عبارات غیر تعریفی: اضافه کردن اطلاعات اضافی (با کاما)
that تو این جملهها «ممنوعه»!
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Non-defining clauses add extra, non-essential information about a noun using commas and relative pronouns like 'who' or 'which'.
- Always use commas to separate the extra info from the main sentence: 'My brother, who lives in Paris, is a chef.'
- Never use the word 'that' in these clauses; stick to 'who', 'which', 'whose', or 'where'.
- The sentence must still make perfect sense if you remove the entire clause between the commas.
مرور کلی
Non-Defining Relative Clauses و اونا یه ویژگی شخصیتی خیلی سختگیرانه و مهم دارن: اونا تشنهی کاما هستن. اگه کاماها رو فراموش کنی، جمله رسماً از هم میپاشه.Non-defining relative clauses) در واقع همون اطلاعات «بونوس» یا اضافی هستن. اونا درباره یه آدم، چیز یا مکان اطلاعات بیشتری بهت میدن، اما برای اینکه بفهمیم داری درباره کی یا چی حرف میزنی، حیاتی نیستن. فرض کن داری درباره خواهرت به دوستت میگی.My sister, who lives in Tokyo, is coming to visit یه عبارت غیرتوصیفیه. دوستت از قبل میدونه منظورت کدوم خواهره، چون کلاً یه دونه داری! این حقیقت که اون توی توکیو زندگی میکنه، فقط یه جزییات اضافهی باحاله برای چت کردن.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
non-defining) باشه. چرا؟Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful. همهمون میدونیم پاریس چیه.who، which، where و whose استفاده میکنیم. اما قانون طلایی اینجاست: هیچوقت نمیتونی از that توی یه عبارت غیرتوصیفی استفاده کنی.The book I read، اما اینجا حتماً باید بگی:
The book, which I finished last night, was boring. تو به اون ضمیر نیاز داری تا مثل یه پل برای اطلاعات اضافهت عمل کنه.that نمیشه.
الگوی ساخت
Main Subject) شروع کن. این باید یه اسم مشخص باشه (مثلاً My mom ،Netflix ،London).
Relative Pronoun) رو انتخاب کن. از who برای آدما، which برای اشیا، where برای مکانها و whose برای مالکیت استفاده کن.
Extra Information) رو اضافه کن. سعی کن مرتبط باشه ولی یادت نره که جمله باید بدون اون هم زنده بمونه.
My laptop (1), (2) which (3) I bought only last month (4), (5) is already acting like it's 100 years old (6). وقتی قلق تکنیک «ساندویچ کاما» دستت بیاد، دیگه مثل آب خوردنه!
کی استفاده کنیم
My former boss, who recently started her own company, is hiring. یا یه کپشن اینستاگرام: This sunset, which I caught just before the rain started, was magical. وقتی داری ولاگ سفر میسازی و میخوای یه بنای تاریخی رو توصیف کنی، عالیه: The Colosseum, where gladiators used to fight, is even bigger in person. همچنین توی زیرنویسهای نتفلیکس یا گزارشهای خبری برای دادنِ پیشزمینه درباره شخصیتها یا اتفاقات، مدام دیده میشه. کلاً هر وقت دیدی میخوای بگی «راستی» یا «همونطور که شاید بدونی»، یه عبارت موصولی غیرتوصیفی بهترین دوستته.
اشتباهات رایج
that هست. یادت باشه: that فقط برای اطلاعات ضروریه. نمیتونی بگی My dog, that is a pug, is sleeping. حتماً باید بگی My dog, which is a pug, is sleeping. (البته واسه حیوونای خونگی که اسم دارن، چون دوسشون داریم معمولاً از who استفاده میکنیم!). یه تله دیگه حذف کردنِ ضمیره. با اینکه توی مدلهای دیگه عبارتهای موصولی میشه who یا which رو حذف کرد، اینجا حتماً باید نگهشون داری. جمله My car, I bought last year, is fast یه شکست کامله. تو به اون which نیاز داری. در آخر، کامای دوم رو فراموش نکن! خیلیا عبارت رو با کاما شروع میکنن ولی یادشون میره ببندنش و اطلاعات اضافی رو توی فضا رها میکنن. مثل این میمونه که فقط یه طرف پرانتز رو ببندی؛ کلاً حس بدی میده. انگار با یه لنگه کفش از خونه زدی بیرون؛ بقیه متوجه میشن و خیلی ضایعست.مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
Defining Relative Clause) داره. توی یه عبارت توصیفی، اطلاعات ۱۰۰٪ ضروریه. اگه حذفش کنی، ما نمیفهمیم داری درباره کی یا چی حرف میزنی.The man who lives next door is a spy. اگه who lives next door رو حذف کنی، فقط داری میگی «اون مرده جاسوسه.» کدوم مرده؟ هیچکس نمیدونه! اینجا از کاما استفاده نمیشه.Mr. Smith, who lives next door, is a spy. ما همین الانشم میدونیم اون آقای اسمیته. بخش «همسایه بغلی بودن» فقط یه حقیقت باحاله.that رو یادت نره: عبارتهای توصیفی عاشقِ that هستن (The phone that I want is expensive)، اما عبارتهای غیرتوصیفی ازش متنفرن. این یه رقابت عمیقتر از دعوای مک در مقابل پیسی (Mac vs.سؤالات رایج
میتونم از whoever یا whichever استفاده کنم؟
نه واقعاً. اونا برای ساختارهای دیگهای هستن. به همون اصول اولیه بچسب: who، which، where و whose برای این عبارتهای خاص «اطلاعات اضافی».
اگه اطلاعات اضافی آخر جمله باشه چی؟
خیلی راحته! فقط کافیه یه کاما قبل از ضمیر بذاری و یه نقطه آخرش. مثل این: I'm going to visit London, which is my favorite city.
استفاده از who برای حیوونا اوکیه؟
اگه اون حیوون اسم داره یا باهاش حس نزدیکی داری، حتماً! اگه فقط «یه عنکبوت» یا «اون پرنده» است، which مطمئنتره.
این کار باعث نمیشه خیلی رسمی به نظر بیام؟
اصلاً! فقط باعث میشه بافصاحت و شمرده به نظر بیای. حتی توی پیامهای معمولی هم استفاده از یه عبارت کوتاه با which میتونه منظورت رو واضحتر کنه.
چرا نمیتونم از that استفاده کنم؟
راستش رو بخوای؟ این فقط یکی از اون قانونهای «چون من اینطوری میگمِ» انگلیسیه. گرامرنویسها خیلی وقت پیش تصمیم گرفتن که that فقط برای اطلاعات ضروری باشه و ما هم از اون موقع گیر افتادیم. فقط با which کنار بیا!
ترفند حافظه
به کاماها به چشم «دستهها» نگاه کن. درست مثل یه سبد که دو تا دسته داره و بهت اجازه میده بلندش کنی و جابهجاش کنی، یه عبارت غیرتوصیفی هم دو تا کاما داره که بهت اجازه میده اطلاعات اضافی رو بگیری و از جمله «بلندش کنی». اگه بعد از اینکه سبد رو «بلند کردی»، جمله هنوز به تنهایی و بدون مشکل سر جاش ایستاده بود، پس اون کاماها جاشون همونجا بوده!
Relative Pronoun Selection
| Target | Pronoun | Example Clause |
|---|---|---|
|
People
|
who
|
, who lives next door,
|
|
Things/Animals
|
which
|
, which cost $50,
|
|
Possession
|
whose
|
, whose car was stolen,
|
|
Places
|
where
|
, where we met,
|
|
Time
|
when
|
, when the sun sets,
|
|
Whole Sentences
|
which
|
, which is why I'm late.
|
Meanings
A non-defining relative clause provides additional information about a person, thing, or place that is already clearly identified. It is not essential for the sentence to be understood.
Adding info about people
Using 'who' to provide biographical or situational details about a specific person.
“Mr. Smith, who is 70 years old, still goes jogging every morning.”
“My sister, who you met yesterday, is moving to Canada.”
Adding info about things
Using 'which' to describe an object or concept that has already been named.
“The Taj Mahal, which was built in the 17th century, is a UNESCO World Heritage site.”
“My new phone, which cost a fortune, is already broken.”
Possession with 'whose'
Adding extra info about who something belongs to.
“The neighbor, whose dog barks all night, is actually very nice.”
“The company, whose profits have doubled, is hiring new staff.”
Adding info about places
Using 'where' to give extra context about a location.
“Paris, where I spent my honeymoon, is beautiful in the spring.”
“The local park, where we used to play football, has been closed.”
Commenting on a whole sentence
Using 'which' after a comma to comment on the entire preceding clause.
“He arrived late, which was very rude.”
“She passed the exam, which surprised everyone.”
Reference Table
| ضمیر موصولی | اشاره به | مثال (غیرتوصیفی) | مثال (توصیفی) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
who
|
People
|
My sister, who lives in Canada, is visiting soon.
|
The student who aced the exam got a scholarship.
|
|
whom
|
People (object, formal)
|
The CEO, whom I met yesterday, was very approachable.
|
The person whom you spoke to earlier has left.
|
|
whose
|
Possession (people/things)
|
My dog, whose name is Loki, loves chasing squirrels.
|
I know a guy whose car is electric.
|
|
which
|
Things/Ideas
|
The new café, which has amazing pastries, is always busy.
|
The book which I borrowed from you is fantastic.
|
|
where
|
Places
|
London, where I grew up, is a vibrant city.
|
The park where we first met is beautiful.
|
|
when
|
Times
|
Next Tuesday, when the new movie comes out, I'm going.
|
I remember the day when we graduated.
|
طیف رسمیت
My brother, who resides in London, is a medical practitioner. (Family description)
My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. (Family description)
My brother, who's living in London now, is a doctor. (Family description)
My bro, who's up in London, is a doc. (Family description)
جملهوارههای غیرتوصیفی: نقشه 'اطلاعات اضافی'
ویژگیهای کلیدی
- Commas همیشه ویرگول داره!
- Removable جمله بدون اون هم معنی میده
- No 'That' هیچ وقت 'that' اینجا استفاده نمیشه
ضمایر موصولی
- Who برای افراد
- Which برای اشیا/ایدهها
- Whose برای مالکیت
- Where برای مکانها
- When برای زمانها
هدف
- Add Detail جزئیات بیشتری میده
- Side Notes نظرات/توضیحات جانبی ارائه میده
- Enrich Speech صحبت رو طبیعیتر میکنه
توصیفی در مقابل غیرتوصیفی: تفاوت رو پیدا کن!
انتخاب جملهواره موصولی: یه راهنمای سریع
آیا اطلاعات برای شناسایی اسم ضروریه؟
آیا بند به یک شخص اشاره داره؟
آیا بند به یک شی یا ایده اشاره داره؟
آیا بند مالکیت رو نشون میده؟
آیا بند به یک مکان اشاره داره؟
آیا بند به یک زمان اشاره داره؟
ضمایر برای جملهوارههای غیرتوصیفی
برای افراد
- • who
- • whom (formal)
- • whose
برای اشیا/ایدهها
- • which
- • whose
برای مکانها
- • where
برای زمانها
- • when
مثالها بر اساس سطح
My dad, who is a teacher, is nice.
London, which is big, is in England.
My car, which is red, is fast.
Sarah, who is my friend, is here.
My house, which has three bedrooms, is old.
The teacher, who is very kind, helped me.
Paris, where the Eiffel Tower is, is beautiful.
My brother, whose name is Tom, is a doctor.
The new shopping mall, which opened last week, is huge.
My boss, who travels a lot, is in New York now.
The movie, which we saw yesterday, was quite boring.
Italy, where my parents were born, is a sunny country.
The company, which was founded in 1920, is going bankrupt.
He forgot my birthday, which made me very angry.
The scientist, whose research is famous, won a prize.
The hotel, where we stayed for two weeks, was excellent.
The proposal, which the board rejected yesterday, was very detailed.
The city, the history of which is fascinating, attracts many tourists.
The witness, who had been silent until then, finally spoke.
The project, which I have been working on for months, is finally finished.
The Prime Minister, whose popularity has waned recently, faces a challenge.
The cathedral, the construction of which took 200 years, is a masterpiece.
He was unable to attend, which, given the circumstances, was understandable.
The theory, which has been widely criticized, remains influential.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners don't know when to use commas and when not to.
Learners want to use 'that' in all relative clauses.
اشتباهات رایج
My brother that is tall is here.
My brother, who is tall, is here.
London which is big is in England.
London, which is big, is in England.
My car, that I bought last year, is broken.
My car, which I bought last year, is broken.
The city where I was born in is beautiful.
The city, where I was born, is beautiful.
الگوهای جملهسازی
[Proper Name], who ___, is ___.
[Specific Object], which ___, was ___.
[Clause], which ___.
Real World Usage
The President, who is 78, arrived today.
My cat, which is literally a demon, just broke my vase.
My last project, which I led for six months, was a success.
The hotel, where we stayed last summer, has closed down.
I saw Sarah, who says hi btw.
This theory, which was developed in 1920, is still used.
ویرگولها راهنمای تو هستن
If you can remove the clause, you need commas.
از 'That' اینجا استفاده نکن!
Never use that in a non-defining relative clause.
بلند بخون تا روان بشه
Read your sentence aloud for natural pauses.
داستانگوییت رو بهتر کن
Mastering them makes your English sound natural.
Smart Tips
Always use commas. Since the name already identifies them, any extra info is by definition 'non-defining'.
Use ', which' at the end of your sentence to add a comment.
Make sure the place is a setting. If you are describing the place as an object, use 'which'.
Combine them! Use a non-defining clause to turn two boring sentences into one interesting one.
تلفظ
The Comma Pause
In speech, there is a slight pause and a drop in pitch at each comma.
Parenthetical Dip
The car, ↘ which was red, ↗ is mine.
The lower pitch indicates the information is secondary.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Commas are like handles on a suitcase: they hold the extra stuff you're carrying.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a 'comma sandwich'. The two commas are the bread, and the extra information is the delicious filling. Without the bread, the filling falls out and makes a mess!
Rhyme
If the info is just a plus, use a comma and don't make a fuss.
Story
A detective is describing a suspect. 'The man is tall.' (Boring). 'The man, who was wearing a red hat, is tall.' The red hat is the extra clue that helps the story but isn't the main point.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at three objects in your room. Write one sentence for each using a non-defining clause (e.g., 'My laptop, which I bought last year, is on the desk.').
نکات فرهنگی
British speakers are often very strict about using 'which' for non-defining clauses and 'that' for defining ones.
News outlets like the BBC or NYT use these clauses to provide titles and ages efficiently.
Non-defining clauses are used to cite sources or provide definitions without stopping the flow.
Relative clauses in English evolved from demonstrative pronouns in Old English.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Tell me about your best friend, who I haven't met yet.
What is your favorite city, which you've visited recently?
Tell me about your first car, which you probably don't have anymore.
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
My best friend ___ is a brilliant artist, just had her first exhibition.
Find and fix the mistake:
The new cafe that has a rooftop terrace is very popular.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesWhich sentence is punctuated correctly?
Paris, ___ is the capital of France, is beautiful.
Find and fix the mistake:
My car, that I bought last week, is already broken.
Mr. Jones is our neighbor. He is 80 years old.
You can use 'that' in a non-defining relative clause.
The book, which I finished yesterday, was great.
Match the following:
my / which / is / old / car / , / red / , / is
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesMy phone ___ I bought last year, is already acting up.
My boss, that is usually very strict, was surprisingly lenient today.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Mi hermana, que vive en Madrid, viene a visitarme.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the subjects with the correct non-defining clause:
The concert, ___ tickets sold out in minutes, was spectacular.
The movie, I watched last night, was incredibly boring.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El lunes, cuando tengo mi examen final, estaré muy estresado.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the main clause beginnings with appropriate non-defining clause endings:
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
No, never. In English, 'that' is strictly for defining clauses. If you have commas, you must use 'who' or 'which'.
It creates a 'run-on' feeling and can confuse the reader about where the main verb of the sentence is.
Yes, in very formal writing, 'whom' is used if the person is the object of the clause: 'My boss, whom I respect, is leaving.'
Yes! This is called a sentential relative clause. Example: 'He was late, which was annoying.'
You only need the first comma. Example: 'I live in London, which is a big city.'
Try the 'Deletion Test'. If you remove it and the sentence still identifies the noun clearly, it's extra (non-defining).
Yes, for places. 'My school, where I studied for 5 years, is closing.'
It is very common in both, but you will see much longer and more complex ones in formal writing.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Oraciones de relativo explicativas
Spanish uses 'que' for both; English requires 'which/who' and forbids 'that'.
Relativsätze
German always uses commas; English only uses them for non-defining clauses.
Propositions subordonnées relatives
French 'que' is used for objects, while English uses 'which' or 'who(m)'.
連体修飾節 (Rentai shuushikusetsu)
Japanese has no relative pronouns and the clause precedes the noun.
الصلة (Al-Sila)
Arabic relative pronouns change based on gender and number, and the definite/indefinite distinction is crucial.
的 (de) structure
Chinese puts all descriptions before the noun using 'de'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
06:36 Why fire "season" doesn't end
07:59 This Is Where We’re Gonna Bury The ISS
05:21 Why are there two tides a day? - Elise Cutts
Relative Clauses (Defining & Non-Defining) | EasyTeaching
EasyTeaching
Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses - English Grammar Lesson
Oxford English Now
Reduced Relative Clauses - Defining and Non- Defining Relative Clauses - Advanced Grammar Lesson
Oxford English Now
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