Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use quantifiers like 'all' or 'some' with 'of whom' or 'of which' to add specific details about a group.
- Use 'of whom' for people: 'I have two sisters, both of whom are doctors.'
- Use 'of which' for things: 'He bought three cars, none of which work.'
- Always use a comma before the quantifier to separate the extra information.
Overview
- 1수량 표현 (Quantifier):
all,some,many,most,none,one,two,both,half,few등 그룹의 일부나 전체를 나타내는 단어들입니다. - 2전치사
of: 이 전치사는 반드시 필요해요! 수량 표현이 앞서 언급된 그룹의 '일부'임을 나타내는 부분 관계(partitive relationship)를 만들어 줍니다. 예를 들어some of them에서some은 전체 그룹them의 일부를 의미하는 거죠. 이of가 없으면 문법적으로 연결이 어색해집니다. 예를 들어,The committee interviewed five candidates, all whom were highly qualified.는 문법적으로 틀린 문장이에요. 올바른 형태는all of whom을 사용해야 합니다. - 3관계 대명사 (Relative Pronoun): 사람을 가리킬 때는
whom, 사물, 동물, 추상적인 개념을 가리킬 때는which를 사용합니다.
[Quantifier] + of + [whom/which] 형태가 되는 거죠.My colleagues, some of whom I had never met before, welcomed me warmly.처럼요.She reviewed the reports, none of which contained the crucial data.The delegates |, |most, many) 또는 수량(two, one)을 명시 | many |of | 필수 전치사, 부분 집합을 나타냄 | of |whom, 사물에게는 which | whom |had expressed concerns. |The delegates, many of whom had expressed concerns, debated for hours. | (완결되고 응집력 있는 문장) |whom 또는 which)는 그 자체의 절 안에서 전치사 of의 목적어 역할을 합니다. 여기서 가장 중요한 포인트는 동사 수 일치입니다. 관계절 안에서 사용되는 동사는 수량 표현(quantifier)의 수에 일치시켜야 한다는 점입니다. 본문의 명사가 아니라 수량 표현에 맞춰야 해요. 이 부분이 한국어 화자들이 종종 헷갈리는 부분이므로 꼭 기억해두세요![본문 명사 (복수형)], [수량 표현] + of whom + [동사구]...whom을 사용합니다. 전치사 뒤에는 목적격인 whom을 써야 하기 때문이죠.I contacted twenty potential clients, all of whom responded within an hour.(동사responded는 복수 수량 표현인all에 맞춰 사용되었습니다.)The research team includes several experts, one of whom specializes in AI ethics.(동사specializes는 단수 수량 표현인one에 맞춰 사용되었습니다.)She introduced her two brothers, both of whom work in finance.(동사work는 복수 수량 표현인both에 맞춰 사용되었습니다.)
[본문 명사 (복수형 또는 불가산 명사)], [수량 표현] + of which + [동사구]...which를 사용하며, of의 목적어 역할을 합니다.The company offers three distinct services, one of which is digital marketing.(동사is는 단수 수량 표현인one에 맞춰 사용되었습니다.)We reviewed hundreds of applications, most of which lacked the required experience.(여기서applications는 셀 수 있는 복수 명사이므로, 동사lacked는 복수 수량 표현인most에 맞춰 사용되었습니다.)The data, half of which was inconclusive, was eventually discarded.(data를 여기서는 불가산 명사로 보아,half가 단수 취급되어 동사was를 사용했습니다.)
students, all of whom are present | ideas, all of which are innovative / information, all of which is relevant |employees, some of whom live nearby | issues, some of which need attention / water, some of which is contaminated |attendees, many of whom asked questions | buildings, many of which were damaged |committee members, most of whom voted yes | documents, most of which contain errors / research, most of which is complete |candidates, none of whom were suitable / none of whom was suitable | options, none of which are feasible / none of which is feasible |directors, one of whom is retiring | proposals, one of which has been accepted |witnesses, two of whom gave similar accounts | chapters, three of which focus on history |siblings, both of whom reside abroad | approaches, both of which have merits |participants, half of whom completed the survey | budget, half of which was allocated / profits, half of which go to charity |volunteers, a few of whom arrived early | suggestions, few of which were practical |all, some, most, half와 같은 수량 표현은 셀 수 있는 복수 명사(예: students, books)와 셀 수 없는 명사(예: information, water) 모두를 지칭할 수 있습니다. 셀 수 있는 복수 명사를 지칭할 때는 동사가 복수형이 되고, 셀 수 없는 명사를 지칭할 때는 단수형이 됩니다. none의 경우, 복수형 동사가 더 일반적이지만, 격식 있는 맥락에서는 단수형 동사도 문법적으로 맞습니다.- 그룹의 일부에 대한 정확한 세부 정보 제공: 어떤 그룹을 소개한 후에, 그 그룹의 특정 수나 비율, 또는 특징에 대해 더 자세히 설명하고 싶을 때 사용하세요. 정보를 자연스럽게 통합하여 글의 흐름을 개선해 줍니다.
- 단순히 나누어 말하는 대신:
The committee reviewed seven proposals. Two of the proposals were rejected. (덜 자연스러움)- 이렇게 사용해보세요:
The committee reviewed seven proposals, two of which were rejected. (더 간결하고 통합적임)- 또 다른 예시:
We interviewed ten candidates for the position, most of whom had relevant experience.- 격식 있고 학문적인 맥락에서: 학술 논문, 공식 보고서, 공식 발표, 에세이 등에서 이 구조를 자주 접하게 될 것입니다. 이러한 글쓰기에서는 정확하고 경제적이며 세련된 문체가 중요하며, 이 구조는 그러한 요구를 충족시켜 줍니다. 복잡한 정보를 자연스럽게 삽입하는 능력은 고급 언어 구사력을 보여줍니다.
The research analyzed a cohort of 500 patients, a third of whom exhibited positive responses to the treatment.The legislation introduced several new clauses, none of which significantly altered the original intent.
- 반복을 피하고 문장의 연결성을 높일 때: 이 구조는 문장을 나누어 말하거나, 명사나 대명사구를 반복하는 것(예:
some of them,all of them)을 피하게 해 주어, 좀 더 부드럽고 유려한 글이나 대화를 만들 수 있도록 도와줍니다. - 이렇게 말하면 반복적이고 덜 자연스러울 수 있습니다:
The delegates discussed several key issues. Some of them were quite controversial.- 이렇게 바꾸면 훨씬 좋습니다:
The delegates discussed several key issues, some of which were quite controversial.- 결과나 상태에 대한 추가 설명: 어떤 상황의 결과나 상태에 대한 부연 설명을 할 때도 유용합니다.
The company launched a new marketing campaign, half of which was funded by a private investor.He presented his findings, all of which were meticulously documented.
- 1
of생략: 가장 흔한 실수 중 하나는of를 빼먹는 것입니다. 한국어에서는 '그들 모두'라고 할 때 '모두' 앞에 조사가 붙지 않지만, 영어에서는all뒤에of가 와서 앞선 명사 그룹과의 관계를 명확히 해줘야 합니다.all whom이나many which처럼of없이 사용하는 것은 문법적으로 틀립니다.
- 잘못된 예:
We met the applicants, all whom seemed qualified. - 올바른 예:
We met the applicants, all of whom seemed qualified. - 이유: 한국어의 '그들 모두'는 영어의
all of them과 같은 구조가 아닙니다. 영어에서는all이 독립적으로 쓰이기보다는 뒤따르는 명사(여기서는whom으로 대체된 사람들)와의 관계를of를 통해 명확히 해야 합니다.
- 1동사 수 일치 오류 (Verb Agreement Error): 관계절 안의 동사를 본문의 명사에 일치시키거나, 수량 표현의 의미를 잘못 파악하여 동사 수를 틀리는 경우가 많습니다. 특히
one of whom뒤에는 단수 동사,two of whom이나all of whom뒤에는 복수 동사를 써야 한다는 것을 잊기 쉽습니다.
- 잘못된 예:
She has three daughters, one of whom play soccer. - 올바른 예:
She has three daughters, one of whom plays soccer. - 이유: 동사는
one이라는 단수 수량 표현에 맞춰plays가 되어야 합니다. 한국어에서는 주어가 복수라도 서술어 형태가 변하지 않는 경우가 많아(예: '그들이 축구를 한다'), 영어의 동사 변화에 익숙하지 않을 수 있습니다. 여기서 핵심은 '한 명'이 축구를 한다는 의미이므로 단수 동사를 써야 한다는 것입니다.
- 1
whom과which의 혼동: 사람을 나타내는whom대신which를 사용하거나, 그 반대의 경우도 있습니다.whom은 반드시 사람에게만 사용해야 합니다.
- 잘못된 예:
The team members, all of which are dedicated, worked late. - 올바른 예:
The team members, all of whom are dedicated, worked late. - 이유:
team members는 사람이므로whom을 사용해야 합니다.which는 사물이나 동물을 지칭할 때 사용합니다. 한국어에서는 명사에 따라 조사가 바뀌는 경우가 많지만, 영어에서는 관계 대명사가 선행사와 성(사람/사물) 및 격(주격/목적격)에 따라 달라진다는 점을 기억해야 합니다.
- 1콤마(,) 누락 또는 오용: 이 구조는 비한정적 관계절이므로 콤마 사용이 중요합니다. 콤마를 빼먹거나 잘못된 위치에 찍으면 문장의 의미가 달라지거나 어색해질 수 있습니다.
- 잘못된 예:
The students all of whom passed the exam received a certificate.(콤마 누락으로 마치 한정적 관계절처럼 보일 수 있음) - 올바른 예:
The students, all of whom passed the exam, received a certificate. - 이유:
all of whom passed the exam은 학생들에 대한 추가 정보일 뿐, 어떤 학생들을 말하는지 특정하는 역할(한정)을 하지 않습니다. 따라서 콤마로 분리해 주어야 합니다. 한국어에서는 문장 부호 사용이 영어만큼 엄격하지 않을 수 있어 이 부분에서 실수가 나올 수 있습니다.
them, it 등을 사용한 반복적인 구조와 비교해 보겠습니다.who/which/that + verb... 또는 subject + verb + whom/which... | quantifier + of + whom/which + verb... |The students who studied hard passed. (한정적 - 공부한 학생들만) My brother, who is a doctor, lives in Seoul. (비한정적 - 추가 정보) | The students, many of whom studied hard, passed. (전체 학생 중 많은 수가 공부함) |The books that are on the shelf are mine. (한정적 - 선반 위의 책들) My car, which is red, needs washing. (비한정적 - 추가 정보) | The books, some of which are rare, are valuable. (전체 책 중 일부가 희귀함) |them, it)를 반복해서 사용하는 것보다 수량 표현 관계절을 사용하면 훨씬 간결하고 세련됩니다.and 등으로 연결 | 하나의 문장 안에서 통합 |I have three sisters. All of them are married. | I have three sisters, all of whom are married. |We interviewed the candidates. Some of them had no experience. | We interviewed the candidates, some of whom had no experience. |The project had several phases. Most of them were successful. | The project had several phases, most of which were successful. |She received many emails. None of it was important. (주의: 'it'은 불가산 명사일 때) | She received many emails, none of which was important. (이 경우 'emails'는 복수이므로 'none of which' 사용) |all of which 뒤에는 항상 복수 동사를 써야 하나요?all은 지칭하는 대상에 따라 동사 수가 달라집니다. 만약 all이 셀 수 있는 복수 명사(예: students, books)를 지칭하면 복수 동사를 사용합니다 (all of whom are ready, all of which are available).all이 셀 수 없는 명사(예: information, water, advice)를 지칭하면 단수 동사를 사용합니다 (all of which is correct, all of which is essential).none of whom/which 뒤에는 단수 동사를 써야 하나요, 복수 동사를 써야 하나요?None of the candidates were suitable.가 더 일반적이지만, None of the candidates was suitable.도 틀린 문장은 아닙니다. 어떤 동사를 선택하든 일관성을 유지하는 것이 중요합니다.half of which 같은 구조에서 동사 수는 어떻게 결정되나요?half와 같이 분수를 나타내는 수량 표현도 마찬가지로 지칭하는 대상에 따라 동사 수가 결정됩니다. 만약 half가 셀 수 있는 복수 명사(예: participants, students)를 지칭하면 복수 동사를 사용합니다 (half of whom attended, half of which were late). 반면, 셀 수 없는 명사(예: budget, time)를 지칭하면 단수 동사를 사용합니다 (half of which was spent, half of which is mine).I'm considering several investment options, some of which are quite risky.와 같이 말할 수 있습니다.I'm looking at a few investments, and some of them are risky.처럼 더 간단한 표현을 사용할 수도 있습니다. 중요한 것은 상황에 맞게 적절한 표현을 선택하는 것입니다.The Quantifier Structure
| Quantifier | Preposition | Relative Pronoun | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
whom
|
For People
|
|
All / Some / Many
|
of
|
which
|
For Things
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
whom
|
Negative (People)
|
|
None / Neither
|
of
|
which
|
Negative (Things)
|
|
Two / Three / Ten
|
of
|
whom
|
Specific Number (People)
|
|
The majority / Half
|
of
|
which
|
Portions (Things)
|
Meanings
A type of non-defining relative clause used to provide information about a specific portion or quantity of a previously mentioned noun.
Quantifying People
Using 'of whom' to specify a number or portion of a group of people.
“The team has ten members, all of whom are experts.”
“I met several students, two of whom were from Italy.”
Quantifying Objects/Ideas
Using 'of which' to specify a number or portion of a group of things or concepts.
“He wrote five books, none of which were published.”
“We visited three museums, each of which was unique.”
Specifying Parts of a Whole
Using words like 'half', 'most', or 'the majority' to describe a portion.
“The company hired 100 workers, half of whom are part-time.”
“The forest has thousands of trees, the majority of which are oaks.”
Reference Table
| 주체 종류 | 구조 | 수량 한정사 예시 | 예문 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
사람
|
Quantifier + of whom
|
all, many, some, three
|
I have ten friends, many of whom live abroad.
|
|
사물
|
Quantifier + of which
|
all, most, none, a few
|
She has many books, all of which are signed.
|
|
짝 (사람)
|
Both/Neither + of whom
|
both, neither
|
I met two actors, neither of whom I recognized.
|
|
짝 (사물)
|
Both/Neither + of which
|
both, neither
|
He has two cars, both of which are electric.
|
|
소유
|
Quantifier + of whose + noun
|
all, some
|
They have three kids, all of whose names start with A.
|
|
숫자
|
Number + of which/whom
|
one, two, five
|
We ordered five pizzas, two of which were vegan.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
I have ten colleagues, all of whom are highly skilled. (Professional/Social)
I have ten colleagues, and they are all very good at their jobs. (Professional/Social)
I've got ten people at work, all of them are great. (Professional/Social)
My work crew? All of 'em are legends. (Professional/Social)
수량 관계사절
사람
- whom 사람을 지칭할 때
- all of whom 모든 사람
사물/객체
- which 사람이 아닌 것을 지칭할 때
- most of which 대부분의 항목들
격식체 vs. 비격식체 연결
대명사를 어떻게 선택할까요?
사람을 묘사하고 있나요?
쉼표 뒤에 오나요?
자주 쓰이는 수량 한정사
전체 / 긍정
- • all of
- • both of
- • most of
부정
- • none of
- • neither of
부분 / 숫자
- • some of
- • a few of
- • three of
수준별 예문
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
I have two pens. Both of them are red.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
She has three cats. One of them is black.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
I saw five movies. All of them were good.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
He has two brothers. They are both tall.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
I have many friends, and some of them live here.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
He bought four apples, but two of them were bad.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
We have ten computers, and all of them are new.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
She invited ten people, but none of them came.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
I have three sisters, all of whom are older than me.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
He owns five cars, none of which are electric.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
The hotel has 50 rooms, most of which have a sea view.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
I met the managers, two of whom were very helpful.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
The company launched three products, each of which targeted a different market.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
There were several candidates, few of whom possessed the necessary skills.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
The library contains thousands of manuscripts, some of which date back to the 12th century.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
He has published many articles, the majority of which focus on climate change.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The researchers interviewed 200 subjects, a significant proportion of whom reported side effects.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The city is home to numerous skyscrapers, the tallest of which reaches 500 meters.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The committee proposed several amendments, none of which were accepted by the board.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The artist created a series of murals, the most famous of which is located in the city center.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The philosopher explored various metaphysical theories, the intricacies of which remain a subject of debate.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
The treaty consists of twelve articles, the third of which stipulates the terms of ceasefire.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
He was surrounded by sycophants, all of whom vied for his fleeting attention.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
The galaxy contains billions of stars, an infinitesimal fraction of which may harbor life.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners confuse 'of whom' (part of a group) with 'whose' (possession).
Learners forget to add the quantifier and just use 'which' or 'who'.
자주 하는 실수
I have two brothers, all of who are tall.
I have two brothers. Both of them are tall.
I have many books, some of them are old.
I have many books, and some of them are old.
I have three friends, all of them live in London.
I have three friends, all of whom live in London.
He has two cars, both of who are fast.
He has two cars, both of which are fast.
The guests, many of who arrived late...
The guests, many of whom arrived late...
문장 패턴
I have ___, ___ of whom ___.
There are ___, ___ of which ___.
Real World Usage
The survey included 500 participants, most of whom were students.
I led several teams, all of whom exceeded their targets.
The police arrested five suspects, two of whom have been charged.
The resort has three pools, none of which were crowded.
The set comes with six brushes, each of which has a specific use.
He had many secrets, some of which were dangerous.
쉼표는 정말 중요해요
Never skip the comma before the quantifier. It signals that this is non-essential information and keeps the sentence from being a run-on.
상사에게 깊은 인상을 남기세요
We analyzed 50 samples, 40 of which showed improvement.이렇게 말하면 훨씬 더 전문적으로 들려요!
심장 박동 테스트
Smart Tips
Try combining them with 'of whom' or 'of which' to make your writing flow better.
If there is a preposition like 'of' right before it, it is ALWAYS 'whom'.
발음
Stress on the Quantifier
In these clauses, the quantifier (all, some, none) usually receives the primary stress to emphasize the amount.
The 'of' reduction
The word 'of' is often reduced to a weak 'schwa' sound /əv/.
Non-defining pause
I have two brothers [pause] both of whom are doctors.
The pause (indicated by the comma) shows that the following information is extra.
암기하기
기억법
Remember: 'Whom' for the 'Home-sapiens' (people), 'Which' for the 'Witch's' broom (things).
시각적 연상
Imagine a large circle representing a group. Inside, a smaller circle is highlighted with a label like '3 of whom' or 'some of which'. This shows you are focusing on a subset.
Rhyme
For people use 'whom', for things use 'which', add a comma first to avoid a glitch!
Story
A king had three sons, all of whom wanted the throne. He gave them three tasks, none of which were easy. The first son failed, at which point the second son tried.
Word Web
챌린지
Write three sentences about your family or your belongings using 'all of whom', 'none of which', and 'two of whom'.
문화 노트
This structure is a hallmark of high-level academic writing in the UK and US. Using it correctly can significantly improve the 'academic tone' of an essay.
In formal British contexts, 'whom' is preserved more strictly than in some casual American dialects.
Legal documents use this to be extremely precise about which parts of a contract or group of people are being discussed.
This structure stems from the Latin 'partitive genitive', where a part is taken from a whole.
대화 시작하기
Tell me about your favorite movies. How many have you seen recently?
How many people are in your family, and what do they do?
Think about the apps on your phone. Which ones do you use most?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
I have two best friends, both of ___ live in London.
Choose the best sentence for a formal essay:
Find and fix the mistake:
I have many unread notifications, some of who are from Instagram.
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesI have three cousins, all of ___ live in America.
He bought five shirts, two of ___ were too small.
Find and fix the mistake:
She has many friends, some of them are doctors.
He told me three stories. They weren't true.
'The company has ten employees, all of who work from home.'
A: Did you like the books I lent you? B: I've read three of them, ___.
1. Students, 2. Computers
sisters / I / two / have / whom / of / both / doctors / are / ,
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe team has ten members, six of ___ are from Germany.
He has two houses, neither of who is in the city.
many / , / I / apps / of / use / which / I / have / .
Ich habe zwei Schwestern, von denen beide Lehrerinnen sind.
Identify the grammatically perfect sentence:
Match correctly:
The store sells many brands, most of ___ are local.
I have five pens none of which work.
none of whom / , / the party / ten people attended / I knew / .
Er machte viele Vorschläge, von denen keiner akzeptiert wurde.
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
No. In this specific structure (after a quantifier and 'of'), you can only use `which` for things and `whom` for people.
It is quite formal. In casual speech, most people say `I have three brothers and all of them are...` rather than using `all of whom`.
Yes. These are non-defining relative clauses, which always require a comma to separate the extra information from the main clause.
Absolutely! Any quantifier works: `one`, `two`, `several`, `many`, `a few`, `none`, `all`, etc.
Usually, we use `which` for animals. However, if the animals are pets with names, some people use `whom`, though `which` is always safe.
It depends on the noun. Usually, it takes a plural verb if the group is plural: `None of which are...` but in very formal English, some prefer the singular `is`.
No, the relative clause must follow the noun it describes. You must introduce the group before you can quantify it.
Use `both` specifically for two people. Use `all` for three or more.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
de los cuales / de quienes
English pronouns (whom/which) do not change for gender or number.
dont / desquels
French 'dont' is much more versatile and common than the English quantifier structure.
von denen / von welchen
German requires the verb at the very end of the clause.
そのうちの (sono uchi no)
Japanese does not use relative pronouns like 'which' or 'whom'.
منهم (minhum) / منها (minha)
Arabic uses pronouns attached to prepositions rather than independent relative pronouns.
其中 (qízhōng)
Chinese lacks relative pronouns and uses fixed phrases to show part-whole relationships.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
관련 동영상
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[영어문법] all of whom, all of which 차이, 수량형용사+of+관계대명사(관계사의 계속적 용법) | 관계대명사 총정리
영어의비법
15강. 관계대명사 + 수량표현 (all of whom/which, none of whom/which, some of whom/which)
올댓영어
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