रिलेटिव क्लॉज़: Defining और Non-Defining के अर्थ में अंतर
which या who का इस्तेमाल करके bonus details देते हैं।
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Defining clauses identify exactly who/what you mean; non-defining clauses just add extra details using commas.
- Defining: No commas, 'that' is okay, essential for meaning. Example: 'The car that I bought is red.'
- Non-Defining: Use commas, 'that' is NOT okay, extra info only. Example: 'My car, which is red, is fast.'
- Omission: In defining clauses, you can drop 'who/which/that' if it's the object. Example: 'The book (that) I read.'
Overview
The cat that is white is so moody, तो वे एक defining relative clause का उपयोग कर रहे हैं। क्यों? क्योंकि that is white भाग के बिना, आपको पता नहीं चलेगा कि वे किस बिल्ली की बात कर रहे हैं! अब, कल्पना करें कि उनके पास केवल एक बिल्ली है। यदि वे कहते हैं, My cat, which is white, is so moody, तो यह एक non-defining relative clause है। बिल्ली का सफेद होना केवल एक अतिरिक्त विवरण है। आप पहले से ही जानते हैं कि वह कौन सी बिल्ली है—वह उनकी इकलौती बिल्ली है!How This Grammar Works
The movie that we watched last night was awesome, तो that we watched last night क्लॉज लेज़र पॉइंटर है। यह आपको बताता है कि मेरा मतलब बिल्कुल किस फिल्म से है। अगर मैं इसे हटा दूँ और सिर्फ कहूँ The movie was awesome, तो आप कहेंगे, «कौन सी फिल्म भाई? हम छह घंटे से नेटफ्लिक्स देख रहे हैं।»Inception, which we watched last night, was awesome, तो आप पहले से ही जानते हैं कि फिल्म *Inception* है। यह तथ्य कि हमने इसे कल रात देखा था, केवल एक छोटा बोनस तथ्य है। अगर मैं उस स्टिकी नोट को हटा दूँ, तो वाक्य Inception was awesome अभी भी पूरी तरह से समझ में आता है।My girlfriend who lives in London is coming to visit का अर्थ है कि आपकी अन्य शहरों में अन्य गर्लफ्रेंड हैं (जोखिम भरा कदम!), जबकि My girlfriend, who lives in London, is coming to visit बस हमें बताता है कि आपकी इकलौती प्रेमिका कहाँ रहती है।Formation Pattern
the laptop, my boss)।
who या that (Defining) या *सिर्फ* who (Non-Defining) का प्रयोग करें।
which या that (Defining) या *सिर्फ* which (Non-Defining) का प्रयोग करें।
that थोड़ा घरेलू किस्म का है। यह केवल Defining क्लॉज में रहता है। यह कभी भी Non-Defining क्लॉज में नहीं जाता।
I, you, we) आता है, तो आप अक्सर इसे पूरी तरह से हटा सकते हैं (The phone [that] I bought)। Non-Defining क्लॉज में, प्रोनाउन अनिवार्य है। यह वह VIP है जो पार्टी कभी नहीं छोड़ता।
When To Use It
I want the burger that has no onions, तो वह क्लॉज 100% आवश्यक है। इसके बिना, आपको बस एक रैंडम बर्गर मिल जाएगा, और आपका डिनर बर्बाद हो जाएगा। इसका उपयोग तब करें जब आप समान चीजों के समूह से एक चीज़ को अलग कर रहे हों। यह समीक्षाओं (reviews) के लिए बहुत अच्छा है: The hotel that we stayed at was trash, या तकनीक के बारे में शिकायत करने के लिए: The update that I downloaded broke my phone।Sarah, who has ten years of experience in marketing, joined our team. आप पहले से ही जानते हैं कि वह सारा है। उसका अनुभव सिर्फ एक कारण है कि वह बॉस क्यों है। इनका उपयोग तब करें जब नाउन पहले से ही अद्वितीय हो—जैसे किसी व्यक्ति का नाम, एक विशिष्ट स्थान (Paris), या एक अद्वितीय रिश्ता (my mother) । यदि आप किसी सेलिब्रिटी के बारे में गपशप कर रहे हैं, तो आप कहेंगे: Taylor Swift, who is currently on tour, just released a new album. हम जानते हैं कि टेलर कौन है; टूर की जानकारी बस एक 'वैसे' (by the way) की तरह है।Common Mistakes
- कॉमा ड्रामा: non-defining क्लॉज में कॉमा भूलना नंबर 1 गलती है।
My dad who is a doctor lives in Berlinलिखने से पता चलता है कि आपके कई डैड हैं और आप मेडिकल वाले की पहचान कर रहे हैं। जब तक आप एक बहुत ही आधुनिक पारिवारिक स्थिति में नहीं हैं, आपको संभवतः उन कॉमा की आवश्यकता है:My dad, who is a doctor, lives in Berlin. - 'That' ट्रैप: non-defining क्लॉज में
thatका उपयोग करना। आप यह नहीं कह सकते:✗ Paris, that I love, is beautiful.यह मैट्रिक्स में खराबी जैसा लगता है। इसके बजायwhichका प्रयोग करें:✓ Paris, which I love, is beautiful. - 'Who' का भ्रम: कभी-कभी लोग लोगों के लिए
whichका प्रयोग करते हैं। ऐसा मत करो!✗ The guy which lives next doorएक बड़ी गलती है। यह✓ The guy who lives next doorहै। - दोहरे सब्जेक्ट्स: क्लॉज के बाद एक अतिरिक्त प्रोनाउन जोड़ना।
✗ The car that I bought it is fast.आपकोitकी आवश्यकता नहीं है! रिलेटिव प्रोनाउनthatपहले से ही ऑब्जेक्ट का काम कर रहा है। इसे सरल रखें:✓ The car that I bought is fast. - हटाने का जुनून: non-defining क्लॉज में प्रोनाउन को हटाने की कोशिश करना।
✗ My brother, lives in Tokyo, is a chef.उस गैप को भरने के लिए आपकोwhoकी आवश्यकता है:✓ My brother, who lives in Tokyo, is a chef.
Contrast With Similar Patterns
My friend, a professional gamer, is rich । यह My friend, who is a professional gamer, is rich के बहुत समान है। अंतर यह है कि रिलेटिव क्लॉज एक क्रिया (is) का उपयोग करता है, जबकि appositive केवल एक नाउन फ्रेज़ का उपयोग करता है। दोनों का उपयोग 'अतिरिक्त जानकारी' के लिए किया जाता है और दोनों को कॉमा पसंद है।The girl who is sitting over there कहने के बजाय, आप बस The girl sitting over there कह सकते हैं। यह बोलने का एक अधिक उन्नत, 'कूल' तरीका है जो आपको बहुत देशी (native) आवाज़ देता है। यह केवल defining क्लॉज के लिए काम करता है जब रिलेटिव प्रोनाउन सब्जेक्ट होता है।I know what you did (मुझे पता है कि आपने क्या किया)। एक रिलेटिव क्लॉज एक नाउन का वर्णन करता है, जैसे I know the person who did it (मैं उस व्यक्ति को जानता हूँ जिसने यह किया)। एक 'क्या' के बारे में है, दूसरा 'कौन' के बारे में है। यह एक रहस्य जानने और उसे बताने वाले व्यक्ति को जानने के बीच के अंतर जैसा है।Quick FAQ
which का उपयोग कर सकता हूँ?The car which I bought बिल्कुल ठीक है, हालाँकि कैज़ुअल बातचीत में that अधिक सामान्य है। बस non-defining क्लॉज में कभी भी that का उपयोग न करें।who या that को छोड़ना ठीक है?The man [who] I saw ठीक है। The man who saw me नहीं है—आपको वहां who की आवश्यकता है क्योंकि वह सब्जेक्ट है।John कहते हैं, तो हम जानते हैं कि वह जॉन है। उसके बाद की कोई भी जानकारी स्वचालित रूप से 'अतिरिक्त' होती है, इसलिए उसे कॉमा की आवश्यकता होती है।My sister who lives in Spain । कोई कॉमा नहीं! यह सुनने वाले को बताता है कि आप दो में से एक बहन को चुन रहे हैं। जादू है, है ना?Relative Pronoun Selection
| Function | For People | For Things | For Places/Time |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Subject
|
who / that
|
which / that
|
N/A
|
|
Object
|
who / whom / that / (ø)
|
which / that / (ø)
|
where / when
|
|
Possessive
|
whose
|
whose / of which
|
N/A
|
Pronoun Omission (Defining Only)
| Full Form | Short Form (Omitted) | Condition |
|---|---|---|
|
The man who I met
|
The man I met
|
Pronoun is the Object
|
|
The book that you read
|
The book you read
|
Pronoun is the Object
|
|
The man who lives here
|
NOT POSSIBLE
|
Pronoun is the Subject
|
Meanings
Relative clauses provide more information about a noun. Defining clauses limit the noun to a specific one, while non-defining clauses provide supplementary details about a noun already identified.
Defining (Restrictive)
Tells us which specific person or thing we are talking about. Without it, the sentence is incomplete or unclear.
“The students who studied hard passed the exam.”
“I'm looking for the keys that I left on the table.”
Non-Defining (Non-Restrictive)
Adds extra information about a noun we already know. The sentence still makes sense if you remove this clause.
“My brother, who lives in New York, is a chef.”
“The Eiffel Tower, which was built in 1889, is in Paris.”
Object Pronoun Omission
In defining clauses, if the relative pronoun is the object of the verb, it can be deleted.
“The movie (that) we watched was boring.”
“The person (who) I called didn't answer.”
Reference Table
| ख़ूबी | Defining Clause | Non-Defining Clause |
|---|---|---|
|
मकसद
|
संज्ञा की पहचान
|
अतिरिक्त जानकारी देना
|
|
कॉमा
|
कोई कॉमा इस्तेमाल नहीं
|
हमेशा कॉमा का इस्तेमाल
|
|
क्या 'that' का इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं?
|
हाँ (बहुत आम)
|
नहीं (कभी नहीं!)
|
|
क्या सर्वनाम छोड़ा जा सकता है?
|
हाँ (अगर ऑब्जेक्ट है)
|
नहीं (कभी नहीं)
|
|
उदाहरण
|
The car that I like...
|
My car, which I like,...
|
|
हटाने पर अर्थ
|
वाक्य अस्पष्ट हो जाता है
|
वाक्य अभी भी स्पष्ट रहता है
|
औपचारिकता का स्तर
The colleague with whom I collaborated on the project is absent. (Workplace)
The colleague who I worked with on the project is away. (Workplace)
The guy I worked with is out. (Workplace)
My project partner's ghosting today. (Workplace)
रिलेटिव क्लॉज: पहचान परीक्षण
Defining (ज़रूरी)
- कोई कॉमा नहीं पहचान
- Uses 'That' कैजुअल/डेली
Non-Defining (अतिरिक्त)
- कॉमा का उपयोग करता है बोनस विवरण
- No 'That' सख्त नियम
Defining बनाम Non-Defining
कॉमा या कोई कॉमा नहीं?
क्या खंड को हटाने पर भी वाक्य का अर्थ समझ में आता है?
क्या संज्ञा एक विशिष्ट नाम या अद्वितीय चीज़ है (जैसे 'Paris')?
सर्वनाम उपयोग की सीमाएँ
दोनों के लिए सुरक्षित
- • Who (लोगों के लिए)
- • Which (चीज़ों के लिए)
- • Whose
- • Where
केवल Defining के लिए
- • That
- • Omission (शून्य सर्वनाम)
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
The boy who is happy is my brother.
The boy who is happy is my brother.
I have a dog that is big.
I have a dog that is big.
This is the book that I want.
This is the book that I want.
The girl who lives here is nice.
The girl who lives here is nice.
The car which he bought is blue.
The car which he bought is blue.
The man (who) I saw yesterday was tall.
The man (who) I saw yesterday was tall.
I like the city where I was born.
I like the city where I was born.
She is the teacher who helps me.
She is the teacher who helps me.
My sister, who lives in Rome, is a lawyer.
My sister, who lives in Rome, is a lawyer.
The laptop that I use for work is broken.
The laptop that I use for work is broken.
London, which is the capital of the UK, is huge.
London, which is the capital of the UK, is huge.
The man whose car was stolen is very angry.
The man whose car was stolen is very angry.
The company, which was founded in 1920, is closing.
The company, which was founded in 1920, is closing.
He failed his driving test, which was a surprise.
He failed his driving test, which was a surprise.
The candidate for whom I voted didn't win.
The candidate for whom I voted didn't win.
Is that the reason why you were late?
Is that the reason why you were late?
The building, the roof of which was damaged, is old.
The building, the roof of which was damaged, is old.
Anyone wishing to leave early may do so.
Anyone wishing to leave early may do so.
The method by which they achieved this is unknown.
The method by which they achieved this is unknown.
The town, where many artists live, is very vibrant.
The town, where many artists live, is very vibrant.
The project, the success of which remains to be seen, is costly.
The project, the success of which remains to be seen, is costly.
He was late, as is often the case with him.
He was late, as is often the case with him.
Whosoever finds the key shall be rewarded.
Whosoever finds the key shall be rewarded.
The situation, albeit difficult, is not hopeless.
The situation, albeit difficult, is not hopeless.
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
Learners often use them interchangeably in all contexts.
Learners aren't sure when to use the object form 'whom'.
Both describe nouns but use different structures.
सामान्य गलतियाँ
The man which lives here.
The man who lives here.
I like the book what you gave me.
I like the book that you gave me.
The girl she lives next door is nice.
The girl who lives next door is nice.
I saw the man who he is a doctor.
I saw the man who is a doctor.
The house that I live is small.
The house where I live is small.
This is the man who's car is red.
This is the man whose car is red.
The movie who I saw was good.
The movie that I saw was good.
My mother, that is 50, is a nurse.
My mother, who is 50, is a nurse.
Paris which is in France is beautiful.
Paris, which is in France, is beautiful.
The man, who I met him, was nice.
The man, who I met, was nice.
The car, that's engine is broken, is mine.
The car, whose engine is broken, is mine.
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
The ___ who ___ is ___.
___, which is ___, is ___.
The ___ (that) I ___ was ___.
The person whose ___ is ___.
Real World Usage
My bestie, who is literally the cutest, just graduated!
I am looking for a role that allows me to use my coding skills.
The suspect, who was arrested late last night, is being questioned.
Did you find the keys I lost?
The theory, which was first proposed in 1990, remains controversial.
Take the train that goes toward the city center.
उँगलियों से इशारा करने वाली ट्रिक
'That' के साथ कॉमा से बचो
औपचारिक भाषा की अहमियत
Smart Tips
Always use a non-defining clause with commas. Proper nouns are already specific, so any extra info is just 'extra'.
Use 'whom' after prepositions like 'to', 'with', or 'for'.
Check if there is another subject immediately after it. If there is, you can usually delete it.
Use ', which' at the end of the sentence.
उच्चारण
The Comma Pause
In non-defining clauses, there is a slight drop in pitch and a brief pause where the commas are.
Relative Pronoun Reduction
In fast speech, 'that' is often pronounced with a schwa /ðət/.
Non-defining Parenthetical
My car, (which is red), is fast.
The pitch goes down for the clause and back up for the main verb.
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Defining is 'Determining' (no commas needed), Non-defining is 'Needless' (needs commas).
दृश्य संबंध
Imagine a defining clause as a wedding ring—it's essential and stays on the finger. Imagine a non-defining clause as a bracelet—it's extra, and you can take it off (the commas are the clasps).
Rhyme
If it's extra, use a comma. If it's needed, save the drama.
Story
A detective is looking for 'the man who stole the diamond' (Defining). Once he catches him, he says, 'This man, who is wearing a red hat, is the thief' (Non-defining).
Word Web
चैलेंज
Look at 5 objects in your room. Write one defining and one non-defining sentence for each.
सांस्कृतिक नोट्स
British speakers are slightly more likely to use 'which' in defining clauses than American speakers, who strictly prefer 'that'.
Using 'whom' is almost exclusively reserved for formal writing or very formal speeches. Using it in casual conversation can sound pretentious.
In some dialects, 'that' is used for people more frequently than 'who' in informal speech.
Relative pronouns in English evolved from demonstrative and interrogative pronouns in Old English ('se', 'seo', 'þæt').
बातचीत की शुरुआत
Tell me about a person who has influenced your life.
Describe your hometown, which I've never visited.
What's a movie that you've seen more than three times?
Think of a famous person whom you admire.
डायरी विषय
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Test Yourself
Choose the correct sentence:
Tokyo, ___ is the capital of Japan, is a huge city.
Find and fix the mistake:
Mr. Smith that is my teacher is very kind.
Score: /3
अभ्यास प्रश्न
8 exercisesMy brother, ___ lives in Spain, is visiting next week.
The woman ___ car was stolen called the police.
Find and fix the mistake:
The laptop, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
I have a friend. He speaks five languages.
Match types
The cake that I ate was delicious.
The man who lives here is nice.
This is the park ___ we first met.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe phone ___ I bought yesterday is broken.
Which one is right?
Paris / is / which / beautiful / I / visited / , / ,
The girl which lives next door is nice.
Kucing yang sedang tidur itu milikku.
Match the items:
My mother, ___ is 60, still runs marathons.
Which sentence identifies a specific thing?
The man who is standing there is my uncle.
The company, ___ headquarters are in London, is hiring.
Score: /10
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)
Use a comma if the information is 'extra'. If the sentence still makes sense without it, add commas. If the info is needed to know which noun you mean, no commas.
In defining clauses, yes (e.g., 'The man that I saw'). In non-defining clauses, no—you must use 'who'.
'Who' is for subjects (the person doing the action). 'Whom' is for objects (the person receiving the action). 'Whom' is mostly used in formal writing.
No. You can only drop it in defining clauses when it is the object of the sentence (e.g., 'The book I read'). You cannot drop it if it is the subject (e.g., 'The book that is on the table').
In defining clauses, 'which' can sound slightly more formal than 'that', especially in British English. In non-defining clauses, 'which' is the only option for things.
Yes! It is perfectly natural to say 'The car whose engine is broken' instead of the more clunky 'The car the engine of which is broken'.
This is a standard rule of English grammar. 'That' is considered a restrictive pronoun, meaning its job is to limit or define. Non-defining clauses don't limit, so 'that' doesn't fit.
It might change the meaning! 'My brother who is a doctor' implies you have multiple brothers and you're talking about the doctor one. 'My brother, who is a doctor,' implies you have one brother and he happens to be a doctor.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
que / quien / el cual
English distinguishes between 'that' and 'which' based on commas; Spanish uses 'que' for both.
qui / que / lequel
French relative pronouns are determined by grammatical function (subject/object), not by the 'essentialness' of the info.
der / die / das
German requires commas for every relative clause, whereas English only uses them for non-defining ones.
Pre-nominal modifiers
Japanese uses word order (clause + noun) instead of pronouns (noun + who/which).
al-ladhi (الذي)
Arabic requires a pronoun like 'him' or 'it' inside the clause (e.g., 'the man who I saw him').
de (的)
Chinese places the description before the noun, while English places it after.
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Relative Clauses (Defining & Non-Defining) | EasyTeaching
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Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses - English Grammar Lesson
Oxford English Now
Reduced Relative Clauses - Defining and Non- Defining Relative Clauses - Advanced Grammar Lesson
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