Cláusulas relativas con cuantificadores (all of whom, none of which)
whom/which' después de una coma.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use quantifiers like 'all' or 'some' with 'of whom' or 'of which' to add specific details about a group.
- Use 'of whom' for people: 'I have two sisters, both of whom are doctors.'
- Use 'of which' for things: 'He bought three cars, none of which work.'
- Always use a comma before the quantifier to separate the extra information.
Overview
I have 50 members, and some of them are online o I have 50 members, some of whom are online?level up definitivo para tu escritura en inglés. Te permiten combinar dos pensamientos en una sola oración fluida y profesional.básicas, este es el toque secreto que has estado buscando.How This Grammar Works
I have many followers. Luego quieres añadir un detalle: Most of them are from Brazil.them por whom (para personas) o which (para cosas). La magia ocurre con la palabra of.no explicativa (non-defining). Esto significa que la información que estás añadiendo es un detalle extra, no es esencial para identificar al grupo. Como es información extra, la separamos con comas.I have 200 emails, 50 of which are spam. Fíjate cómo el which se refiere a los correos.Oye, estoy hablando de una parte específica de esas cosas. Es sorprendentemente simple una vez que ves el patrón, pero requiere un poco de gimnasia mental para dejar de decir simplemente
of them o of they.
Formation Pattern
She bought five dresses.
all, some, many, none, both, neither, a few, o incluso un número específico como three.
of. Este es el pegamento de la frase.
whom para personas y which para cosas. Si hablas de posesión, usa whose + sustantivo (aunque esto es más avanzado).
C-Q-O-R. Coma, Cuantificador (Quantifier), Of, pronombre Relativo. Suena como un código secreto, y en cierto modo, lo es. Es el código para sonar como un hablante nativo que realmente puso atención en la escuela. Si alguna vez tienes dudas sobre si usar whom o which, solo pregúntate: ¿Tiene latido?. Si la respuesta es sí, usa whom. Si es no (o si es un gato —es broma, usa which para animales en general, aunque algunas personas usan whom para sus mascotas—), usa which.
When To Use It
- Escritura formal: Este es el estándar de oro para los ensayos universitarios. En lugar de escribir
The researchers interviewed 100 people. 20 of them were students, escribesThe researchers interviewed 100 people, 20 of whom were students. Demuestra que tienes control sobre la sintaxis compleja. - Correos profesionales: Cuando informes a tu jefe o a un cliente.
We launched three new features, all of which have received positive feedback.Suena mucho más seguro que dos frases separadas. - Contar historias: Si estás escribiendo un blog sobre tus viajes.
I visited five islands, each of which had a unique culture.Le da un buen ritmo a tu narrativa. - Describir grupos: Perfecto para hablar de tu equipo, tu colección de vinilos o las apps de tu teléfono.
I have 50 apps, most of which I never use.(Todos somos culpables de esto). - Entrevistas de trabajo: Funciona genial al describir tu experiencia.
I managed ten projects, several of which were international.Suena más impresionante que decirI managed ten projects. Some were international.
- Formal:
I have three colleagues, all of whom are experts.(Perfecto para un resumen de LinkedIn). - Neutral/Informal:
I have three colleagues, and they're all experts.(Mejor para una charla casual tomando un café). - Muy casual:
I've got three workmates, all geniuses.(Mensaje de texto a un amigo).
all of who o some of which incorrectamente. No seas esa persona. Mantente fiel a las reglas formales al escribir y siempre parecerá que sabes lo que haces.
Common Mistakes
Comma Splice (unión de oraciones con coma) o la Trampa del pronombre.- La trampa del pronombre: Mucha gente dice
I have two brothers, both of them are tall. En inglés, esto es unarun-on sentenceo uncomma splice. No puedes unir dos frases completas solo con una coma. Necesitas un punto (...brothers. Both of them...), una conjunción (...brothers, and both of them...), o nuestra oración de relativo especial (...brothers, both of whom...). - Who vs. Whom: Los estudiantes a menudo quieren decir
all of who. En este patrón específico, después de una preposición comoof, DEBES usar la forma de objetowhom. Sí, incluso si crees quewhomsuena como algo sacado de una novela del siglo XIX. - Olvidar la coma: Algunas personas olvidan la coma por completo.
I have three cars none of which work.Esto es confuso de leer. La coma es la señal de que viene información extra. - Usar 'That': Quizás sepas que
thata menudo puede reemplazar awhichen oraciones de relativo. AQUÍ NO. Nunca puedes decirall of thaten esta estructura de relativo específica. Siempre eswhich. - Concordancia del verbo: Asegúrate de que tu verbo coincida con el cuantificador.
None of which IS(si hablas de una cosa) vsNone of which ARE(si hablas de varias). En realidad, connonea menudo puedes usar cualquiera, peroall of which arees definitivamente plural. ¡No dejes que tus verbos se sientan solos; asegúrate de que coincidan con sus sujetos!
Contrast With Similar Patterns
primos.- Oraciones de relativo estándar:
The books which I bought are good. Aquí,whiches simplemente un pronombre relativo sencillo. No hay cuantificador (all,some). Esto identifica *cuáles* libros te refieres. - Oración con conjunción:
I have ten cousins, and many of them live in London. Esto es perfectamente correcto y muy común en el inglés hablado. Es menos formal quemany of whom. Usa esto cuando estés pasando el rato con amigos. - Dos frases separadas:
I have ten cousins. Many of them live in London. Esta es la forma más segura de hablar si eres principiante. Es claro, pero puede sonar un pocorobóticosi cada frase es así de corta. - Frases de participio:
I have ten cousins living in London. Esta es otra forma de acortar las cosas, pero no permite el cuantificador (no puedes decir fácilmente 'many of living in London').
Alex: ¿Has visto las nuevas pelis de Marvel?
Sam: He visto las cinco, none of which me gustaron realmente.
Alex: ¡Vaya, qué crítico tan duro!
Manager: ¿Cómo les va a los nuevos reclutas?
Lead: Contratamos a seis desarrolladores, four of whom ya terminaron su orientación.
Manager: Excelente progreso.
Quick FAQ
¿Es realmente necesario whom? ¿No puedo usar simplemente who?
En este patrón específico (cuantificador + of), sí, whom es la única opción gramaticalmente correcta. Usar who aquí resaltará como un error obvio para los hablantes nativos.
¿Puedo usar esto con whose?
¡Sí! Por ejemplo: I have two friends, both of whose parents are teachers. Es raro y muy formal, pero funciona.
¿Esto funciona para animales?
Normalmente usamos which para animales. Sin embargo, si eres muy cercano a tus mascotas, algunas personas usan whom. Pero si estás escribiendo un informe científico sobre ratas de laboratorio, definitivamente quédate con which.
¿Puedo usar esto al principio de una oración?
No, una oración de relativo debe seguir al sustantivo que describe. Es un seguidor, no un líder.
¿Qué pasa si solo tengo una cosa? ¿Puedo decir one of which?
Absolutamente. I have three watches, only one of which still works. Es una excelente forma de mostrar contraste.
¿Está bien para enviar mensajes de texto?
Podría ser un poco too much para un texto rápido. Normalmente, en los mensajes, solo usamos dos frases o un simple and. Pero si quieres impresionar a tu crush con tus habilidades gramaticales, ¡adelante!
¿Qué cuantificadores puedo usar?
¡Casi cualquiera! All, most, many, some, a few, few, none, both, neither, each y números específicos.
¿La coma siempre es obligatoria?
Sí. Estas son oraciones de relativo no explicativas, y en inglés, esas siempre requieren comas. Es la ley (bueno, la ley gramatical).
¿Puedo usar that en lugar de which?
No. That no puede seguir a una preposición como of en una oración de relativo. Siempre es which.
¿Cómo mejoro?
Intenta detectarlo en la vida real. Lee un artículo de noticias en la BBC o The New York Times. Te garantizo que encontrarás al menos un of whom o of which en menos de cinco minutos. Una vez que lo veas, intenta imitarlo en tu próxima tarea de escritura.
The Quantifier Structure
| Quantifier | Preposition | Relative Pronoun | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
whom
|
For People
|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
which
|
For Things
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
whom
|
Negative (People)
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
which
|
Negative (Things)
|
|
Two / Three / Ten
|
of
|
whom
|
Specific Number (People)
|
|
The majority / Half
|
of
|
which
|
Portions (Things)
|
Meanings
A type of non-defining relative clause used to provide information about a specific portion or quantity of a previously mentioned noun.
Quantifying People
Using 'of whom' to specify a number or portion of a group of people.
“The team has ten members, all of whom are experts.”
“I met several students, two of whom were from Italy.”
Quantifying Objects/Ideas
Using 'of which' to specify a number or portion of a group of things or concepts.
“He wrote five books, none of which were published.”
“We visited three museums, each of which was unique.”
Specifying Parts of a Whole
Using words like 'half', 'most', or 'the majority' to describe a portion.
“The company hired 100 workers, half of whom are part-time.”
“The forest has thousands of trees, the majority of which are oaks.”
Reference Table
| Tipo de sujeto | Estructura | Ejemplos de cuantificadores | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Personas
|
Quantifier + of whom
|
all, many, some, three
|
I have ten friends, many of whom live abroad.
|
|
Cosas
|
Quantifier + of which
|
all, most, none, a few
|
She has many books, all of which are signed.
|
|
Parejas (Personas)
|
Both/Neither + of whom
|
both, neither
|
I met two actors, neither of whom I recognized.
|
|
Parejas (Cosas)
|
Both/Neither + of which
|
both, neither
|
He has two cars, both of which are electric.
|
|
Posesión
|
Quantifier + of whose + noun
|
all, some
|
They have three kids, all of whose names start with A.
|
|
Números
|
Number + of which/whom
|
one, two, five
|
We ordered five pizzas, two of which were vegan.
|
Espectro de formalidad
I have ten colleagues, all of whom are highly skilled. (Professional/Social)
I have ten colleagues, and they are all very good at their jobs. (Professional/Social)
I've got ten people at work, all of them are great. (Professional/Social)
My work crew? All of 'em are legends. (Professional/Social)
Cláusulas Relativas con Cuantificadores
Personas
- whom se refiere a humanos
- all of whom todas las personas del grupo
Cosas/Objetos
- which se refiere a no humanos
- most of which la mayoría de los elementos
Conexiones Formales vs. Informales
¿Cómo elegir tu pronombre?
¿Estás describiendo personas?
¿Está después de una coma?
Cuantificadores Comunes para Usar
Total / Positivo
- • all of
- • both of
- • most of
Negativo
- • none of
- • neither of
Parcial / Números
- • some of
- • a few of
- • three of
Ejemplos por nivel
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
Fácil de confundir
Learners confuse 'of whom' (part of a group) with 'whose' (possession).
Learners forget to add the quantifier and just use 'which' or 'who'.
Errores comunes
I have two brothers, all of who are tall.
I have two brothers. Both of them are tall.
I have many books, some of them are old.
I have many books, and some of them are old.
I have three friends, all of them live in London.
I have three friends, all of whom live in London.
He has two cars, both of who are fast.
He has two cars, both of which are fast.
The guests, many of who arrived late...
The guests, many of whom arrived late...
Patrones de oraciones
I have ___, ___ of whom ___.
There are ___, ___ of which ___.
Real World Usage
The survey included 500 participants, most of whom were students.
I led several teams, all of whom exceeded their targets.
The police arrested five suspects, two of whom have been charged.
The resort has three pools, none of which were crowded.
The set comes with six brushes, each of which has a specific use.
He had many secrets, some of which were dangerous.
¡La coma es clave!
I have five siblings, all of whom are older than me.
Impresiona a tu jefe
We analyzed 50 samples, 40 of which showed improvement.
La prueba del latido
I met two colleagues, both of whom were helpful.vs.
She bought three books, none of which she finished.
Smart Tips
Try combining them with 'of whom' or 'of which' to make your writing flow better.
If there is a preposition like 'of' right before it, it is ALWAYS 'whom'.
Pronunciación
Stress on the Quantifier
In these clauses, the quantifier (all, some, none) usually receives the primary stress to emphasize the amount.
The 'of' reduction
The word 'of' is often reduced to a weak 'schwa' sound /əv/.
Non-defining pause
I have two brothers [pause] both of whom are doctors.
The pause (indicated by the comma) shows that the following information is extra.
Memorízalo
Mnemotecnia
Remember: 'Whom' for the 'Home-sapiens' (people), 'Which' for the 'Witch's' broom (things).
Asociación visual
Imagine a large circle representing a group. Inside, a smaller circle is highlighted with a label like '3 of whom' or 'some of which'. This shows you are focusing on a subset.
Rhyme
For people use 'whom', for things use 'which', add a comma first to avoid a glitch!
Story
A king had three sons, all of whom wanted the throne. He gave them three tasks, none of which were easy. The first son failed, at which point the second son tried.
Word Web
Desafío
Write three sentences about your family or your belongings using 'all of whom', 'none of which', and 'two of whom'.
Notas culturales
This structure is a hallmark of high-level academic writing in the UK and US. Using it correctly can significantly improve the 'academic tone' of an essay.
In formal British contexts, 'whom' is preserved more strictly than in some casual American dialects.
Legal documents use this to be extremely precise about which parts of a contract or group of people are being discussed.
This structure stems from the Latin 'partitive genitive', where a part is taken from a whole.
Inicios de conversación
Tell me about your favorite movies. How many have you seen recently?
How many people are in your family, and what do they do?
Think about the apps on your phone. Which ones do you use most?
Temas para diario
Errores comunes
Test Yourself
I have two best friends, both of ___ live in London.
Choose the best sentence for a formal essay:
Find and fix the mistake:
I have many unread notifications, some of who are from Instagram.
Score: /3
Ejercicios de practica
8 exercisesI have three cousins, all of ___ live in America.
He bought five shirts, two of ___ were too small.
Find and fix the mistake:
She has many friends, some of them are doctors.
He told me three stories. They weren't true.
'The company has ten employees, all of who work from home.'
A: Did you like the books I lent you? B: I've read three of them, ___.
1. Students, 2. Computers
sisters / I / two / have / whom / of / both / doctors / are / ,
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe team has ten members, six of ___ are from Germany.
He has two houses, neither of who is in the city.
many / , / I / apps / of / use / which / I / have / .
Ich habe zwei Schwestern, von denen beide Lehrerinnen sind.
Identify the grammatically perfect sentence:
Match correctly:
The store sells many brands, most of ___ are local.
I have five pens none of which work.
none of whom / , / the party / ten people attended / I knew / .
Er machte viele Vorschläge, von denen keiner akzeptiert wurde.
Score: /10
Preguntas frecuentes (8)
No. In this specific structure (after a quantifier and 'of'), you can only use `which` for things and `whom` for people.
It is quite formal. In casual speech, most people say `I have three brothers and all of them are...` rather than using `all of whom`.
Yes. These are non-defining relative clauses, which always require a comma to separate the extra information from the main clause.
Absolutely! Any quantifier works: `one`, `two`, `several`, `many`, `a few`, `none`, `all`, etc.
Usually, we use `which` for animals. However, if the animals are pets with names, some people use `whom`, though `which` is always safe.
It depends on the noun. Usually, it takes a plural verb if the group is plural: `None of which are...` but in very formal English, some prefer the singular `is`.
No, the relative clause must follow the noun it describes. You must introduce the group before you can quantify it.
Use `both` specifically for two people. Use `all` for three or more.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
de los cuales / de quienes
English pronouns (whom/which) do not change for gender or number.
dont / desquels
French 'dont' is much more versatile and common than the English quantifier structure.
von denen / von welchen
German requires the verb at the very end of the clause.
そのうちの (sono uchi no)
Japanese does not use relative pronouns like 'which' or 'whom'.
منهم (minhum) / منها (minha)
Arabic uses pronouns attached to prepositions rather than independent relative pronouns.
其中 (qízhōng)
Chinese lacks relative pronouns and uses fixed phrases to show part-whole relationships.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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