B1 · متوسط فصل 11

Adding Extra Information and Formal Details

4 مجموع قواعد
43 مثال‌ها
7 دقیقه
قواعد این فصل تمرین سریع

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your communication by seamlessly weaving extra details and formal precision into your English sentences.

  • Distinguish between essential and non-essential information.
  • Apply commas correctly to structure complex thoughts.
  • Master formal prepositional phrasing to sound professional.
Add detail, gain clarity, sound professional.

چی یاد می‌گیری

Want to add rich detail and clarity to your English? This chapter shows you how to smoothly include extra information using commas and master formal language, so you can express complex ideas precisely and confidently.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use relative clauses to combine two short sentences into one fluid, detailed statement.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Employ formal prepositional structures in professional correspondence.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

As you navigate the B1 level in English, you're moving beyond basic sentences and starting to express more nuanced and complex ideas. This chapter is your key to unlocking that next level of clarity and sophistication. We're diving into the essential skills for adding extra information and formal details, which are crucial for sounding natural and precise, especially in written English or more formal spoken contexts.
Mastering these structures will significantly enhance your ability to communicate effectively, ensuring your message is always understood exactly as you intend.
You'll learn how to seamlessly weave in additional facts and explanations without making your sentences clunky or confusing. This isn't just about sounding fancy; it's about being clear and concise, whether you're describing a person, an object, or a situation. We'll explore different types of relative clauses – the building blocks for this kind of detail – and show you how to use commas to manage the flow of information.
This includes understanding the subtle yet powerful difference between essential and non-essential information.
Furthermore, we'll equip you with the tools to handle more formal language. This is vital for academic writing, professional emails, or even just impressing an English speaker with your command of the language. By the end of this guide, your B1 English grammar will feel much more robust, allowing you to articulate complex thoughts with confidence and precision, making your English sound truly advanced.

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

At the heart of adding extra information and formal details are relative clauses. These are parts of a sentence that describe a noun, giving us more specific data about it. They typically start with words like who, whom, which, that, or whose.
The critical distinction here is between defining and non-defining relative clauses.
A defining relative clause provides essential information that pinpoints *which* specific noun you're talking about. If you remove it, the meaning of the main sentence changes or becomes unclear. For instance,
The student who answered the question correctly passed the exam.
Here,
who answered the question correctly
tells us *which* student.
We don't use commas with defining clauses, and we can often use that instead of who or which.
In contrast, a non-defining relative clause adds extra, non-essential information. It's like a bonus detail. The sentence would still make sense and identify the noun without it.
These clauses are always set off by commas. For example,
My brother, who lives in London, is visiting next week.
The main point is
My brother is visiting next week.
The fact that he lives in London is just additional info. You *must* use who for people and which for things in non-defining clauses; that is never used.
For more formal contexts, especially in writing, we often place prepositions *before* the relative pronoun. Instead of saying
The colleague I spoke *to*
, formal English prefers
The colleague to whom I spoke.
Similarly,
The project *which I am working on*
becomes
The project on which I am working.
This structure elevates the formality and precision of your language.
Finally, to describe quantities within a previously mentioned group, we use relative clauses with quantifiers. These are also non-defining and use commas. We say
quantifier + of + whom/which.
For instance,
I invited ten friends to the party, all of whom accepted.
Or,
She bought three books, none of which she had read before.
This allows you to elegantly provide specific details about a subgroup, enriching your descriptions without creating separate sentences.

اشتباهات رایج

Learning to correctly add extra information is vital for your B1 English grammar, but it's easy to make a few common errors.
  1. 1✗ Using 'that' in non-defining clauses or forgetting commas.
✗ My car, that is red, is fast.
✓ My car, which is red, is fast.
*Explanation:* Non-defining clauses, which add extra, non-essential details, always use which (for things) or who (for people) and are separated by commas. 'That' is only for defining clauses.
  1. 1✗ Incorrectly placing prepositions in formal relative clauses.
✗ The person who I sent the email to was out of office.
✓ The person to whom I sent the email was out of office.
*Explanation:* In formal English, prepositions should precede whom (for people) or which (for things).
  1. 1✗ Not using 'of whom'/'of which' correctly with quantifiers.
✗ I have two brothers, both who live abroad.
✓ I have two brothers, both of whom live abroad.
*Explanation:* When quantifying a previously mentioned group in a non-defining clause, use
quantifier + of whom
(for people) or
quantifier + of which
(for things) after a comma.

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

Did you enjoy the concert last night?
B

B

Yes, it was fantastic! The lead singer, who has an incredible voice, really brought the house down. And the band, which had a new drummer, sounded tighter than ever.
A

A

"I'm finalizing the report for the CEO."
B

B

Right. Did you get the figures from Sarah?
A

A

Yes. The data, all of which was verified by her department, confirms our initial projections. The CEO, to whom I will present the findings directly, expects a thorough explanation.
A

A

Have you seen John recently?
B

B

"Oh, John? My old classmate, whom I haven't seen in ages, is actually coming to my party next week. He's bringing his new dog, which I hear is a Golden Retriever."

سؤالات رایج

Q

When should I use 'which' instead of 'that' when adding extra information?

You use which when the information is extra, or non-essential, and set off by commas. For example,

The new office, which is on the third floor, has great views.
If the information is essential to identify the noun, you use that (or which without commas), like
The office that is on the third floor has great views.

Q

What's the main difference between to whom and who...to?

To whom is a formal structure where the preposition comes before the relative pronoun, typically used in written English or very formal speech (e.g.,

The client to whom I sent the email
). Who...to is an informal and more common structure in everyday spoken English (e.g.,
The client who I sent the email to
). Both are grammatically correct but convey different levels of formality.

Q

Can I use all of that or none of that instead of all of which or none of which?

While all of that or none of that can be used in some contexts, particularly informally, when referring back to a *previously mentioned noun or clause* as part of a non-defining relative clause, you should use

all of which
or
none of which.
For example,
She mentioned several problems, all of which need attention.

Q

Why are commas so important when adding extra information with relative clauses?

Commas are crucial because they signal whether the information is essential or non-essential. Using them correctly prevents misunderstandings and makes your writing clearer. Incorrect comma usage can completely change the meaning or make a sentence ungrammatical.

بافت فرهنگی

Native English speakers use these patterns constantly, though often unconsciously. The more formal structures (like prepositions before whom/which and quantifiers) are far more common in written English – reports, academic papers, formal emails – than in casual conversation. In daily speech, speakers tend to opt for simpler, less formal constructions like splitting the preposition from the relative pronoun or rephrasing entirely.
Understanding this distinction helps you sound natural whether you're chatting with a friend or writing a professional document.

مثال‌های کلیدی (6)

1

The profile that has the blue checkmark is the real one.

پروفایلی که تیک آبی داره، واقعیه.

جملهواره‌های موصولی: تفاوت معنایی معرف و غیرمعرف
2

My laptop, which I bought only last month, is already lagging.

لپ‌تاپم که همین ماه پیش خریدم، همین الان هم کنده.

جملهواره‌های موصولی: تفاوت معنایی معرف و غیرمعرف
3

My brother, who lives in Sydney, is a fantastic surfer.

داداشم، که تو سیدنی زندگی می‌کنه، یه موج‌سوار فوق‌العاده‌ست.

عبارات غیر تعریفی: اضافه کردن اطلاعات اضافی (با کاما)
4

The new restaurant, which opened last week, serves delicious vegan options.

رستوران جدیده، که هفته پیش باز شد، غذاهای وگان خیلی خوشمزه‌ای داره.

عبارات غیر تعریفی: اضافه کردن اطلاعات اضافی (با کاما)
5

The manager to whom I sent my resume has already replied.

مدیری که رزومه‌ام رو براش فرستادم، جواب داده.

حروف اضافه رسمی در جملات موصولی (to whom, for which)
6

This is the platform on which we host our monthly webinars.

این همون پلتفرمیه که ما وبینارهای ماهانه‌مون رو روش برگزار می‌کنیم.

حروف اضافه رسمی در جملات موصولی (to whom, for which)

نکات و ترفندها (4)

🎯

ترفند اشاره با انگشت

اگه می‌تونی با انگشت اشاره کنی و بگی «اون یکی!»، پس یه بند تعریف‌کننده (defining clause) هست. نیازی به ویرگول نداری.
The phone that is ringing is mine.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جملهواره‌های موصولی: تفاوت معنایی معرف و غیرمعرف
💡

ویرگول‌ها راهنمای تو هستن

یادت باشه همیشه ویرگول بذاری! اونا نشونه بصری هستن که میگن این اطلاعات اضافیه و اسم رو تعریف نمی‌کنه. اگه تونستی بند رو حذف کنی و جمله اصلی هنوز معنی داشته باشه، پس ویرگول نیازه.
If you can remove the clause, you need commas.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: عبارات غیر تعریفی: اضافه کردن اطلاعات اضافی (با کاما)
🎯

آزمون "کت و شلوار"

اگه جایی که داری صحبت می‌کنی، خودت کت و شلوار نمی‌پوشی (مثلاً با دوستات حرف می‌زنی)، پس احتمالاً نیازی به to whom نداری. اینو بذار برای وقتی که می‌خوای زبونت رو 'شیک' و رسمی کنی.
I wear a suit to this meeting.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حروف اضافه رسمی در جملات موصولی (to whom, for which)
⚠️

ویرگول خیلی مهمه!

هیچوقت ویرگول قبل از of whom/which رو حذف نکن. اینجوری معلوم میشه که این قسمت اضافه است و جمله رو خراب نمی‌کنه.
I need eggs, milk and bread.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جملات واره نسبی با سورها (همه آن‌ها، هیچ‌کدام از آن‌ها)

واژگان کلیدی (5)

clause a part of a sentence containing a verb define to explain the nature or meaning of something formal appropriate for official or serious situations quantifier a word expressing amount, like all or none preposition a word showing relationship like to, for, or with

Real-World Preview

users

Professional Introduction

Review Summary

  • Noun + that/who + verb
  • Noun, + which/who + verb, + rest
  • Prep + whom/which
  • Quantifier + of + whom/which

اشتباهات رایج

You don't need 'he' if 'who' already acts as the subject. The extra 'he' is redundant.

Wrong: My brother, who lives in Paris, he is a chef.
صحیح: My brother, who lives in Paris, is a chef.

When using a formal structure, the preposition moves to the front, and the object pronoun is removed.

Wrong: The person that I spoke to him was nice.
صحیح: The person to whom I spoke was nice.

Use 'which' or 'whom' to connect the clause to the main sentence, not 'them'.

Wrong: I have many books, all of them are new.
صحیح: I have many books, all of which are new.

Next Steps

You've unlocked a higher level of English precision! Keep practicing, and don't be afraid to use these structures in your daily writing.

Write a formal email to a professor describing your research interests.

Continue to: چطوری مودبانه درخواست بدی و از توانایی‌هات بگی؟

تمرین سریع (10)

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

I have many unread notifications, some of who are from Instagram.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: some of which are from Instagram.
نوتیفیکیشن‌ها «چیز» هستن، پس باید از which استفاده کنیم نه who.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جملات واره نسبی با سورها (همه آن‌ها، هیچ‌کدام از آن‌ها)

اشتباه این جمله رسمی رو پیدا کن و اصلاحش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

The company in that I work is expanding globally.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The company in which I work is expanding globally.
یادت باشه که نمیتونی 'that' رو بعد از حرف اضافه تو یه جمله موصولی استفاده کنی؛ همیشه باید از 'which' استفاده کنی.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حروف اضافه رسمی در جملات موصولی (to whom, for which)

کدوم جمله برای یه گزارش رسمی درست فرمت شده؟

Choose the most formal and correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The report for which I was looking is on the desk.
آوردن حرف اضافه 'for' به اول جمله و استفاده از 'which'، الگوی استاندارد و درست برای جملات رسمی هست.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حروف اضافه رسمی در جملات موصولی (to whom, for which)

کدام جمله نشان می‌دهد که گوینده بیش از یک برادر دارد؟

جمله درست را انتخاب کنید:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: My brother who lives in London is a doctor.
نبود ویرگول یعنی این یک بند تعریف‌کننده است که مشخص می‌کند از بین چندین برادر، کدام‌یک مد نظر است.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جملهواره‌های موصولی: تفاوت معنایی معرف و غیرمعرف

جای خالی رو با ضمیر موصولی رسمی و درست پر کن.

The colleague with ___ I worked on the project has been promoted.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: whom
بعد از حرف اضافه مثل 'with'، تو انگلیسی رسمی حتماً باید برای انسان‌ها از 'whom' استفاده کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حروف اضافه رسمی در جملات موصولی (to whom, for which)

اشتباه را در این جمله درباره یک شخص خاص و از قبل شناخته شده پیدا کنید.

Find and fix the mistake:

Mr. Smith that is my teacher is very kind.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mr. Smith, who is my teacher, is very kind.
چون اسمش را می‌دانیم، این اطلاعات اضافی است. پس به ویرگول و 'who' به جای 'that' نیاز داریم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جملهواره‌های موصولی: تفاوت معنایی معرف و غیرمعرف

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا و درست کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

The new cafe that has a rooftop terrace is very popular.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The new cafe, which has a rooftop terrace, is very popular.
بند «که یه تراس روی پشت بوم داره» اطلاعات غیرضروری درباره «کافه جدیده» میده (که با «جدیده» به اندازه کافی مشخصه). بنابراین باید ویرگول داشته باشه و 'which' باید به جای 'that' تو بندهای غیرتوصیفی استفاده بشه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: عبارات غیر تعریفی: اضافه کردن اطلاعات اضافی (با کاما)

جای خالی را با 'that' یا 'which' پر کنید. قانون ویرگول را یادتان باشد!

Tokyo, ___ is the capital of Japan, is a huge city.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
این یک بند غیرتعریف‌کننده (اطلاعات اضافی درباره یک مکان منحصر به فرد) است، پس باید از 'which' استفاده کنیم و هرگز 'that' نمی‌آید.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جملهواره‌های موصولی: تفاوت معنایی معرف و غیرمعرف

جای خالی رو با ضمیر موصولی درست پر کن.

I have two best friends, both of ___ live in London.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: whom
چون داریم به آدم‌ها (دوست‌ها) اشاره می‌کنیم، از whom استفاده می‌کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: جملات واره نسبی با سورها (همه آن‌ها، هیچ‌کدام از آن‌ها)

ضمیر موصولی و علامت‌گذاری صحیح رو انتخاب کن.

My best friend ___ is a brilliant artist, just had her first exhibition.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: , who
چون «بهترین دوستم» قبلاً مشخص شده، بند «یه هنرمند فوق‌العاده‌ست» اطلاعات اضافه و غیرضروری میده. بنابراین باید با ویرگول جدا بشه، و 'who' برای افراد استفاده میشه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: عبارات غیر تعریفی: اضافه کردن اطلاعات اضافی (با کاما)

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

بندهای تعریف‌کننده (Defining clauses) بهت میگن *کدوم* چیز یا شخص رو میگی (حیاتیه). بندهای غیرتعریف‌کننده (Non-defining clauses) فقط یه اطلاعات اضافی درباره چیزی که از قبل می‌دونی میدن (بونوس).
The student who studies hard passes.
vs.
My sister, who studies hard, passes.
همیشه برای بندهای غیرتعریف‌کننده (non-defining clauses) ویرگول بذار. این ویرگول‌ها مثل پرانتز عمل می‌کنن و اطلاعات اضافی رو جدا می‌کنن.
My car, which is red, is fast.
یه اطلاعات اضافه و غیرضروری در مورد یه اسمی میده که قبلاً مشخص شده. مثل یه یادداشت حاشیه‌ای مفید یا یه جزئیات بیشتر، نه چیزی که برای فهمیدن اینکه در مورد کی یا چی حرف می‌زنی حیاتی باشه.
راحت‌ترین راه اینه که دنبال ویرگول بگردی! جمله‌واره‌های غیرتوصیفی همیشه با ویرگول جدا میشن. همچنین، سعی کن بند رو حذف کنی؛ اگه جمله اصلی هنوز معنی کاملی داشت، پس غیرتوصیفیه.
نه، تو نوشته‌های رسمی نه. حتماً باید 'whom' باشه. تو صحبت‌های غیررسمی مردم ممکنه بگن With who? ولی از نظر گرامری تو متن رسمی اشتباهه. پس حواست باشه:
With whom are you going?
بله، این استاندارد شروع یه نامه رسمی هست وقتی اسم گیرنده رو نمیدونی یا نمی‌خوای اسمش رو ذکر کنی.
To whom it may concern, I am writing to apply for...
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