العبارات غير المحددة: إضافة معلومات إضافية (مع الفواصل)
that ممنوعة تماماً في النوع ده من الجمل.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Non-defining clauses add extra, non-essential information about a noun using commas and relative pronouns like 'who' or 'which'.
- Always use commas to separate the extra info from the main sentence: 'My brother, who lives in Paris, is a chef.'
- Never use the word 'that' in these clauses; stick to 'who', 'which', 'whose', or 'where'.
- The sentence must still make perfect sense if you remove the entire clause between the commas.
نظرة عامة
My sister, who lives in Tokyo, is coming to visit، كده أنت استخدمت non-defining clause. صاحبك أصلاً عارف أي أخت تقصد لأن ماعندكش غير واحدة! حقيقة إنها عايشة في طوكيو دي مجرد تفصيلة زيادة لطيفة للجروب شات.by the way. بيسمحوا لك تنسج تفاصيل معقدة جوه قصصك، أو الـ captions على إنستجرام، أو إيميلات الشغل من غير ما تبدأ جملة جديدة تماماً.كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة
Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful. كلنا عارفين إيه هي باريس.who، which، where، و whose. بس هنا القاعدة الذهبية: مستحيل تستخدم that في الـ non-defining clause.The book, which I finished last night, was boring. محتاج الضمير ده عشان يشتغل كوبري للمعلومة الزيادة بتاعتك.that.
نمط التكوين
My mom، Netflix، London).
who للأشخاص، which للأشياء، where للأماكن، و whose للملكية.
My laptop (1), (2) which (3) I bought only last month (4), (5) is already acting like it's 100 years old (6). التدفق بسيط بمجرد ما تتعود على تكنيك «ساندوتش الفواصل»!
متى نستخدمها
My former boss, who recently started her own company, is hiring. أو caption على إنستجرام: This sunset, which I caught just before the rain started, was magical. دي طريقة مثالية لـ travel vlogging لما تكون عايز توصف معلم سياحي: The Colosseum, where gladiators used to fight, is even bigger in person. وكمان بتظهر كتير جداً في ترجمة Netflix أو تقارير الأخبار عشان تدي خلفية عن الشخصيات أو الأحداث. باختصار، أي وقت تلاقي نفسك عايز تقول «بالمناسبة» أو «زي ما يمكن تكونوا عارفين»، الـ non-defining relative clause هو صديقك الصدوق.
الأخطاء الشائعة
that. افتكر: that للمعلومات الأساسية بس. ماينفعش تقول My dog, that is a pug, is sleeping. لازم تكون My dog, which is a pug, is sleeping. (بالمناسبة، للحيوانات الأليفة اللي ليها أسامي، غالباً بنستخدم who عشان بنحبهم!). فخ تاني هو محاولة حذف الضمير. في حين إنك غالباً ممكن تشيل who أو which في أنواع تانية من الجمل، هنا لازم تخليهم. My car, I bought last year, is fast دي جملة فاشلة تماماً. أنت محتاج الـ which دي. أخيراً، ماتنساش الفاصلة التانية! ناس كتير بتبدأ الجملة بفاصلة بس بتنسى تقفلها، وبتسيب المعلومة الزيادة متعلقة في الفراغ. الموضوع زي ما تكون قفلت جانب واحد بس من الأقواس—بتحس إن في حاجة غلط. عامل زي إنك تخرج من البيت لابس فردة جزمة واحدة؛ الناس هياخدوا بالهم، والموضوع هيكون محرج.مقارنة مع أنماط مشابهة
The man who lives next door is a spy. لو شلت who lives next door، أنت بس بتقول The man is a spy. أي راجل؟ محدش عارف! هنا مش بنستخدم فواصل.Mr. Smith, who lives next door, is a spy. إحنا عارفين بالفعل إنه مستر سميث. حتة 'lives next door' دي مجرد حقيقة ممتعة.that: الـ Defining clauses بيحبوا that (زي The phone that I want is expensive)، بس الـ non-defining clauses بيكرهوها. دي منافسة أعمق من Mac ضد PC.أسئلة شائعة
هل ممكن أستخدم whoever أو whichever؟
مش بالظبط. دول لتراكيب مختلفة. خليك في الأساسيات: who، which، where، و whose لجمل «المعلومات الزيادة» دي بالذات.
طب لو المعلومة الزيادة جت في آخر الجملة؟
سهلة! محتاج بس فاصلة واحدة قبل الضمير ونقطة في الآخر. زي كده: I'm going to visit London, which is my favorite city.
هل عادي أستخدم who للحيوانات؟
لو الحيوان ليه اسم أو أنت حاسس برابط شخصي معاه، دوس! لو هو مجرد 'عنكبوت' أو 'الطائر'، which أأمن.
هل ده بيخلي أسلوبي يبان رسمي زيادة؟
إطلاقاً! ده بس بيخليك تبان متحدث لبق. حتى في الرسايل الكاجوال، استخدام جملة which سريعة ممكن يوضح وجهة نظرك أكتر.
ليه مقدرش أستخدم that؟
بصراحة؟ دي واحدة من قواعد الإنجليزي اللي هي «عشان أنا قولت كده». علماء القواعد قرروا من زمان إن that للمعلومات الأساسية بس، وإحنا اتدبسنا في الموضوع ده من ساعتها. بس تقبل الـ which وخلاص!
حيلة للتذكر
فكر في الفواصل كأنها 'The Handles' (المقابض). زي ما السبت ليه مقبضين بيخلوك تقدر تشيله وتحركه، الـ non-defining clause ليها فاصلتين بيسمحوا لك تشيل المعلومة الزيادة و 'ترفعها' بره الجملة. لو الجملة لسه واقفة سليمة تماماً لوحدها بعد ما 'رفعت' السبت، يبقى الفواصل كان مفروض تكون موجودة!
Relative Pronoun Selection
| Target | Pronoun | Example Clause |
|---|---|---|
|
People
|
who
|
, who lives next door,
|
|
Things/Animals
|
which
|
, which cost $50,
|
|
Possession
|
whose
|
, whose car was stolen,
|
|
Places
|
where
|
, where we met,
|
|
Time
|
when
|
, when the sun sets,
|
|
Whole Sentences
|
which
|
, which is why I'm late.
|
Meanings
A non-defining relative clause provides additional information about a person, thing, or place that is already clearly identified. It is not essential for the sentence to be understood.
Adding info about people
Using 'who' to provide biographical or situational details about a specific person.
“Mr. Smith, who is 70 years old, still goes jogging every morning.”
“My sister, who you met yesterday, is moving to Canada.”
Adding info about things
Using 'which' to describe an object or concept that has already been named.
“The Taj Mahal, which was built in the 17th century, is a UNESCO World Heritage site.”
“My new phone, which cost a fortune, is already broken.”
Possession with 'whose'
Adding extra info about who something belongs to.
“The neighbor, whose dog barks all night, is actually very nice.”
“The company, whose profits have doubled, is hiring new staff.”
Adding info about places
Using 'where' to give extra context about a location.
“Paris, where I spent my honeymoon, is beautiful in the spring.”
“The local park, where we used to play football, has been closed.”
Commenting on a whole sentence
Using 'which' after a comma to comment on the entire preceding clause.
“He arrived late, which was very rude.”
“She passed the exam, which surprised everyone.”
Reference Table
| ضمير الوصل | يشير إلى | مثال (معلومات إضافية) | مثال (معلومات أساسية) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
who
|
الأشخاص
|
My sister, who lives in Canada, is visiting.
|
The student who aced the exam got a prize.
|
|
whom
|
الأشخاص (مفعول به - رسمي)
|
The CEO, whom I met yesterday, was nice.
|
The person whom you spoke to has left.
|
|
whose
|
الملكية
|
My dog, whose name is Loki, loves squirrels.
|
I know a guy whose car is electric.
|
|
which
|
الأشياء والأفكار
|
The cafe, which has great coffee, is busy.
|
The book which I borrowed is fantastic.
|
|
where
|
الأماكن
|
London, where I grew up, is vibrant.
|
The park where we met is beautiful.
|
|
when
|
الزمان
|
Next Tuesday, when the movie opens, I'm going.
|
I remember the day when we graduated.
|
طيف الرسمية
My brother, who resides in London, is a medical practitioner. (Family description)
My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. (Family description)
My brother, who's living in London now, is a doctor. (Family description)
My bro, who's up in London, is a doc. (Family description)
خريطة جمل الوصل: خريطة 'المعلومات الإضافية'
المميزات الأساسية
- الفواصل Always use commas!
- قابلة للحذف Sentence still makes sense without it
- ممنوع 'That' Never use 'that' here
ضمائر الوصل
- Who For people
- Which For things/ideas
- Whose For possession
محددة vs غير محددة: لاحظ الفرق!
دليلك السريع لاختيار الجملة الصحيحة
هل المعلومة أساسية عشان نعرف الاسم؟
هل الجملة بتوصف شخص؟
هل الجملة بتوصف شيء أو فكرة؟
الضمائر المناسبة للجمل غير المحددة
للأشخاص
- • who
- • whom (رسمي)
- • whose
للأشياء
- • which
- • whose
للأماكن
- • where
للزمان
- • when
أمثلة حسب المستوى
My dad, who is a teacher, is nice.
London, which is big, is in England.
My car, which is red, is fast.
Sarah, who is my friend, is here.
My house, which has three bedrooms, is old.
The teacher, who is very kind, helped me.
Paris, where the Eiffel Tower is, is beautiful.
My brother, whose name is Tom, is a doctor.
The new shopping mall, which opened last week, is huge.
My boss, who travels a lot, is in New York now.
The movie, which we saw yesterday, was quite boring.
Italy, where my parents were born, is a sunny country.
The company, which was founded in 1920, is going bankrupt.
He forgot my birthday, which made me very angry.
The scientist, whose research is famous, won a prize.
The hotel, where we stayed for two weeks, was excellent.
The proposal, which the board rejected yesterday, was very detailed.
The city, the history of which is fascinating, attracts many tourists.
The witness, who had been silent until then, finally spoke.
The project, which I have been working on for months, is finally finished.
The Prime Minister, whose popularity has waned recently, faces a challenge.
The cathedral, the construction of which took 200 years, is a masterpiece.
He was unable to attend, which, given the circumstances, was understandable.
The theory, which has been widely criticized, remains influential.
سهل الخلط
Learners don't know when to use commas and when not to.
Learners want to use 'that' in all relative clauses.
أخطاء شائعة
My brother that is tall is here.
My brother, who is tall, is here.
London which is big is in England.
London, which is big, is in England.
My car, that I bought last year, is broken.
My car, which I bought last year, is broken.
The city where I was born in is beautiful.
The city, where I was born, is beautiful.
أنماط الجُمل
[Proper Name], who ___, is ___.
[Specific Object], which ___, was ___.
[Clause], which ___.
Real World Usage
The President, who is 78, arrived today.
My cat, which is literally a demon, just broke my vase.
My last project, which I led for six months, was a success.
The hotel, where we stayed last summer, has closed down.
I saw Sarah, who says hi btw.
This theory, which was developed in 1920, is still used.
الفواصل هي دليلك
My house, which is blue, is big.
ابعد عن 'That' هنا!
The cake, which she made, was delicious.
اقرأ الجملة بصوت عالي
My friend, who is a chef, cooked dinner.
احكي قصصك بذكاء
London, where I met her, is magical.
Smart Tips
Always use commas. Since the name already identifies them, any extra info is by definition 'non-defining'.
Use ', which' at the end of your sentence to add a comment.
Make sure the place is a setting. If you are describing the place as an object, use 'which'.
Combine them! Use a non-defining clause to turn two boring sentences into one interesting one.
النطق
The Comma Pause
In speech, there is a slight pause and a drop in pitch at each comma.
Parenthetical Dip
The car, ↘ which was red, ↗ is mine.
The lower pitch indicates the information is secondary.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Commas are like handles on a suitcase: they hold the extra stuff you're carrying.
ربط بصري
Imagine a 'comma sandwich'. The two commas are the bread, and the extra information is the delicious filling. Without the bread, the filling falls out and makes a mess!
Rhyme
If the info is just a plus, use a comma and don't make a fuss.
Story
A detective is describing a suspect. 'The man is tall.' (Boring). 'The man, who was wearing a red hat, is tall.' The red hat is the extra clue that helps the story but isn't the main point.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Look at three objects in your room. Write one sentence for each using a non-defining clause (e.g., 'My laptop, which I bought last year, is on the desk.').
ملاحظات ثقافية
British speakers are often very strict about using 'which' for non-defining clauses and 'that' for defining ones.
News outlets like the BBC or NYT use these clauses to provide titles and ages efficiently.
Non-defining clauses are used to cite sources or provide definitions without stopping the flow.
Relative clauses in English evolved from demonstrative pronouns in Old English.
بدايات محادثة
Tell me about your best friend, who I haven't met yet.
What is your favorite city, which you've visited recently?
Tell me about your first car, which you probably don't have anymore.
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
My best friend ___ is a brilliant artist, just had her first exhibition.
Find and fix the mistake:
The new cafe that has a rooftop terrace is very popular.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /3
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesWhich sentence is punctuated correctly?
Paris, ___ is the capital of France, is beautiful.
Find and fix the mistake:
My car, that I bought last week, is already broken.
Mr. Jones is our neighbor. He is 80 years old.
You can use 'that' in a non-defining relative clause.
The book, which I finished yesterday, was great.
Match the following:
my / which / is / old / car / , / red / , / is
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesMy phone ___ I bought last year, is already acting up.
My boss, that is usually very strict, was surprisingly lenient today.
اختار الجملة الصحيحة جرامر:
ترجم للإنجليزي: 'أختي، التي تعيش في مدريد، قادمة لزيارتي.'
رتب الكلمات دي:
وصل كل اسم بالجملة الوصفية المناسبة ليه:
The concert, ___ tickets sold out in minutes, was spectacular.
The movie, I watched last night, was incredibly boring.
اختار الجملة الصح:
ترجم: 'يوم الاثنين، عندما يكون لدي امتحاني النهائي، سأكون متوتراً جداً.'
رتب الكلمات:
وصل البدايات بالنهايات المناسبة:
Score: /12
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
No, never. In English, 'that' is strictly for defining clauses. If you have commas, you must use 'who' or 'which'.
It creates a 'run-on' feeling and can confuse the reader about where the main verb of the sentence is.
Yes, in very formal writing, 'whom' is used if the person is the object of the clause: 'My boss, whom I respect, is leaving.'
Yes! This is called a sentential relative clause. Example: 'He was late, which was annoying.'
You only need the first comma. Example: 'I live in London, which is a big city.'
Try the 'Deletion Test'. If you remove it and the sentence still identifies the noun clearly, it's extra (non-defining).
Yes, for places. 'My school, where I studied for 5 years, is closing.'
It is very common in both, but you will see much longer and more complex ones in formal writing.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Oraciones de relativo explicativas
Spanish uses 'que' for both; English requires 'which/who' and forbids 'that'.
Relativsätze
German always uses commas; English only uses them for non-defining clauses.
Propositions subordonnées relatives
French 'que' is used for objects, while English uses 'which' or 'who(m)'.
連体修飾節 (Rentai shuushikusetsu)
Japanese has no relative pronouns and the clause precedes the noun.
الصلة (Al-Sila)
Arabic relative pronouns change based on gender and number, and the definite/indefinite distinction is crucial.
的 (de) structure
Chinese puts all descriptions before the noun using 'de'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
فيديوهات ذات صلة
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