جملهوارههای موصولی: تفاوت معنایی معرف و غیرمعرف
Defining مثل یه نشانگره که میگه «این یکی!»، Non-Defining هم مثل یه پچ پچه که اطلاعات اضافه «با ویرگول» میده.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Defining clauses identify exactly who/what you mean; non-defining clauses just add extra details using commas.
- Defining: No commas, 'that' is okay, essential for meaning. Example: 'The car that I bought is red.'
- Non-Defining: Use commas, 'that' is NOT okay, extra info only. Example: 'My car, which is red, is fast.'
- Omission: In defining clauses, you can drop 'who/which/that' if it's the object. Example: 'The book (that) I read.'
مرور کلی
The cat that is white is so moody (گربهای که سفید است خیلی بدقلق است)، او از یک جملهواره موصولی معرف (defining relative clause) استفاده میکند. چرا؟ چون بدون بخش that is white (که سفید است)، شما متوجه نمیشدید او درباره کدام گربه صحبت میکند!My cat, which is white, is so moody (گربهام، که سفید است، خیلی بدقلق است)، این یک جملهواره موصولی غیرمعرف (non-defining relative clause) است. این حقیقت که گربه سفید است فقط یک جزئیات اضافی است.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
The movie that we watched last night was awesome (فیلمی که دیشب دیدیم عالی بود)، جملهواره that we watched last night همان نشانگر لیزری است. دقیقاً به شما میگوید منظورم کدام فیلم است. اگر آن را بردارم و فقط بگویم The movie was awesome (فیلم عالی بود)، شما میگویید: "کدام فیلم پسر؟Inception, which we watched last night, was awesome (فیلم اینسپشن، که دیشب دیدیم، عالی بود)، شما از قبل میدانید که فیلم *Inception* است.Inception was awesome هنوز کاملاً معنا دارد.My girlfriend who lives in London is coming to visit یعنی شما دوستدخترهای دیگری در شهرهای دیگر دارید (حرکت خطرناکی است!)، در حالی که My girlfriend, who lives in London, is coming to visit فقط به ما میگوید که تنها دوستدختر شما کجا زندگی میکند.
الگوی ساخت
the laptop لپتاپ، my boss رئیسم).
who یا that (معرف) یا *فقط* who (غیرمعرف) استفاده کنید.
which یا that (معرف) یا *فقط* which (غیرمعرف) استفاده کنید.
that کمی خانه-نشین است. فقط در جملهوارههای معرف زندگی میکند. هرگز به غیرمعرفها نمیرود.
I, you, we) بیاید، اغلب میتوانید آن را کاملاً حذف کنید (The phone [that] I bought). در جملهوارههای غیرمعرف، ضمیر اجباری است. او VIP است که هرگز مهمانی را ترک نمیکند.
کی استفاده کنیم
I want the burger that has no onions (من همبرگری را میخواهم که پیاز ندارد)، آن جملهواره ۱۰۰٪ ضروری است.The hotel that we stayed at was trash (هتلی که در آن اقامت داشتیم آشغال بود)، یا برای شکایت از تکنولوژی: The update that I downloaded broke my phone (آپدیتی که دانلود کردم گوشیام را خراب کرد).Sarah, who has ten years of experience in marketing, joined our team. (سارا، که ده سال تجربه در مارکتینگ دارد، به تیم ما پیوست).Paris)، یا یک رابطه منحصر به فرد (my mother).Taylor Swift, who is currently on tour, just released a new album. ما میدانیم تیلور کیست؛ اطلاعات تور فقط یک «راستی» (by the way) است.
اشتباهات رایج
- درام ویرگول: فراموش کردن ویرگول در جملهواره غیرمعرف اشتباه شماره یک است. نوشتن
My dad who is a doctor lives in Berlinیعنی شما چندین پدر دارید و دارید پدر پزشک را شناسایی میکنید. مگر اینکه در یک خانواده خیلی مدرن باشید، احتمالاً به آن ویرگولها نیاز دارید:My dad, who is a doctor, lives in Berlin. - تله 'That': استفاده از
thatدر جملهواره غیرمعرف. نمیتوانید بگویید:✗ Paris, that I love, is beautiful.مثل یک باگ در ماتریکس به نظر میرسد. به جایش ازwhichاستفاده کنید:✓ Paris, which I love, is beautiful. - گیج شدن با 'Who': گاهی اوقات مردم برای افراد از
whichاستفاده میکنند. این کار را نکنید!✗ The guy which lives next doorیک اشتباه بزرگ است. درستش این است:✓ The guy who lives next door. - فاعل مضاعف: اضافه کردن یک ضمیر اضافی بعد از جملهواره.
✗ The car that I bought it is fast.شما بهitنیاز ندارید! ضمیر موصولیthatخودش نقش مفعول را بازی میکند. آن را سبک نگه دارید:✓ The car that I bought is fast. - وسواس حذف: تلاش برای حذف ضمیر در جملهواره غیرمعرف.
✗ My brother, lives in Tokyo, is a chef.شما به آنwhoنیاز دارید تا شکاف را پر کند:✓ My brother, who lives in Tokyo, is a chef.
مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
My friend, a professional gamer, is rich (دوستم، یک گیمر حرفهای، پولدار است). این خیلی شبیه به My friend, who is a professional gamer, is rich است.is) استفاده میکند، در حالی که بدل فقط از یک عبارت اسمی استفاده میکند. هر دو برای 'اطلاعات اضافی' استفاده میشوند و هر دو عاشق ویرگول هستند.The girl who is sitting over there (دختری که آنجا نشسته)، میتوانید فقط بگویید The girl sitting over there. این یک روش پیشرفتهتر و 'باکلاستر' برای صحبت کردن است که باعث میشود خیلی شبیه نیتیوها به نظر برسید.I know what you did (میدانم چکار کردی). یک جملهواره موصولی یک اسم را توصیف میکند، مثل I know the person who did it (کسی را که این کار را کرد میشناسم).سؤالات رایج
which در جملهواره معرف استفاده کنم؟The car which I bought کاملاً درست است، هرچند that در مکالمات روزمره رایجتر است. فقط هرگز از that در غیرمعرف استفاده نکنید.who یا that اشکالی ندارد؟The man [who] I saw درست است. The man who saw me درست نیست—شما آنجا به who نیاز دارید چون او فاعل است.John (جان)، ما میدانیم او جان است. هر اطلاعاتی بعد از آن به طور خودکار 'اضافی' است، پس به ویرگول نیاز دارد.My sister who lives in Spain. بدون ویرگول! این به شنونده میگوید که شما دارید یکی از بین دو خواهر را انتخاب میکنید. جادویی است، نه؟Relative Pronoun Selection
| Function | For People | For Things | For Places/Time |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Subject
|
who / that
|
which / that
|
N/A
|
|
Object
|
who / whom / that / (ø)
|
which / that / (ø)
|
where / when
|
|
Possessive
|
whose
|
whose / of which
|
N/A
|
Pronoun Omission (Defining Only)
| Full Form | Short Form (Omitted) | Condition |
|---|---|---|
|
The man who I met
|
The man I met
|
Pronoun is the Object
|
|
The book that you read
|
The book you read
|
Pronoun is the Object
|
|
The man who lives here
|
NOT POSSIBLE
|
Pronoun is the Subject
|
Meanings
Relative clauses provide more information about a noun. Defining clauses limit the noun to a specific one, while non-defining clauses provide supplementary details about a noun already identified.
Defining (Restrictive)
Tells us which specific person or thing we are talking about. Without it, the sentence is incomplete or unclear.
“The students who studied hard passed the exam.”
“I'm looking for the keys that I left on the table.”
Non-Defining (Non-Restrictive)
Adds extra information about a noun we already know. The sentence still makes sense if you remove this clause.
“My brother, who lives in New York, is a chef.”
“The Eiffel Tower, which was built in 1889, is in Paris.”
Object Pronoun Omission
In defining clauses, if the relative pronoun is the object of the verb, it can be deleted.
“The movie (that) we watched was boring.”
“The person (who) I called didn't answer.”
Reference Table
| ویژگی | بند تعریفکننده (Defining Clause) | بند غیرتعریفکننده (Non-Defining Clause) |
|---|---|---|
|
هدف
|
مشخص کردن اسم
|
ارائه اطلاعات اضافی
|
|
ویرگول
|
ویرگول ندارد
|
همیشه ویرگول دارد
|
|
میتوان 'that' استفاده کرد؟
|
بله (خیلی رایج)
|
خیر (هرگز!)
|
|
آیا ضمیر قابل حذف است؟
|
بله (اگه مفعول باشه)
|
خیر (هرگز)
|
|
مثال
|
The car that I like...
|
My car, which I like,...
|
|
معنی اگه حذف شود
|
جمله نامفهوم میشود
|
جمله هنوز واضح است
|
طیف رسمیت
The colleague with whom I collaborated on the project is absent. (Workplace)
The colleague who I worked with on the project is away. (Workplace)
The guy I worked with is out. (Workplace)
My project partner's ghosting today. (Workplace)
بندهای موصولی: تست هویتسنجی
تعریفکننده (ضروری)
- بدون ویرگول Identification
- از 'That' استفاده میکند Casual/Daily
غیرتعریفکننده (اضافی)
- ویرگول دارد Bonus Detail
- 'That' ندارد Strict Rule
تعریفکننده در مقابل غیرتعریفکننده
ویرگول بگذاریم یا نه؟
آیا جمله بدون حذف بند هنوز معنی میدهد؟
آیا اسم، یک نام خاص یا چیز منحصر به فرد است (مثل 'Paris')؟
محدودیتهای استفاده از ضمایر
برای هر دو نوع امن
- • Who (برای افراد)
- • Which (برای اشیا)
- • Whose
- • Where
فقط تعریفکننده
- • That
- • Omission (حذف ضمیر)
مثالها بر اساس سطح
The boy who is happy is my brother.
The boy who is happy is my brother.
I have a dog that is big.
I have a dog that is big.
This is the book that I want.
This is the book that I want.
The girl who lives here is nice.
The girl who lives here is nice.
The car which he bought is blue.
The car which he bought is blue.
The man (who) I saw yesterday was tall.
The man (who) I saw yesterday was tall.
I like the city where I was born.
I like the city where I was born.
She is the teacher who helps me.
She is the teacher who helps me.
My sister, who lives in Rome, is a lawyer.
My sister, who lives in Rome, is a lawyer.
The laptop that I use for work is broken.
The laptop that I use for work is broken.
London, which is the capital of the UK, is huge.
London, which is the capital of the UK, is huge.
The man whose car was stolen is very angry.
The man whose car was stolen is very angry.
The company, which was founded in 1920, is closing.
The company, which was founded in 1920, is closing.
He failed his driving test, which was a surprise.
He failed his driving test, which was a surprise.
The candidate for whom I voted didn't win.
The candidate for whom I voted didn't win.
Is that the reason why you were late?
Is that the reason why you were late?
The building, the roof of which was damaged, is old.
The building, the roof of which was damaged, is old.
Anyone wishing to leave early may do so.
Anyone wishing to leave early may do so.
The method by which they achieved this is unknown.
The method by which they achieved this is unknown.
The town, where many artists live, is very vibrant.
The town, where many artists live, is very vibrant.
The project, the success of which remains to be seen, is costly.
The project, the success of which remains to be seen, is costly.
He was late, as is often the case with him.
He was late, as is often the case with him.
Whosoever finds the key shall be rewarded.
Whosoever finds the key shall be rewarded.
The situation, albeit difficult, is not hopeless.
The situation, albeit difficult, is not hopeless.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often use them interchangeably in all contexts.
Learners aren't sure when to use the object form 'whom'.
Both describe nouns but use different structures.
اشتباهات رایج
The man which lives here.
The man who lives here.
I like the book what you gave me.
I like the book that you gave me.
The girl she lives next door is nice.
The girl who lives next door is nice.
I saw the man who he is a doctor.
I saw the man who is a doctor.
The house that I live is small.
The house where I live is small.
This is the man who's car is red.
This is the man whose car is red.
The movie who I saw was good.
The movie that I saw was good.
My mother, that is 50, is a nurse.
My mother, who is 50, is a nurse.
Paris which is in France is beautiful.
Paris, which is in France, is beautiful.
The man, who I met him, was nice.
The man, who I met, was nice.
The car, that's engine is broken, is mine.
The car, whose engine is broken, is mine.
الگوهای جملهسازی
The ___ who ___ is ___.
___, which is ___, is ___.
The ___ (that) I ___ was ___.
The person whose ___ is ___.
Real World Usage
My bestie, who is literally the cutest, just graduated!
I am looking for a role that allows me to use my coding skills.
The suspect, who was arrested late last night, is being questioned.
Did you find the keys I lost?
The theory, which was first proposed in 1990, remains controversial.
Take the train that goes toward the city center.
ترفند اشاره با انگشت
The phone that is ringing is mine.
با ویرگول 'that' ممنوع!
My friend, who is tall, plays basketball.(نه 'that')
حالت رسمی و غیررسمی
This is the movie that I told you about.
Smart Tips
Always use a non-defining clause with commas. Proper nouns are already specific, so any extra info is just 'extra'.
Use 'whom' after prepositions like 'to', 'with', or 'for'.
Check if there is another subject immediately after it. If there is, you can usually delete it.
Use ', which' at the end of the sentence.
تلفظ
The Comma Pause
In non-defining clauses, there is a slight drop in pitch and a brief pause where the commas are.
Relative Pronoun Reduction
In fast speech, 'that' is often pronounced with a schwa /ðət/.
Non-defining Parenthetical
My car, (which is red), is fast.
The pitch goes down for the clause and back up for the main verb.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Defining is 'Determining' (no commas needed), Non-defining is 'Needless' (needs commas).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a defining clause as a wedding ring—it's essential and stays on the finger. Imagine a non-defining clause as a bracelet—it's extra, and you can take it off (the commas are the clasps).
Rhyme
If it's extra, use a comma. If it's needed, save the drama.
Story
A detective is looking for 'the man who stole the diamond' (Defining). Once he catches him, he says, 'This man, who is wearing a red hat, is the thief' (Non-defining).
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at 5 objects in your room. Write one defining and one non-defining sentence for each.
نکات فرهنگی
British speakers are slightly more likely to use 'which' in defining clauses than American speakers, who strictly prefer 'that'.
Using 'whom' is almost exclusively reserved for formal writing or very formal speeches. Using it in casual conversation can sound pretentious.
In some dialects, 'that' is used for people more frequently than 'who' in informal speech.
Relative pronouns in English evolved from demonstrative and interrogative pronouns in Old English ('se', 'seo', 'þæt').
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Tell me about a person who has influenced your life.
Describe your hometown, which I've never visited.
What's a movie that you've seen more than three times?
Think of a famous person whom you admire.
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
جمله درست را انتخاب کنید:
Tokyo, ___ is the capital of Japan, is a huge city.
Find and fix the mistake:
Mr. Smith that is my teacher is very kind.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesMy brother, ___ lives in Spain, is visiting next week.
The woman ___ car was stolen called the police.
Find and fix the mistake:
The laptop, that I bought yesterday, is very fast.
I have a friend. He speaks five languages.
Match types
The cake that I ate was delicious.
The man who lives here is nice.
This is the park ___ we first met.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe phone ___ I bought yesterday is broken.
کدام یک درست است؟
کلمات را مرتب کنید: Paris / is / which / beautiful / I / visited / , / ,
جمله: The girl which lives next door is nice. را اصلاح کنید.
به انگلیسی ترجمه کنید: 'Kucing yang sedang tidur itu milikku.'
موارد را مطابقت دهید:
My mother, ___ is 60, still runs marathons.
کدام جمله یک چیز خاص را مشخص میکند؟
جمله: The man who is standing there is my uncle. را اصلاح کنید.
The company, ___ headquarters are in London, is hiring.
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
Use a comma if the information is 'extra'. If the sentence still makes sense without it, add commas. If the info is needed to know which noun you mean, no commas.
In defining clauses, yes (e.g., 'The man that I saw'). In non-defining clauses, no—you must use 'who'.
'Who' is for subjects (the person doing the action). 'Whom' is for objects (the person receiving the action). 'Whom' is mostly used in formal writing.
No. You can only drop it in defining clauses when it is the object of the sentence (e.g., 'The book I read'). You cannot drop it if it is the subject (e.g., 'The book that is on the table').
In defining clauses, 'which' can sound slightly more formal than 'that', especially in British English. In non-defining clauses, 'which' is the only option for things.
Yes! It is perfectly natural to say 'The car whose engine is broken' instead of the more clunky 'The car the engine of which is broken'.
This is a standard rule of English grammar. 'That' is considered a restrictive pronoun, meaning its job is to limit or define. Non-defining clauses don't limit, so 'that' doesn't fit.
It might change the meaning! 'My brother who is a doctor' implies you have multiple brothers and you're talking about the doctor one. 'My brother, who is a doctor,' implies you have one brother and he happens to be a doctor.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
que / quien / el cual
English distinguishes between 'that' and 'which' based on commas; Spanish uses 'que' for both.
qui / que / lequel
French relative pronouns are determined by grammatical function (subject/object), not by the 'essentialness' of the info.
der / die / das
German requires commas for every relative clause, whereas English only uses them for non-defining ones.
Pre-nominal modifiers
Japanese uses word order (clause + noun) instead of pronouns (noun + who/which).
al-ladhi (الذي)
Arabic requires a pronoun like 'him' or 'it' inside the clause (e.g., 'the man who I saw him').
de (的)
Chinese places the description before the noun, while English places it after.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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