این و آن (This, That, These, Those): ضمایر اشاره
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'this' and 'these' for things close to you, and 'that' and 'those' for things further away.
- Use 'this' for one thing nearby: 'This apple is sweet.'
- Use 'that' for one thing far away: 'That car is fast.'
- Use 'these' (near) and 'those' (far) for more than one item: 'Those stars are bright.'
مرور کلی
this، that، these و those هستن. اونا موقع خرید آنلاین، پیام دادن به دوستات درباره یه تیکتاک عجیب، یا معرفی هماتاقیت به پدر و مادرت، بهترین دوستات هستن.This phone is ringing.this هست. اگه مجبوری برای گرفتنش تا اون سر اتاق بری، احتمالا that هست. اونا حسابکتاب هم بلدن.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
- فاصله فیزیکی: این رایجترین کاربردشه. اگه لیوان استارباکست دستته، میشه
thiscoffee. اگه دوستت اون طرف میز لیوانش رو نگه داشته، میشهthatcoffee. - فاصله زمانی: ما از اینها برای زمان هم استفاده میکنیم! اتفاقاتی که الان یا خیلی زود میفتن از
thisاستفاده میکنن.
(این هفته دیوانهکنندهست!). اتفاقاتی که توی گذشته افتادن ازThisweek is crazy!thatاستفاده میکنن.
(اون مهمونی شنبه گذشته افسانهای بود.)Thatparty last Saturday was legendary. - فاصله احساسی: گاهی اوقات از
thatاستفاده میکنیم تا از چیزی که دوست نداریم فاصله بگیریم. "I don't likethatguy's vibe.« (از فاز اون پسره خوشم نمیاد). اینجوری اون فرد دورتر از »thisguy" به نظر میاد، که ممکنه درست بغل دستت ایستاده باشه.
that) میخواست! خب، بهتره بچسبم به گرامر.
الگوی ساخت
this استفاده کن. (مثال: this laptop on my desk).
that استفاده کن. (مثال: that plane in the sky).
these استفاده کن. (مثال: these notifications on my screen).
those استفاده کن. (مثال: those mountains in the distance).
this | that
these | those
کی استفاده کنیم
- پشت تلفن: وقتی به یه شماره ناشناس جواب میدی، میگی:
Hello,
برای اینکه بپرسی کی پشت خطه، میگی:thisis [Your Name].Who is
that? - شبکههای اجتماعی: اگه داری یه میم (meme) رو توی گروه چت میفرستی، ممکنه بنویسی:
(این دقیقا منم!).Thisis so me! - خرید آنلاین: داری توی آمازون میچرخی؟ ممکنه به هماتاقیت بگی: "I really want
thoseheadphones, but they're so expensive." (من واقعا اون هدفونها رو میخوام، ولی خیلی گرونن.) - معرفی کردن افراد: وقتی توی یه مهمونی هستی، به دوستت اشاره میکنی و میگی:
وقتی برای بار اول کسی رو توی یک فضای فیزیکی معرفی میکنی، نمیگیThisis Sarah.She is Sarah. - سفارش غذا: جلوی یه فودتراک (ماشین غذا) ایستادی؟ به منو اشاره کن و بگو: "I'll have
thistaco andthatburrito, please." (لطفا این تاکو و اون بوریتو رو برای من بیارید.)
That, please.
اشتباهات رایج
- 1قاطی کردن مفرد و جمع: این اشتباه شماره یکه. مردم میگن
به جایthisshoes
یادت باشه:theseshoes.thisتنهایی رو دوست داره (مفرده).theseعاشق شلوغیه (جمعه). - 2تله
It: استفاده ازitوقتی که باید ازthisاستفاده کنی. اگه داری یه ایده رو معرفی میکنی یا مکالمه رو شروع میکنی، باthisشروع کن.
خیلی بهتر ازThisis a great idea!It is a great idea!
هست وقتی داری برای اولین بار مطرحش میکنی. - 3تلفظ: کلمه
this(ی کوتاه مثل 'fish') وthese(ای کشیده مثل 'cheese'). اگه اشتباه تلفظشون کنی، ممکنه مردم بابت تعداد چیزهایی که دربارهشون حرف میزنی گیج بشن. - 4استفاده بیش از حد از
That: برای چیزهایی که همین الان توی دستته ازthatاستفاده نکن. اینجوری به نظر میاد که از اون جسم میترسی.What is
(درحالی که به دست خودت اشاره میکنی) طوری به نظر میاد که انگار یه حشره پیدا کردی. بگوthat?What is
this?
مقایسه با الگوهای مشابه
اینها چه فرقی با بقیه کلمات «اشارهگر» مثل it ، here و there دارن؟
this و that مشخصتر هستن. اونا به یه چیز خاص توی فضا اشاره میکنن. it کلیتره و وقتی استفاده میشه که دیگه میدونیم داریم درباره چی حرف میزنیم.Look at(ازthisdog!Itis so cute.
this برای اشاره استفاده کن، بعد از it برای ادامه حرف زدن).here و there قید مکان هستن. اونا جای اسم رو نمیگیرن؛ بلکه موقعیت رو توصیف میکنن.My phone is here. (موقعیت)This is my phone.these جوریه که انگار اتفاقات همین الان دارن میفتن. those حس «اون قدیما» یا «اون روزای خوب» رو میده.سؤالات رایج
Can I use this for people?
This is my brother.Do I always have to use a noun after them?
I like this. یا میتونن صفت باشن: I like this song.Is it rude to point?
this و that کاملا مودبانهست. فقط شاید اگه توی یه رستوران شیک هستی، به جای یک انگشت، با کل دستت اشاره کنی بهتر باشه.
ترفند حافظه
به حروف دقت کن!
- THIS یه حرف I داره. کلا 1 دونه I وجود داره. پس this برای 1 چیزه.
- THESE کلی حرف E داره. پس برای چیزهای اضافه (Extra) یا همون جمع هست.
- THAT و THOSE؟ اگه با T-H شروع میشه و طولانیتره، یعنی دوره. (قبول دارم این یکی یکم الکی بود، ولی خب، ممکنه برات جواب بده!)
مکالمات واقعی
Scenario 1: At a Clothing Store
مشتری
these شلوار جینها چنده؟فروشنده
Those که روی رگاله؟ ۵۰ دلاره.مشتری
this جفتی که توی دستمه.فروشنده
Those توی حراجه و ۳۰ دلاره.Scenario 2: Watching Netflix
سام
this سریال رو دیدی؟الکس
That مستند درباره ببرها؟سام
this ریالیتیشوی جدید که روی صفحه اصلیه.تمرین پیشرونده
همین الان به دور و بر اتاقت نگاه کن. ۵ تا چیز رو لمس کن و بگو
...This is my
از پنجره به بیرون نگاه کن. به ۳ تا چیز در دوردست اشاره کن و بگو
...That is a
اپلیکیشن عکسهات رو باز کن. یه عکس دستهجمعی پیدا کن. اشاره کن و بگو
.These are my friends
تصور کن توی یه فروشگاه تکنولوژی هستی. قیمت لپتاپی که اون طرف اتاقه رو بپرس:
?How much is that
این جمله رو اصلاح کن:
.I love this movies(صبر کن، متوجه شدی؟ باید بشه
these movies!)
The Demonstrative Grid
| Distance | Singular (1) | Plural (2+) |
|---|---|---|
|
Near (Close)
|
This
|
These
|
|
Far (Distant)
|
That
|
Those
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
|
That is
|
That's
|
Very common in speech
|
|
This is
|
None
|
Rarely contracted in writing
|
|
These are
|
None
|
Never contracted
|
|
Those are
|
None
|
Never contracted
|
Meanings
Words used to point to specific people or things in relation to the speaker in space or time.
Physical Distance
Pointing to objects based on their physical proximity to the speaker.
“This chair is comfortable.”
“That mountain is very high.”
Time Reference
Referring to events happening now or in the past/future.
“This week is very busy.”
“That was a great party last night.”
Introduction/Identification
Identifying people or things, often on the phone or when introducing someone.
“Hi, this is Sarah speaking.”
“Mom, this is my friend, Alex.”
Reference Table
| کلمه اشاره | تعداد | فاصله | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
|
this
|
مفرد
|
نزدیک
|
This is my phone.
|
|
that
|
مفرد
|
دور
|
That is a bird.
|
|
these
|
جمع
|
نزدیک
|
These are my keys.
|
|
those
|
جمع
|
دور
|
Those are stars.
|
|
this (adjective)
|
مفرد
|
نزدیک
|
I like this song.
|
|
those (adjective)
|
جمع
|
دور
|
Look at those trees.
|
طیف رسمیت
Could you tell me what this item is? (Shopping or curiosity)
What is this? (Shopping or curiosity)
What's this? (Shopping or curiosity)
What's this thingy? (Shopping or curiosity)
دنیای کلمات اشاره
نزدیک تو
- this مفرد
- these جمع
دور از تو
- that مفرد
- those جمع
مقایسه مفرد و جمع
کدوم کلمه رو استفاده کنم؟
آیا فقط یه چیزه؟
بهت نزدیکه؟
نزدیکه (جمع)؟
سناریوهای استفاده روزمره
تلفن
- • This is Mark speaking.
- • Who is that?
کافه
- • I'll have this muffin.
- • That latte looks good.
شبکههای اجتماعی
- • Look at these comments!
- • Those filters are weird.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
This is my cat.
This is my cat.
That is a big tree.
That is a big tree.
These are my friends.
These are my friends.
Are those your keys?
Are those your keys?
This coffee is very hot.
This coffee is very hot.
I don't like that movie.
I don't like that movie.
These sandwiches are delicious.
These sandwiches are delicious.
Who are those people over there?
Who are those people over there?
This is exactly what I was talking about.
This is exactly what I was talking about.
That was a difficult time for everyone.
That was a difficult time for everyone.
These rules are quite confusing.
These rules are quite confusing.
Those who finish early can leave.
Those who finish early can leave.
This new policy will affect all employees.
This new policy will affect all employees.
That is a very interesting point you've raised.
That is a very interesting point you've raised.
These findings suggest a need for further research.
These findings suggest a need for further research.
Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.
Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.
This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.
This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.
That the economy is failing is a common misconception.
That the economy is failing is a common misconception.
These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.
These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.
Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.
Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.
This, then, is the crux of the matter.
This, then, is the crux of the matter.
I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.
I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.
These are but a few of the challenges we face.
These are but a few of the challenges we face.
Those were the days of wine and roses.
Those were the days of wine and roses.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners use 'it' to point to things for the first time.
In relative clauses, learners aren't sure which one to use.
Using 'they' to point to specific objects.
اشتباهات رایج
This books are good.
These books are good.
That is my keys.
Those are my keys.
Look at this!
Look at that!
I like these cake.
I like this cake.
In that days, life was hard.
In those days, life was hard.
Who is that?
Who is this?
This is a good news.
This is good news.
That people are waiting.
Those people are waiting.
This was a great party last week.
That was a great party last week.
Those present at the meeting was...
Those present at the meeting were...
الگوهای جملهسازی
Is this ___?
I like those ___.
This is my friend, ___.
That was a ___ ___.
Real World Usage
How much is this shirt?
I'll take two of those croissants, please.
Hi, this is Mark. Is that Sarah?
This experience helped me develop leadership skills.
Check out this video! That was so funny.
Go past that building and turn left.
قانون تلفن
This is John و برای کسی که اونور خطه میپرسی Is that you, Mary?. یادته؟
حواست به 'S' باشه!
آداب معرفی کردن
This is my friendتا معرفیش کنی. اینجوری رسمی و قشنگه.
Smart Tips
If you are touching the item, use 'this'. If the shopkeeper has to get it for you, use 'that'.
Always use 'these are' even if you are introducing them one by one as a group.
Use 'that' to show you were listening to their past experience.
Use 'this thing' or 'that thing' while pointing. It's a perfect survival strategy!
تلفظ
The 'TH' sound
All four words start with the voiced 'th' sound /ð/. Your tongue should be between your teeth.
This vs. These Vowels
'This' has a short /ɪ/ (like 'sit'). 'These' has a long /iː/ (like 'see'). This is the most important distinction.
Emphasis on the demonstrative
I want THIS one, not THAT one.
Stressing the word shows a strong contrast between choices.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
THIS and THESE have an 'I' or 'E' like 'NEAR'. THAT and THOSE have an 'A' or 'O' like 'AFAR'.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a circle around your feet. Anything inside the circle is 'This/These'. Anything outside the circle, where you have to stretch your arm to point, is 'That/Those'.
Rhyme
This and These are close to me, That and Those are far, you see!
Story
You are at a market. You hold an apple (This). You point to a mountain (That). You hold your keys (These). You point to the stars (Those).
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look around your room. Point to 3 things near you using 'This/These' and 3 things far away using 'That/Those'. Say them out loud!
نکات فرهنگی
When answering the phone, we say 'This is [Name].' We never say 'I am [Name]' or 'That is [Name]'.
In the UK, when asking who is on the other end of the phone, people often say 'Who is that?' whereas Americans might say 'Who is this?'
Pointing with a finger while saying 'that' can be considered rude in some cultures. Using the word alone is polite.
Demonstratives come from Old English 'þis' (this) and 'þæt' (that).
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What is this in English?
Do you like these shoes I'm wearing?
Is that your car parked outside?
What do you think of this weather we're having?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
___ clouds look like sheep.
I can't believe I found ___ book in the trash!
Find and fix the mistake:
That shoes are very dirty.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercises___ is my favorite book in my hand.
Look at ___ stars in the sky!
Find and fix the mistake:
These is my brother, Tom.
1. This 2. These 3. That 4. Those
are / keys / those / your / ?
___ was a great movie we saw last night.
Hello, ___ is Sarah. Is ___ John?
I want to buy ___ shoes over there.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises___ (near) are my favorite cookies.
is / laptop / mine / that
Translate: 'Dies sind meine Eltern.'
Identify the correct sentence for a person calling on the phone:
Match the demonstrative to its category:
Fix: 'I want those apple on the table.'
Look at ___ bird way up in the tree!
How do you introduce your friend Mark?
Translate: 'Jene Häuser sind alt.'
expensive / are / those / glasses
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
Yes, but mainly for introductions like `This is my friend` or on the phone. In other cases, use `he` or `she`.
We use `this` for the present or future (`this week`) and `that` for the past (`that year`).
English requires subject-verb agreement. `This` is singular, so it needs `is`. `These` is plural, so it needs `are`.
It is always `that's` with an apostrophe, which is short for `that is`.
Yes, `these ones` and `those ones` are very common in informal English to emphasize specific items.
Make sure the 'e' sound is long like in 'bee' and the 's' sounds like a 'z'.
Usually no. However, you might use it if you are referring to something the other person is holding.
No. In English, `this`, `that`, `these`, and `those` are the same for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
este / ese / aquel
English lacks the 'middle' distance word (ese).
ce / cette / ces
English demonstratives are gender-neutral.
dieser / jener
English forms are much simpler and don't change for case.
kore / sore / are
Japanese distinguishes between 'near you' and 'far from us'.
hadha / dhalika
English has no 'dual' form for exactly two things.
zhè / nà
English has unique plural words (these/those) rather than adding a suffix.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
03:11 Which Sidekick Notepad Is For You?
09:27 What to know about orgasms: Sex Ed #13
04:31 Supreme Court BANS Faithless Electors…………?
The Parts of Speech: PRONOUNS | 8 Types of Pronouns | English Grammar for Beginners
Sparkle English
Pronouns for Kids | Grammar for Elementary Students
Homeschool Pop
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