types
| Original Verb Type | Full Relative Clause | Reduced Relative Clause | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Present Continuous
|
The man who is working
|
The man working
|
Drop 'who is'
|
|
Past Continuous
|
The girl who was singing
|
The girl singing
|
Drop 'who was'
|
|
Simple Present
|
The path that leads home
|
The path leading home
|
Change verb to -ing
|
|
Simple Past
|
The person who saw it
|
The person seeing it
|
Change verb to -ing
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The book which was written
|
The book written
|
Drop 'which was'
|
|
Prepositional
|
The cat that is on the mat
|
The cat on the mat
|
Drop 'that is'
|
Meanings
A reduced relative clause is a relative clause that is not marked by an explicit relative pronoun (like who, which, or that) or a finite verb. It functions as an adjective to modify a noun, making the sentence more compact.
Active Voice Reduction
Used when the noun is performing the action. The relative pronoun and 'be' verb are removed, leaving the present participle (-ing).
“People living in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.”
“The woman leading the parade is my aunt.”
Passive Voice Reduction
Used when the noun is receiving the action. The relative pronoun and 'be' verb are removed, leaving the past participle (-ed/irregular).
“The house built in 1920 is being renovated.”
“Items purchased on sale cannot be returned.”
Prepositional Phrase Reduction
Used when the relative clause contains a prepositional phrase. Only the pronoun and 'be' verb are deleted.
“The keys on the counter are mine.”
“The man in the suit is the CEO.”
Adjective Phrase Reduction
Used when the relative clause consists of an adjective or adjective phrase. Usually occurs with adjectives that follow the noun.
“The person responsible for the mess should clean it.”
“We need a room large enough for fifty people.”
Reference Table
| Originaler Satztyp | Voller Relativsatz | Verkürzter Satz | Warum wird verkürzt? |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active Voice
|
The student `who is talking` is my brother.
|
The student `talking` is my brother.
|
Das Subjekt (student) führt die Action selbst aus.
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The book `which was written` by her is great.
|
The book `written` by her is great.
|
Das Subjekt (book) empfängt die Action.
|
|
Active Voice
|
The birds `that are singing` woke me up.
|
The birds `singing` woke me up.
|
Die Vögel machen die Action gerade selbst.
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The food `that was prepared` for the party was delicious.
|
The food `prepared` for the party was delicious.
|
Das Essen wurde von jemandem zubereitet.
|
|
Active Voice
|
The person `who is waiting` for the bus is late.
|
The person `waiting` for the bus is late.
|
Die Person wartet aktiv auf den Bus.
|
|
Passive Voice
|
The products `that are sold` here are local.
|
The products `sold` here are local.
|
Die Produkte werden hier zum Verkauf angeboten.
|
Formalitätsspektrum
The gentleman wearing the azure shirt is my superior. (Workplace)
The man wearing the blue shirt is my boss. (Workplace)
The guy in the blue shirt is my boss. (Workplace)
The dude in the blue is the big man. (Workplace)
Reduced Relative Clauses: Das Wichtigste
Aktive Verkürzung
- who is playing playing
- that are running running
- which was shining shining
Passive Verkürzung
- which was built built
- who were injured injured
- that is known known
Was wird entfernt?
- Relativpronomen who, which, that
- 'Be'-Verb is, are, was, were
Vorteile
- Prägnanz Shorter sentences
- Flüssigkeit More natural English
- Klarheit Easier to read
Voll vs. Verkürzt
Kann ich diesen Satz kürzen?
Beschreibt der Satz ein Nomen?
Gibt es ein Relativpronomen (who, which, that)?
Folgt auf 'be' ein V-ing oder Past Participle?
Formen in der Praxis
Aktiv (-ing)
- • The man `talking`...
- • The book `lying`...
- • The students `studying`...
Passiv (-ed)
- • The car `damaged`...
- • The food `ordered`...
- • The documents `signed`...
Häufige Kontexte
- • E-Mails
- • Schlagzeilen
- • Beschreibungen
- • Akademisches Schreiben
Beispiele nach Niveau
The girl in the park is my friend.
La niña en el parque es mi amiga.
The man with the dog is tall.
El hombre con el perro es alto.
Look at the cat on the wall.
Mira al gato en la pared.
The coffee on the table is cold.
El café en la mesa está frío.
The people waiting for the bus are cold.
La gente que espera el autobús tiene frío.
I live in a house built in 1990.
Vivo en una casa construida en 1990.
The boy playing football is my brother.
El niño jugando fútbol es mi hermano.
Do you like the cake made by my mom?
¿Te gusta el pastel hecho por mi mamá?
The car parked outside belongs to the boss.
El coche aparcado fuera pertenece al jefe.
Anyone wanting to join the club should sign here.
Cualquiera que quiera unirse al club debe firmar aquí.
The letter sent yesterday was very important.
La carta enviada ayer era muy importante.
I saw a man running down the street.
Vi a un hombre corriendo por la calle.
The methodology used in this study is innovative.
La metodología utilizada en este estudio es innovadora.
Candidates applying for the job must speak English.
Los candidatos que soliciten el trabajo deben hablar inglés.
The issues discussed at the meeting were complex.
Los temas discutidos en la reunión eran complejos.
The bridge, damaged by the storm, is now closed.
El puente, dañado por la tormenta, está ahora cerrado.
The theory, first proposed in 1920, is still relevant.
La teoría, propuesta por primera vez en 1920, sigue siendo relevante.
The individual responsible for the breach has been identified.
El individuo responsable de la brecha ha sido identificado.
None of the participants, having been warned, chose to leave.
Ninguno de los participantes, habiendo sido advertidos, decidió irse.
The artifacts, discovered deep underground, are priceless.
Los artefactos, descubiertos a gran profundidad, no tienen precio.
The silence, broken only by the ticking clock, was eerie.
El silencio, roto solo por el tictac del reloj, era inquietante.
The legislation, as currently drafted, poses significant risks.
La legislación, tal como está redactada actualmente, plantea riesgos significativos.
The suspect, seen fleeing the scene, remains at large.
El sospechoso, visto huyendo de la escena, sigue prófugo.
The city, once thriving, is now a shadow of its former self.
La ciudad, una vez próspera, es ahora una sombra de lo que fue.
Leicht verwechselbar
Both use the -ing form, but a gerund is a noun, while a reduced clause is an adjective.
In regular verbs, the -ed form looks the same for both.
Learners think dropping 'that' in 'The book (that) I read' is the same as reduction.
Häufige Fehler
The boy who in the garden.
The boy in the garden.
The car is red parked here.
The red car parked here is mine.
The man with dog.
The man with the dog.
The girl is sitting there is my sister.
The girl sitting there is my sister.
The cake making by my mom.
The cake made by my mom.
The people who waiting.
The people waiting.
I saw a movie was interesting.
I saw an interesting movie.
The man stolen the car was caught.
The man who stole the car was caught.
The book written I read it.
The book written by him was good.
The students not study failed.
The students not studying failed.
The results, having obtained, were analyzed.
The results, having been obtained, were analyzed.
Satzmuster
The person ___ (verb-ing) is my ___.
I found a ___ ___ (verb-ed) in the ___.
Anyone ___ (verb-ing) to ___ must ___.
The ___, ___ (verb-ed) by ___, was ___.
Real World Usage
I am a professional dedicated to achieving results.
Thousands displaced by floods.
See the girl dancing?
The evidence presented in Chapter 2...
Pasta served with a creamy sauce.
Follow the signs pointing toward the exit.
Check das 'Be'-Verb!
The man waiting for the bus is late.
Aktiv vs. Passiv
The girl crying needs help.
Lies es laut vor!
The cake eaten by me was good.
Kling wie ein Native
The guy sitting there is my cousin.
Schlagzeilen-Check
Man arrested for theft in London.
Smart Tips
Try deleting them! 90% of the time, the sentence will sound better and more professional.
Use a prepositional phrase reduction instead of a full clause.
These are perfect for -ing reductions in technical writing.
Just keep the V3 (past participle) and lose the rest.
Aussprache
Reduced Stress
In reduced clauses, the participle (-ing or -ed) usually receives less stress than the noun it modifies.
Linking
The final consonant of the noun often links to the vowel of the participle.
Non-restrictive pause
The car, [pause] damaged in the crash, [pause] was totaled.
The pauses (commas) indicate the information is extra, not essential for identification.
Einprägen
Eselsbrücke
Drop the 'Whiz' (Who/Which/That + Is/Was) to make your sentence a whiz!
Visuelle Assoziation
Imagine a pair of scissors cutting out the words 'who is' from a sentence strip, making the two remaining ends snap together perfectly.
Rhyme
If the noun is doing the act, use -ing to keep it compact. If the noun is being served, the -ed form is what's deserved.
Story
A busy editor named 'Red' (for Reduction) hates long sentences. Every time he sees 'who is' or 'which was', he deletes them with his red pen to make the newspaper fit on one page.
Word Web
Herausforderung
Look at the last three emails you sent. Find one relative clause and reduce it. Does it sound better?
Kulturelle Hinweise
In Western academic culture, using reduced relative clauses is seen as a sign of high-level literacy and professional 'distance'.
Newspaper headlines in English-speaking countries almost always use reduced forms to save space and create a sense of urgency.
Legal documents use reduced clauses to be extremely precise about which 'party' or 'item' is being discussed without repeating 'which is' hundreds of times.
The term 'Whiz-deletion' was coined by generative grammarians in the 1970s to describe the deletion of 'Who/Which' + 'Is'.
Gesprächseinstiege
Do you know the person sitting next to you?
What's the most interesting book written in your language?
Have you ever seen a movie filmed in your hometown?
In your opinion, what are the main challenges facing the world today?
Tagebuch-Impulse
Häufige Fehler
Test Yourself
The student ___ for the exam seemed nervous.
Find and fix the mistake:
The car damaging in the accident needed repairs.
Wähle den richtigen Satz:
Score: /3
Ubungsaufgaben
8 exercisesThe man who is standing by the window is my uncle.
The car ___ (repair) yesterday is working now.
Find and fix the mistake:
The girl who singing is very talented.
Anyone ___ (want) to leave early must ask for permission.
1. The book that is on the table. 2. The man who was arrested. 3. The path that leads home.
I saw a dog. It was barking at the mailman.
The cake eaten by the boy was chocolate.
Find the odd one out.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe old house ___ on the hill is haunted.
The decision making by the committee was controversial.
Welcher Satz ist korrekt?
Übersetze ins Englische: 'Das vom Professor geschriebene Dokument ist sehr klar.'
Bringe die Wörter in die richtige Reihenfolge:
Ordne die Paare zu:
The new phone `____` with advanced features is quite expensive.
The students discussing the project needs more time.
Welche Option ist grammatikalisch korrekt?
Übersetze: 'Die aus der Umfrage gewonnenen Informationen sind entscheidend.'
Bilde einen Satz:
Finde die passenden Sätze:
Score: /12
FAQ (8)
No. You can only reduce a relative clause if the relative pronoun (who, which, that) is the **subject** of the clause. If it's the object, you can't use this method.
Generally, no. It only changes the style and tone, making it more concise. However, in some cases, it can make a sentence feel more 'permanent' or 'characteristic'.
No, clauses starting with `whose` cannot be reduced using the Whiz-deletion method. They must remain full clauses.
Both are possible but have different meanings. 'The concerned people' means they are worried. 'The people concerned' (reduced clause) means the people involved in the matter.
Yes! 'The man who was running' becomes 'The man running'. The -ing form doesn't mean 'present'; it means 'active'.
They are used in both! However, they are especially common in formal writing (academic, legal) to save space and sound objective.
You change the main verb to its -ing form. 'The path that leads home' becomes 'The path leading home'.
Yes. Place 'not' before the participle: 'Students not living on campus must pay a fee.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participio adjetival
Spanish present participles cannot modify nouns directly.
Participe présent / passé
English reduced clauses are common in speech; French ones are mostly literary.
Partizipialattribut
Word order: German puts the reduced phrase before the noun.
連体修飾 (Rentai shuushoku)
No relative pronouns exist, and the modifier always comes first.
اسم الفاعل / اسم المفعول
Agreement in definiteness is required in Arabic.
的 (de) construction
Chinese modifiers always precede the noun and use 'de'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Verwandte Videos
Blade Runner 2049 - Official Trailer - Available Now On Digital Download
Grading Canada's Provincial Flags
Al Pacino best speech - Any Given Sunday - 1080p HD
Partizipialsätze im Englischen (Reduced Relative Clauses) einfach erklärt
Einfach Englisch
Relative Clauses kürzen – Participle Constructions
Englisch nach Maß
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