جمل الوصل مع محددات الكمية (أيهم، أيهما)
المحدد + of + whom/which بعد الفاصلة عشان توصف أجزاء من مجموعة ذكرتها قبل شوي بكل أناقة، مثل all of whom للناس أو most of which للأشياء.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use quantifiers like 'all' or 'some' with 'of whom' or 'of which' to add specific details about a group.
- Use 'of whom' for people: 'I have two sisters, both of whom are doctors.'
- Use 'of which' for things: 'He bought three cars, none of which work.'
- Always use a comma before the quantifier to separate the extra information.
نظرة عامة
Relative Clauses with Quantifiers (جمل الوصل مع محددات الكمية) مثل all of whom و none of which. سنقول I have five friends, all of whom are engineers`.whom و which مسبوقة بحرف الجر of. فهم هذه القاعدة سيجعلك تتجنب الركاكة في الكتابة ويجعلك تبدو كمتحدث متمكن يسيطر على أدواته اللغوية.Non-defining relative clauses). وظيفتها الأساسية هي إعطاء معلومات إضافية عن نسبة أو عدد معين من مجموعة ذكرتها للتو.- 1محدد الكمية (Quantifier): مثل
all,some,many,none,one. - 2حرف الجر (Preposition): وهو دائماً
of. - 3ضمير الوصل (Relative Pronoun): وهو إما
whomللبشر أوwhichلغير البشر.
of؟of هنا يعبر عن «التبعيض» (Partitive relationship)، أي أننا نتحدث عن جزء من كل. تماماً كما نقول بالعربية واحد من أصدقائي. بدون
of تنهار الجملة نحوياً.Main Noun | The candidates |, | , |Quantifier | most |of | of |Relative Pronoun | whom |Rest of the clause | passed the exam |whom بعد of. لماذا whom وليس who؟ لأن of حرف جر، وفي الإنجليزية، الضمير الذي يأتي بعد حرف الجر يجب أن يكون في حالة المفعول به (Objective case).[الاسم] + , + [المحدد] + of whom + [الفعل]...I have three brothers, all of whom live in Dubai.
The teachers, some of whom were very strict, attended the meeting.
which بعد of.[الاسم] + , + [المحدد] + of which + [الفعل]...He bought ten books, many of which were about history.
The company faces several challenges, none of which are easy to solve.
- إذا قلت
one of whichفالفعل يجب أن يكون مفرداً (is,has,works). - إذا قلت
all of whichأوmany of whichفالفعل يجب أن يكون للجمع (are,have,work).
One | معدود | مفرد | one of whom is... |All / Most / Some | معدود جمع | جمع | most of which are... |All / Most / Some | غير معدود | مفرد | some of which is... |Both | مثنى (شخصين/شيئين) | جمع | both of whom work... |None | جمع | جمع (شائع) / مفرد (رسمي جداً) | none of which are... |We received 50 orders, half of which have been shipped.
all of whom أفضل بكثير من تكرار all of them. إنها تعطي انطباعاً بأنك متمكن من قواعد اللغة المعقدة.The committee interviewed several candidates, two of whom were exceptionally qualified.
I have many cousins. I like some of my cousins., يمكنك القول: I have many cousins, some of whom I really like. هذا يجعل تدفق الكلام (Flow) طبيعياً أكثر، ويشبه الطريقة التي يتحدث بها الأجانب في البرامج الوثائقية أو الاجتماعات الرسمية.My relatives, many of whom traveled from afar, gathered for the Eid celebration.
them بدلاً من whom/which- خطأ:
I have three friends, all of them are doctors. - صح:
I have three friends, all of whom are doctors. - لماذا نقع في هذا الخطأ؟ لأننا بالعربية نقول «كلهم» (all of them). في الإنجليزية، إذا وضعت فاصلة وتريد وصل الجملتين، يجب أن تستخدم ضمير وصل (
whom) وليس ضمير مفعول به عادي (them). إذا أردت استخدامthemفعليك وضع نقطة وبدء جملة جديدة:I have three friends. All of them are doctors.
who بدلاً من whom- خطأ:
The guests, some of who arrived early... - صح:
The guests, some of whom arrived early... - لماذا نقع في هذا الخطأ؟ لأننا اعتدنا أن
whoهي للفاعل. لكن القاعدة النحوية الصارمة تقول أنه بعد حرف الجر (of) يجب استخدام صيغة المفعول بهwhom. في الكلام السريع غير الرسمي قد تسمعwhoأحياناً، لكن في الكتابة ومستوى B1،whomهي الخيار الصحيح الوحيد.
- خطأ:
He has two cars both of which are red. - صح:
He has two cars, both of which are red. - لماذا نقع في هذا الخطأ؟ في العربية لا نركز كثيراً على الفواصل قبل جمل الوصل. لكن في الإنجليزية، هذه الجملة تعتبر «إضافية»، والفاصلة هي التي تنبه القارئ أن ما بعدها هو معلومة جانبية.
which و whom مع الحيوانات- نصيحة: بالرغم من أننا قد نعتبر الحيوانات الأليفة كأفراد من العائلة، إلا أنه في القواعد الرسمية، نستخدم
whichللحيوانات. I have three cats, all of which are white.(وليسall of whom).
The students who passed... | لتعريف من هم الطلاب بالضبط. |The students, all of whom passed... | لإعطاء معلومة إضافية عن نسبة من الطلاب. |I have books. Some of them are old. | أسلوب بسيط، مناسب للمبتدئين. |Whose للملكية | The man whose car was stolen... | للتعبير عن الملكية، وليس الكمية. |Some of them و Some of whom:Some of themتبدأ جملة جديدة تماماً بعد نقطة:. Some of them are...Some of whomتكمل جملة بدأت بالفعل بعد فاصلة:, some of whom are...
whom/which) هما اللذان يحولان الجملة من «بسيطة» إلى «متقدمة».that بدلاً من which في هذه القاعدة؟of) وتكون غير محددة (بين فواصل)، لا يمكن استخدام that. يجب أن تلتزم بـ which للأشياء و whom للأشخاص.one of whom. مثال: I have many cousins, one of whom is a famous pilot. لاحظ هنا أن الفعل is جاء مفرداً ليتوافق مع one.all و some؟two of which, neither of whom (ولا واحد من الاثنين)، each of which, the majority of whom. القاعدة ثابتة مهما تغير المحدد.all of which أو some of whom.The Quantifier Structure
| Quantifier | Preposition | Relative Pronoun | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
whom
|
For People
|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
which
|
For Things
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
whom
|
Negative (People)
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
which
|
Negative (Things)
|
|
Two / Three / Ten
|
of
|
whom
|
Specific Number (People)
|
|
The majority / Half
|
of
|
which
|
Portions (Things)
|
Meanings
A type of non-defining relative clause used to provide information about a specific portion or quantity of a previously mentioned noun.
Quantifying People
Using 'of whom' to specify a number or portion of a group of people.
“The team has ten members, all of whom are experts.”
“I met several students, two of whom were from Italy.”
Quantifying Objects/Ideas
Using 'of which' to specify a number or portion of a group of things or concepts.
“He wrote five books, none of which were published.”
“We visited three museums, each of which was unique.”
Specifying Parts of a Whole
Using words like 'half', 'most', or 'the majority' to describe a portion.
“The company hired 100 workers, half of whom are part-time.”
“The forest has thousands of trees, the majority of which are oaks.”
Reference Table
| نوع الفاعل | التركيبة | أمثلة للمحددات | جملة مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
|
الأشخاص
|
Quantifier + of whom
|
all, many, some, three
|
I have ten friends, many of whom live abroad.
|
|
الأشياء
|
Quantifier + of which
|
all, most, none, a few
|
She has many books, all of which are signed.
|
|
الأزواج (أشخاص)
|
Both/Neither + of whom
|
both, neither
|
I met two actors, neither of whom I recognized.
|
|
الأزواج (أشياء)
|
Both/Neither + of which
|
both, neither
|
He has two cars, both of which are electric.
|
|
الملكية
|
Quantifier + of whose + noun
|
all, some
|
They have three kids, all of whose names start with A.
|
|
الأرقام
|
Number + of which/whom
|
one, two, five
|
We ordered five pizzas, two of which were vegan.
|
طيف الرسمية
I have ten colleagues, all of whom are highly skilled. (Professional/Social)
I have ten colleagues, and they are all very good at their jobs. (Professional/Social)
I've got ten people at work, all of them are great. (Professional/Social)
My work crew? All of 'em are legends. (Professional/Social)
مخطط جمل الوصل مع المحددات
الأشخاص
- whom referring to humans
- all of whom every person in the group
الأشياء / الجمادات
- which referring to non-humans
- most of which majority of the items
الربط الرسمي مقابل غير الرسمي
كيف تختار الضمير المناسب؟
هل تصف أشخاصاً؟
هل وضعت فاصلة قبلها؟
المحددات الشائعة للاستخدام
الكل / إيجابي
- • all of
- • both of
- • most of
سلبي
- • none of
- • neither of
جزئي / أرقام
- • some of
- • a few of
- • three of
أمثلة حسب المستوى
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
سهل الخلط
Learners confuse 'of whom' (part of a group) with 'whose' (possession).
Learners forget to add the quantifier and just use 'which' or 'who'.
أخطاء شائعة
I have two brothers, all of who are tall.
I have two brothers. Both of them are tall.
I have many books, some of them are old.
I have many books, and some of them are old.
I have three friends, all of them live in London.
I have three friends, all of whom live in London.
He has two cars, both of who are fast.
He has two cars, both of which are fast.
The guests, many of who arrived late...
The guests, many of whom arrived late...
أنماط الجُمل
I have ___, ___ of whom ___.
There are ___, ___ of which ___.
Real World Usage
The survey included 500 participants, most of whom were students.
I led several teams, all of whom exceeded their targets.
The police arrested five suspects, two of whom have been charged.
The resort has three pools, none of which were crowded.
The set comes with six brushes, each of which has a specific use.
He had many secrets, some of which were dangerous.
الفاصلة هي المفتاح!
I have three sisters, all of whom are doctors.
أبهر مديرك في العمل
We analyzed 50 samples, 40 of which showed improvement.
اختبار نبض القلب
whom. لو جماد أو حيوان (كتب، تطبيقات، سيارات)، استخدم which: I have two friends, both of whom are kind.
Smart Tips
Try combining them with 'of whom' or 'of which' to make your writing flow better.
If there is a preposition like 'of' right before it, it is ALWAYS 'whom'.
النطق
Stress on the Quantifier
In these clauses, the quantifier (all, some, none) usually receives the primary stress to emphasize the amount.
The 'of' reduction
The word 'of' is often reduced to a weak 'schwa' sound /əv/.
Non-defining pause
I have two brothers [pause] both of whom are doctors.
The pause (indicated by the comma) shows that the following information is extra.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Remember: 'Whom' for the 'Home-sapiens' (people), 'Which' for the 'Witch's' broom (things).
ربط بصري
Imagine a large circle representing a group. Inside, a smaller circle is highlighted with a label like '3 of whom' or 'some of which'. This shows you are focusing on a subset.
Rhyme
For people use 'whom', for things use 'which', add a comma first to avoid a glitch!
Story
A king had three sons, all of whom wanted the throne. He gave them three tasks, none of which were easy. The first son failed, at which point the second son tried.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Write three sentences about your family or your belongings using 'all of whom', 'none of which', and 'two of whom'.
ملاحظات ثقافية
This structure is a hallmark of high-level academic writing in the UK and US. Using it correctly can significantly improve the 'academic tone' of an essay.
In formal British contexts, 'whom' is preserved more strictly than in some casual American dialects.
Legal documents use this to be extremely precise about which parts of a contract or group of people are being discussed.
This structure stems from the Latin 'partitive genitive', where a part is taken from a whole.
بدايات محادثة
Tell me about your favorite movies. How many have you seen recently?
How many people are in your family, and what do they do?
Think about the apps on your phone. Which ones do you use most?
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
Score: /3
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercisesI have three cousins, all of ___ live in America.
He bought five shirts, two of ___ were too small.
Find and fix the mistake:
She has many friends, some of them are doctors.
He told me three stories. They weren't true.
'The company has ten employees, all of who work from home.'
A: Did you like the books I lent you? B: I've read three of them, ___.
1. Students, 2. Computers
sisters / I / two / have / whom / of / both / doctors / are / ,
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe team has ten members, six of ___ are from Germany.
He has two houses, neither of who is in the city.
many / , / I / apps / of / use / which / I / have / .
لدي أختان، كلتاهما معلمتان.
حدد الجملة الصحيحة قواعدياً تماماً:
صل المجموعات بشكل صحيح:
The store sells many brands, most of ___ are local.
I have five pens none of which work.
none of whom / , / the party / ten people attended / I knew / .
قدم العديد من الاقتراحات، لم يُقبل أي منها.
Score: /10
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
No. In this specific structure (after a quantifier and 'of'), you can only use `which` for things and `whom` for people.
It is quite formal. In casual speech, most people say `I have three brothers and all of them are...` rather than using `all of whom`.
Yes. These are non-defining relative clauses, which always require a comma to separate the extra information from the main clause.
Absolutely! Any quantifier works: `one`, `two`, `several`, `many`, `a few`, `none`, `all`, etc.
Usually, we use `which` for animals. However, if the animals are pets with names, some people use `whom`, though `which` is always safe.
It depends on the noun. Usually, it takes a plural verb if the group is plural: `None of which are...` but in very formal English, some prefer the singular `is`.
No, the relative clause must follow the noun it describes. You must introduce the group before you can quantify it.
Use `both` specifically for two people. Use `all` for three or more.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
de los cuales / de quienes
English pronouns (whom/which) do not change for gender or number.
dont / desquels
French 'dont' is much more versatile and common than the English quantifier structure.
von denen / von welchen
German requires the verb at the very end of the clause.
そのうちの (sono uchi no)
Japanese does not use relative pronouns like 'which' or 'whom'.
منهم (minhum) / منها (minha)
Arabic uses pronouns attached to prepositions rather than independent relative pronouns.
其中 (qízhōng)
Chinese lacks relative pronouns and uses fixed phrases to show part-whole relationships.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
فيديوهات ذات صلة
06:29 What are truffles, and why are they so expensive? - Carolyn Beans
06:10 The murderous medieval king who inspired "Macbeth" - Benjamin Hudson
03:28 Getting Vaccinated at the Coolest Place 😎
شرح جمل الوصل مع الكميات - Relative Clauses with Quantifiers
English with Omar
قواعد الإنجليزية للمستوى المتوسط: all of whom, none of which
ZAmericanEnglish
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