B1 · 중급 챕터 11

Adding Extra Information and Formal Details

4 총 규칙
43 예문
7 분
이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your communication by seamlessly weaving extra details and formal precision into your English sentences.

  • Distinguish between essential and non-essential information.
  • Apply commas correctly to structure complex thoughts.
  • Master formal prepositional phrasing to sound professional.
Add detail, gain clarity, sound professional.

배울 내용

Want to add rich detail and clarity to your English? This chapter shows you how to smoothly include extra information using commas and master formal language, so you can express complex ideas precisely and confidently.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative clauses to combine two short sentences into one fluid, detailed statement.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Employ formal prepositional structures in professional correspondence.

챕터 가이드

Overview

As you navigate the B1 level in English, you're moving beyond basic sentences and starting to express more nuanced and complex ideas. This chapter is your key to unlocking that next level of clarity and sophistication. We're diving into the essential skills for adding extra information and formal details, which are crucial for sounding natural and precise, especially in written English or more formal spoken contexts.
Mastering these structures will significantly enhance your ability to communicate effectively, ensuring your message is always understood exactly as you intend.
You'll learn how to seamlessly weave in additional facts and explanations without making your sentences clunky or confusing. This isn't just about sounding fancy; it's about being clear and concise, whether you're describing a person, an object, or a situation. We'll explore different types of relative clauses – the building blocks for this kind of detail – and show you how to use commas to manage the flow of information.
This includes understanding the subtle yet powerful difference between essential and non-essential information.
Furthermore, we'll equip you with the tools to handle more formal language. This is vital for academic writing, professional emails, or even just impressing an English speaker with your command of the language. By the end of this guide, your B1 English grammar will feel much more robust, allowing you to articulate complex thoughts with confidence and precision, making your English sound truly advanced.

How This Grammar Works

At the heart of adding extra information and formal details are relative clauses. These are parts of a sentence that describe a noun, giving us more specific data about it. They typically start with words like who, whom, which, that, or whose.
The critical distinction here is between defining and non-defining relative clauses.
A defining relative clause provides essential information that pinpoints *which* specific noun you're talking about. If you remove it, the meaning of the main sentence changes or becomes unclear. For instance,
The student who answered the question correctly passed the exam.
Here,
who answered the question correctly
tells us *which* student.
We don't use commas with defining clauses, and we can often use that instead of who or which.
In contrast, a non-defining relative clause adds extra, non-essential information. It's like a bonus detail. The sentence would still make sense and identify the noun without it.
These clauses are always set off by commas. For example,
My brother, who lives in London, is visiting next week.
The main point is
My brother is visiting next week.
The fact that he lives in London is just additional info. You *must* use who for people and which for things in non-defining clauses; that is never used.
For more formal contexts, especially in writing, we often place prepositions *before* the relative pronoun. Instead of saying
The colleague I spoke *to*
, formal English prefers
The colleague to whom I spoke.
Similarly,
The project *which I am working on*
becomes
The project on which I am working.
This structure elevates the formality and precision of your language.
Finally, to describe quantities within a previously mentioned group, we use relative clauses with quantifiers. These are also non-defining and use commas. We say
quantifier + of + whom/which.
For instance,
I invited ten friends to the party, all of whom accepted.
Or,
She bought three books, none of which she had read before.
This allows you to elegantly provide specific details about a subgroup, enriching your descriptions without creating separate sentences.

Common Mistakes

Learning to correctly add extra information is vital for your B1 English grammar, but it's easy to make a few common errors.
  1. 1✗ Using 'that' in non-defining clauses or forgetting commas.
✗ My car, that is red, is fast.
✓ My car, which is red, is fast.
*Explanation:* Non-defining clauses, which add extra, non-essential details, always use which (for things) or who (for people) and are separated by commas. 'That' is only for defining clauses.
  1. 1✗ Incorrectly placing prepositions in formal relative clauses.
✗ The person who I sent the email to was out of office.
✓ The person to whom I sent the email was out of office.
*Explanation:* In formal English, prepositions should precede whom (for people) or which (for things).
  1. 1✗ Not using 'of whom'/'of which' correctly with quantifiers.
✗ I have two brothers, both who live abroad.
✓ I have two brothers, both of whom live abroad.
*Explanation:* When quantifying a previously mentioned group in a non-defining clause, use
quantifier + of whom
(for people) or
quantifier + of which
(for things) after a comma.

Real Conversations

A

A

Did you enjoy the concert last night?
B

B

Yes, it was fantastic! The lead singer, who has an incredible voice, really brought the house down. And the band, which had a new drummer, sounded tighter than ever.
A

A

"I'm finalizing the report for the CEO."
B

B

Right. Did you get the figures from Sarah?
A

A

Yes. The data, all of which was verified by her department, confirms our initial projections. The CEO, to whom I will present the findings directly, expects a thorough explanation.
A

A

Have you seen John recently?
B

B

"Oh, John? My old classmate, whom I haven't seen in ages, is actually coming to my party next week. He's bringing his new dog, which I hear is a Golden Retriever."

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use 'which' instead of 'that' when adding extra information?

You use which when the information is extra, or non-essential, and set off by commas. For example,

The new office, which is on the third floor, has great views.
If the information is essential to identify the noun, you use that (or which without commas), like
The office that is on the third floor has great views.

Q

What's the main difference between to whom and who...to?

To whom is a formal structure where the preposition comes before the relative pronoun, typically used in written English or very formal speech (e.g.,

The client to whom I sent the email
). Who...to is an informal and more common structure in everyday spoken English (e.g.,
The client who I sent the email to
). Both are grammatically correct but convey different levels of formality.

Q

Can I use all of that or none of that instead of all of which or none of which?

While all of that or none of that can be used in some contexts, particularly informally, when referring back to a *previously mentioned noun or clause* as part of a non-defining relative clause, you should use

all of which
or
none of which.
For example,
She mentioned several problems, all of which need attention.

Q

Why are commas so important when adding extra information with relative clauses?

Commas are crucial because they signal whether the information is essential or non-essential. Using them correctly prevents misunderstandings and makes your writing clearer. Incorrect comma usage can completely change the meaning or make a sentence ungrammatical.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these patterns constantly, though often unconsciously. The more formal structures (like prepositions before whom/which and quantifiers) are far more common in written English – reports, academic papers, formal emails – than in casual conversation. In daily speech, speakers tend to opt for simpler, less formal constructions like splitting the preposition from the relative pronoun or rephrasing entirely.
Understanding this distinction helps you sound natural whether you're chatting with a friend or writing a professional document.

주요 예문 (8)

1

The profile that has the blue checkmark is the real one.

파란 체크 표시가 있는 프로필이 진짜예요.

관계절: 제한적 용법 vs 비제한적 용법의 의미 차이
2

My laptop, which I bought only last month, is already lagging.

지난달에 산 제 노트북이 벌써 느려졌어요.

관계절: 제한적 용법 vs 비제한적 용법의 의미 차이
3

My brother, who lives in Sydney, is a fantastic surfer.

시드니에 사는 우리 오빠는 서핑을 정말 잘해요.

비제한적 관계절: 추가 정보 추가 (쉼표와 함께)
4

The new restaurant, which opened last week, serves delicious vegan options.

지난주에 문을 연 그 새 식당은 맛있는 비건 메뉴를 팔아요.

비제한적 관계절: 추가 정보 추가 (쉼표와 함께)
5

The professor, to whom I submitted my thesis, provided invaluable feedback.

제가 논문을 제출했던 교수님께서 아주 귀중한 피드백을 주셨습니다.

관계절의 격식 전치사 (to whom, for which)
6

This is the complex issue for which a solution is urgently needed.

이것은 해결책이 시급히 필요한 복잡한 문제입니다.

관계절의 격식 전치사 (to whom, for which)
7

I have three brothers, all of whom are engineers.

제겐 세 명의 형제가 있는데, 모두 엔지니어예요.

수량 표현이 포함된 관계절 (all of whom, none of which)
8

He sent me ten emails, none of which I have read yet.

그가 보낸 이메일 10통 중에 아직 읽은 게 하나도 없어요.

수량 표현이 포함된 관계절 (all of whom, none of which)

팁과 요령 (4)

🎯

손가락으로 콕! 짚기

손가락으로 콕! 짚을 수 있다면 그건 Defining clause예요. 쉼표는 필요 없어요. 예를 들어, 카페에서 '저기 저 코트 입은 사람!' 하고 가리킬 때처럼요:
The man who is wearing a coat is my friend.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계절: 제한적 용법 vs 비제한적 용법의 의미 차이
💡

콤마는 '잠시 멈춤' 신호

콤마가 보이면 '아, 이건 없어도 문장이 말이 되는구나'라고 생각하세요. 시각적인 힌트랍니다!
My car, which is old, still works.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 비제한적 관계절: 추가 정보 추가 (쉼표와 함께)
💡

'Whom'은 언제 쓸까요?

상대방을 'him'이나 'her'로 바꿀 수 있다면 'whom'을, 'he'나 'she'로 바꿀 수 있다면 'who'를 써요. 예를 들어, 'to him'은 'to whom'이 되는 거죠.
She is the colleague to whom I wrote the email.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계절의 격식 전치사 (to whom, for which)
⚠️

쉼표는 정말 중요해요

쉼표를 빼먹지 마세요. 추가 정보라는 신호이고, 문장이 길어지는 걸 막아줘요:
Never skip the comma before the quantifier. It signals that this is non-essential information and keeps the sentence from being a run-on.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 수량 표현이 포함된 관계절 (all of whom, none of which)

핵심 어휘 (5)

clause a part of a sentence containing a verb define to explain the nature or meaning of something formal appropriate for official or serious situations quantifier a word expressing amount, like all or none preposition a word showing relationship like to, for, or with

Real-World Preview

users

Professional Introduction

Review Summary

  • Noun + that/who + verb
  • Noun, + which/who + verb, + rest
  • Prep + whom/which
  • Quantifier + of + whom/which

자주 하는 실수

You don't need 'he' if 'who' already acts as the subject. The extra 'he' is redundant.

Wrong: My brother, who lives in Paris, he is a chef.
정답: My brother, who lives in Paris, is a chef.

When using a formal structure, the preposition moves to the front, and the object pronoun is removed.

Wrong: The person that I spoke to him was nice.
정답: The person to whom I spoke was nice.

Use 'which' or 'whom' to connect the clause to the main sentence, not 'them'.

Wrong: I have many books, all of them are new.
정답: I have many books, all of which are new.

Next Steps

You've unlocked a higher level of English precision! Keep practicing, and don't be afraid to use these structures in your daily writing.

Write a formal email to a professor describing your research interests.

Continue to: Mastering Ability and Polite Requests

빠른 연습 (10)

화자가 형제가 한 명 이상임을 암시하는 문장은 무엇인가요?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: My brother who lives in London is a doctor.
쉼표가 없으면 정의적 용법으로, 여러 형제 중 *어떤* 형제인지 특정하는 거예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계절: 제한적 용법 vs 비제한적 용법의 의미 차이

알맞은 관계대명사와 문장 부호를 골라보세요.

My best friend ___ is a brilliant artist, just had her first exhibition.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: , who
'내 베프'는 이미 누군지 알기 때문에 추가 정보를 주는 콤마와 사람용 'who'가 필요해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 비제한적 관계절: 추가 정보 추가 (쉼표와 함께)

격식 있는 관계대명사 구조를 올바르게 사용한 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The regulations, about which they complained, were difficult.
격식 있는 관계대명사 절에서는 사물에 대해 전치사가 'which' 앞에 옵니다. 이 격식 구조에서는 'that'이 사용되지 않습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계절의 격식 전치사 (to whom, for which)

격식 있는 문장을 완성하기 위해 올바른 형태를 고르세요.

The candidate, _____ the committee voted unanimously, accepted the position.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: for whom
'candidate'는 사람이고, 전치사 'for'가 관계대명사 앞에 오므로, 'whom'이 올바른 격식 형태입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계절의 격식 전치사 (to whom, for which)

올바른 관계대명사를 채워 넣으세요.

I have two best friends, both of ___ live in London.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: whom
사람(친구들)을 가리키므로 'whom'을 사용해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 수량 표현이 포함된 관계절 (all of whom, none of which)

격식 있는 문장에서 실수를 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

This is the objective to who we are striving.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: This is the objective to which we are striving.
'objective'는 사물이므로 'which'를 사용해야 합니다. 'whom'은 사람에게 사용됩니다. 전치사 'to'가 'which' 앞에 올바르게 위치합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계절의 격식 전치사 (to whom, for which)

문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

I have many unread notifications, some of who are from Instagram.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: some of which are from Instagram.
알림은 사물이므로 'who' 대신 'which'를 사용해야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 수량 표현이 포함된 관계절 (all of whom, none of which)

'that' 또는 'which'를 사용하여 빈칸을 채우세요. 쉼표 규칙을 기억하세요!

Tokyo, ___ is the capital of Japan, is a huge city.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
이것은 (유일한 장소에 대한) 추가 정보를 주는 비제한적 용법이므로, 'that'은 절대 쓸 수 없고 'which'를 사용해야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계절: 제한적 용법 vs 비제한적 용법의 의미 차이

이미 특정되어 알려진 사람에 대한 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾으세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Mr. Smith that is my teacher is very kind.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mr. Smith, who is my teacher, is very kind.
이름을 알고 있으므로 정보가 추가적인 거예요. 쉼표가 필요하고 'that' 대신 'who'를 써야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 관계절: 제한적 용법 vs 비제한적 용법의 의미 차이

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the best sentence for a formal essay:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She wrote five books, all of which are famous.
이 문장은 올바른 관계대명사('which', 책의 경우)를 사용했고, 필요한 쉼표도 포함되어 있어요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 수량 표현이 포함된 관계절 (all of whom, none of which)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

Defining clause는 *어떤 것*인지 정확히 알려줘요 (필수 정보). Non-defining clause는 이미 알고 있는 것에 대한 추가 정보예요 (보너스 정보).
Non-defining clause에는 항상 쉼표를 사용해야 해요. 추가 정보를 괄호처럼 감싸는 역할을 해요:
My brother, who is a doctor, is coming.
(쉼표가 없으면 형제가 여러 명이라는 뜻이 되죠.)
이미 누군지 확실한 명사에 대해 '보너스 정보'를 주는 거예요. 꼭 필요한 정보는 아니지만 알면 좋은 내용을 덧붙일 때 써요.
My mother, who is a chef, loves spicy food.
가장 쉬운 방법은 콤마(,)를 찾는 거예요! 콤마가 양옆에 있다면 100%예요. 또 그 부분을 빼도 문장이 완벽한지 확인해보세요.
Paris, which I love, is beautiful.
'who'는 주어 역할을 하고 (he나 she처럼), 'whom'은 목적어 역할을 해요 (him이나 her처럼). 전치사가 앞에 오는 격식 있는 절에서는 항상 'whom'을 사용합니다. 예를 들어, to whom처럼요.
이 구조를 배우면 더욱 정확하고 격식 있게 의사소통할 수 있어요. 이는 학술적인 글쓰기, 전문적인 환경, 그리고 세련된 인상을 주고 싶을 때 필수적입니다. 예를 들어,
the report for which I was responsible
처럼요.
이전 챕터
Describing Places, Times, and Ownership
다음 챕터
Mastering Ability and Polite Requests
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