A1 Pronouns 4 min read 쉬움

이것, 저것 (This, That, These, Those): 지시어

사물의 «거리»와 «수량»에 따라 달라지는 마법의 «지시사»들이에요!

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'this' and 'these' for things close to you, and 'that' and 'those' for things further away.

  • Use 'this' for one thing nearby: 'This apple is sweet.'
  • Use 'that' for one thing far away: 'That car is fast.'
  • Use 'these' (near) and 'those' (far) for more than one item: 'Those stars are bright.'
☝️ (Near/1) This | ☝️☝️ (Near/2+) These | 👉 (Far/1) That | 👉👉 (Far/2+) Those

Overview

빵집 진열대에서 특정 빵을 주문하려는데 이름이 생각 안 났던 적 있어? 아마 그냥 손가락으로 가리키면서 «저거 주세요»라고 했을 거야. 우린 매일 이런 식으로 말하곤 해.
가리키는 건 의사소통을 위한 최고의 방법이거든. 영어에서는 우리 대신 가리키는 역할을 하는 네 가지 특별한 단어, 즉 지시사를 사용해. 바로 this, that, these, those야.
온라인 쇼핑을 하거나, 친구에게 이상한 틱톡 영상을 보내거나, 룸메이트를 부모님께 소개할 때 이 단어들은 최고의 친구가 되어줄 거야. 이 단어들이 없다면 물건을 설명하는 데 너무 많은 시간을 써야 할지도 몰라. 그냥
This phone is ringing.
이라고 하면 될 걸 «지금 내 손에 들려 있는 전화기가 울리고 있어.»라고 말한다고 상상해 봐.
1970년대 공상과학 영화에 나오는 로봇처럼 들릴 거야.
지시사는 두 가지를 알려줘. 물건이 어디에 있는지, 그리고 몇 개인지 말이야. 문장을 위한 GPS라고 생각하면 돼.
말하는 사람(나)과 대상 사이의 거리를 추적하는 거지. 손에 닿을 정도면 보통 this를 쓰고, 방을 가로질러 가야 얻을 수 있는 거라면 아마 that일 거야. 숫자 계산도 담당해.
영어는 단수와 복수를 아주 깐깐하게 따지거든. 피자 한 판에 쓰는 단어를 피자 다섯 판에 똑같이 쓸 수는 없잖아. 단순한 시스템 같지만, 실제 세상에서 내 말을 이해시키기 위한 기초가 돼.
면접을 보든 디스코드에서 그냥 놀든, 이 네 단어가 아주 중요한 역할을 할 거야.

How This Grammar Works

논리는 간단한 2x2 그리드야. 스스로에게 두 가지 질문을 던져봐. 첫 번째 질문: 나랑 가까운가, 아니면 먼가? 두 번째 질문: 한 개인가, 아니면 여러 개인가?
  • Physical Distance: 가장 흔한 용법이야. 스타벅스 컵을 들고 있다면 this coffee고, 친구가 테이블 건너편에서 컵을 들고 있다면 that coffee야.
  • Time Distance: 시간에도 이 단어들을 써! 지금 일어나는 일이나 곧 일어날 일에는 this를 써.
    This week is crazy!
    처럼 말이야. 과거에 일어난 일에는 that을 써.
    That party last Saturday was legendary.
    라고 할 수 있지.
  • Emotional Distance: 가끔은 싫어하는 것과 거리를 두기 위해 that을 쓰기도 해. "I don't like that guy's vibe.«라고 하면 바로 옆에 서 있을지도 모르는 »this guy"보다 더 멀게 느껴지거든.
농담 하나 할까? 왜 학생이 빈 접시를 가리켰을까? that 투명 샌드위치를 원했으니까! 미안, 그냥 문법 공부나 계속하자.

Formation Pattern

1
형태를 익히는 건 간단한 춤을 배우는 것과 같아. 딱 네 가지만 기억하면 돼.
2
Singular + Near: this를 사용해. (예시: 책상 위의 this 노트북).
3
Singular + Far: that을 사용해. (예시: 하늘의 that 비행기).
4
Plural + Near: these를 사용해. (예시: 화면의 these 알림들).
5
Plural + Far: those를 사용해. (예시: 멀리 보이는 those 산들).
6
Conjugation Table (Agreement)
7
Number | Near | Far
8
--- | --- | ---
9
Singular | this | that
10
Plural | these | those
11
프랑스어나 스페인어 같은 언어와 달리, 영어 지시사는 성별을 따지지 않아. 테이블이 «남성»인지 «여성»인지 걱정할 필요가 없다는 거지. 테이블이 하나인지, 아니면 이케아 전시장만큼 많은지만 신경 쓰면 돼.

When To Use It

어디서든 쓰게 될 거야. 현대적인 상황들을 몇 가지 살펴보자.
  • On the Phone: 모르는 번호로 전화를 받을 때
    Hello, this is [이름].
    이라고 해. 누가 전화했는지 물어볼 때는
    Who is that?
    이라고 하고.
  • Social Media: 단톡방에 밈을 공유할 때
    This is so me!
    라고 칠 수도 있지.
  • Online Shopping: 아마존 쇼핑 중이야? 룸메이트에게 "I really want those headphones, but they're so expensive."라고 말할 수 있어.
  • Introducing People: 파티에서 친구를 가리키며
    This is Sarah.
    라고 해. 물리적인 공간에서 처음 소개할 때는 She is Sarah라고 하지 않아.
  • Ordering Food: 푸드트럭이야? 메뉴를 가리키며 "I'll have this taco and that burrito, please."라고 해봐.
꿀팁: 여행 중에 현지 시장에서 «문어»라는 단어를 모른다면, 그냥 가리키면서
That, please.
라고 해. 생존(그리고 배고픔 해결)에 아주 유용해.

Common Mistakes

A1 수준의 문법이지만 사람들은 자주 실수해.
  1. 1단복수 혼동: 가장 흔한 실수야.
    these shoes
    대신
    this shoes
    라고 말하곤 하지. 기억해: this는 외톨이(단수)고, these는 북적이는 걸 좋아해(복수).
  2. 2The It Trap: this를 써야 할 때 it을 쓰는 경우야. 개념을 처음 소개하거나 대화를 시작할 때는 this로 시작해. 처음 제안할 때는
    It is a great idea!
    보다
    This is a great idea!
    가 더 좋아.
  3. 3발음: this (fish처럼 짧은 'i')와 these (cheese처럼 긴 'e'). 발음을 틀리면 상대방이 몇 개를 말하는지 헷갈릴 수 있어.
  4. 4Overusing That: 지금 들고 있는 물건에 that을 쓰지 마. 마치 그 물건을 무서워하는 것처럼 들리거든. 자기 손을 가리키며
    What is that?
    이라고 하면 벌레라도 발견한 것 같아.
    What is this?
    를 써야 해.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

it, here, there 같은 다른 «포인터» 단어들과 어떻게 다를까?

This/That vs. It: thisthat이 더 구체적이야. 공간상의 특정 대상을 가리키지. it은 더 일반적이고, 이미 무엇에 대해 이야기하는지 알 때 사용해.
Look at this dog! It is so cute.
(this로 가리키고, 그다음에 it으로 대화를 이어가기).
This/That vs. Here/There: herethere는 장소 부사야. 명사를 대신하는 게 아니라 위치를 설명해.
My phone is here.
(위치)
This is my phone.
(정체 확인)
These vs. Those in stories: 이야기를 할 때 these를 쓰면 사건이 지금 당장 일어나는 느낌을 줘. those는 «그 좋았던 시절» 같은 느낌을 주지.

Quick FAQ

Q

사람한테 this를 써도 돼?

응! 하지만 주로 소개할 때나 사진 속 누군가를 확인할 때 써.

This is my brother.

Q

뒤에 항상 명사가 와야 해?

아니. 대명사로 단독 사용이 가능해.

I like this.
또는 형용사로
I like this song.
처럼 쓸 수 있어.

Q

손가락질하는 건 무례하지 않아?

어떤 문화권에서는 그래! 하지만 thisthat이라는 단어를 사용하는 건 아주 예의 바른 행동이야. 고급 레스토랑이라면 손가락 하나 대신 손바닥 전체를 사용해서 가리키면 돼.

Memory Trick

철자를 생각해 봐!

- THIS에는 I가 있어. I1개뿐이지. 그래서 this1개(단수)를 위한 거야.

- THESE에는 E가 많아. Extra(추가적인) 것들, 즉 복수를 위한 거지.

- THAT과 THOSE? T-H로 시작하고 길면 멀리 있는 거야. (좀 억지 같지만, 도움이 될지도 몰라!)

Real Conversations

Scenario 1: 옷가게에서

손님

실례합니다, these 청바지 얼마예요?

점원

선반 위에 있는 those 것들요? 50달러예요.

손님

아뇨, 제 손에 있는 this 청바지요.

점원

아! those는 세일 중이라 30달러예요.

Scenario 2: 넷플릭스 시청 중

this 쇼 본 적 있어?

알렉스

어떤 거? 호랑이 나오는 that 다큐멘터리?

아니, 홈 화면에 있는 this 새 리얼리티 쇼 말이야.

Progressive Practice

1

지금 방 안을 둘러봐. 물건 5개를 만지며

This is my...
라고 말해봐.

2

창밖을 봐. 멀리 있는 것 3개를 가리키며

That is a...
라고 말해봐.

3

사진 앱을 열어서 단체 사진을 찾아봐. 가리키면서

These are my friends.
라고 해봐.

4

가전 매장에 있다고 상상해 봐. 방 건너편에 있는 노트북 가격을 물어봐:

How much is that?

5

이 문장을 고쳐봐:

I love this movies.
(잠깐, 찾았어? these movies가 되어야 해!)

The Demonstrative Grid

Distance Singular (1) Plural (2+)
Near (Close)
This
These
Far (Distant)
That
Those

Common Contractions

Full Form Contraction Usage Note
That is
That's
Very common in speech
This is
None
Rarely contracted in writing
These are
None
Never contracted
Those are
None
Never contracted

Meanings

Words used to point to specific people or things in relation to the speaker in space or time.

1

Physical Distance

Pointing to objects based on their physical proximity to the speaker.

“This chair is comfortable.”

“That mountain is very high.”

2

Time Reference

Referring to events happening now or in the past/future.

“This week is very busy.”

“That was a great party last night.”

3

Introduction/Identification

Identifying people or things, often on the phone or when introducing someone.

“Hi, this is Sarah speaking.”

“Mom, this is my friend, Alex.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 이것, 저것 (This, That, These, Those): 지시어
지시 대명사 수량 거리 예시
this
단수
가까움
This is my phone.
that
단수
That is a bird.
these
복수
가까움
These are my keys.
those
복수
Those are stars.
this (형용사)
단수
가까움
I like this song.
those (형용사)
복수
Look at those trees.

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Could you tell me what this item is?

Could you tell me what this item is? (Shopping or curiosity)

중립
What is this?

What is this? (Shopping or curiosity)

비격식체
What's this?

What's this? (Shopping or curiosity)

속어
What's this thingy?

What's this thingy? (Shopping or curiosity)

지시 대명사의 세계

지시 대명사

당신 근처

  • this 단수
  • these 복수

당신에게서 멀리

  • that 단수
  • those 복수

단수 vs 복수 비교

단수 (1개)
this 가까움
that
복수 (2개 이상)
these 가까움
those

어떤 단어를 사용해야 할까요?

1

하나의 물건인가요?

YES
'거리'로 이동
NO
'거리 (복수)'로 이동
2

당신에게 가까이 있나요?

YES
THIS 사용
NO
THAT 사용
3

가까이 있나요 (복수)?

YES
THESE 사용
NO ↓

현대적 사용 시나리오

📱

전화 통화 시

  • This is Mark speaking.
  • Who is that?

카페에서

  • I'll have this muffin.
  • That latte looks good.
📸

소셜 미디어에서

  • Look at these comments!
  • Those filters are weird.

수준별 예문

1

This is my cat.

This is my cat.

2

That is a big tree.

That is a big tree.

3

These are my friends.

These are my friends.

4

Are those your keys?

Are those your keys?

1

This coffee is very hot.

This coffee is very hot.

2

I don't like that movie.

I don't like that movie.

3

These sandwiches are delicious.

These sandwiches are delicious.

4

Who are those people over there?

Who are those people over there?

1

This is exactly what I was talking about.

This is exactly what I was talking about.

2

That was a difficult time for everyone.

That was a difficult time for everyone.

3

These rules are quite confusing.

These rules are quite confusing.

4

Those who finish early can leave.

Those who finish early can leave.

1

This new policy will affect all employees.

This new policy will affect all employees.

2

That is a very interesting point you've raised.

That is a very interesting point you've raised.

3

These findings suggest a need for further research.

These findings suggest a need for further research.

4

Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.

Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.

1

This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.

This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.

2

That the economy is failing is a common misconception.

That the economy is failing is a common misconception.

3

These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.

These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.

4

Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.

Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.

1

This, then, is the crux of the matter.

This, then, is the crux of the matter.

2

I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.

I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.

3

These are but a few of the challenges we face.

These are but a few of the challenges we face.

4

Those were the days of wine and roses.

Those were the days of wine and roses.

혼동하기 쉬운

This, That, These, Those: Pointing Words This vs. It

Learners use 'it' to point to things for the first time.

This, That, These, Those: Pointing Words That vs. Which

In relative clauses, learners aren't sure which one to use.

This, That, These, Those: Pointing Words Those vs. They

Using 'they' to point to specific objects.

자주 하는 실수

This books are good.

These books are good.

You must use 'these' for plural nouns.

That is my keys.

Those are my keys.

Keys are plural, so use 'those' and 'are'.

Look at this!

Look at that!

If you are pointing to something far away, use 'that'.

I like these cake.

I like this cake.

Cake is singular here, so use 'this'.

In that days, life was hard.

In those days, life was hard.

Days is plural, so 'those' is required.

Who is that?

Who is this?

When introducing someone standing right next to you, use 'this'.

This is a good news.

This is good news.

News is uncountable, so 'a' is not used, but 'this' is correct.

That people are waiting.

Those people are waiting.

People is a plural noun.

This was a great party last week.

That was a great party last week.

Use 'that' for past events.

Those present at the meeting was...

Those present at the meeting were...

Subject-verb agreement with the plural 'those'.

문장 패턴

Is this ___?

I like those ___.

This is my friend, ___.

That was a ___ ___.

Real World Usage

Shopping at a Mall constant

How much is this shirt?

Ordering at a Bakery very common

I'll take two of those croissants, please.

Phone Conversations very common

Hi, this is Mark. Is that Sarah?

Job Interview common

This experience helped me develop leadership skills.

Social Media very common

Check out this video! That was so funny.

Giving Directions common

Go past that building and turn left.

🎯

전화 통화 규칙

전화 통화할 때는 항상 자신을 'this'로 소개하고 상대방은 'that'으로 물어봐요. This is John (제가 존입니다),
Is that you, Mary?
(메리 맞아요?) 처럼요.
⚠️

'-s'를 잊지 마세요!

'these'나 'those'를 사용한다면 뒤에 오는 명사는 꼭 복수형이 되어야 해요! these appleS처럼요.
💬

소개할 때 예절

영어로 누군가를 소개할 때는 나이 많은 분이나 격식 있는 자리에서도
This is my friend
(제 친구입니다)라고 말하는 게 일반적이고 공손한 표현이에요.

Smart Tips

If you are touching the item, use 'this'. If the shopkeeper has to get it for you, use 'that'.

I want that shirt (holding the shirt). I want this shirt (holding the shirt).

Always use 'these are' even if you are introducing them one by one as a group.

This is my parents. These are my parents.

Use 'that' to show you were listening to their past experience.

This was a crazy story! That was a crazy story!

Use 'this thing' or 'that thing' while pointing. It's a perfect survival strategy!

(Silence because you forgot the word 'stapler') Can I use this thing?

발음

/ðɪs/, /ðæt/, /ðiːz/, /ðəʊz/

The 'TH' sound

All four words start with the voiced 'th' sound /ð/. Your tongue should be between your teeth.

This /ðɪs/ vs These /ðiːz/

This vs. These Vowels

'This' has a short /ɪ/ (like 'sit'). 'These' has a long /iː/ (like 'see'). This is the most important distinction.

Emphasis on the demonstrative

I want THIS one, not THAT one.

Stressing the word shows a strong contrast between choices.

암기하기

기억법

THIS and THESE have an 'I' or 'E' like 'NEAR'. THAT and THOSE have an 'A' or 'O' like 'AFAR'.

시각적 연상

Imagine a circle around your feet. Anything inside the circle is 'This/These'. Anything outside the circle, where you have to stretch your arm to point, is 'That/Those'.

Rhyme

This and These are close to me, That and Those are far, you see!

Story

You are at a market. You hold an apple (This). You point to a mountain (That). You hold your keys (These). You point to the stars (Those).

Word Web

thisthatthesethoseheretherenearfar

챌린지

Look around your room. Point to 3 things near you using 'This/These' and 3 things far away using 'That/Those'. Say them out loud!

문화 노트

When answering the phone, we say 'This is [Name].' We never say 'I am [Name]' or 'That is [Name]'.

In the UK, when asking who is on the other end of the phone, people often say 'Who is that?' whereas Americans might say 'Who is this?'

Pointing with a finger while saying 'that' can be considered rude in some cultures. Using the word alone is polite.

Demonstratives come from Old English 'þis' (this) and 'þæt' (that).

대화 시작하기

What is this in English?

Do you like these shoes I'm wearing?

Is that your car parked outside?

What do you think of this weather we're having?

일기 주제

Look at your desk. Write 5 sentences about the things you see using 'This' and 'These'.
Describe your dream house. Use 'that' and 'those' to describe things in the distance (e.g., the garden, the mountains).
Compare your life now with your life 5 years ago. Use 'these days' and 'those days'.
Write a short story about a mysterious object you found. Use 'this' to create a sense of mystery.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

멀리 있는 여러 개의 물건을 올바르게 설명하는 단어는 무엇인가요? 객관식

___ clouds look like sheep.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those
구름은 복수이고 하늘에 멀리 떨어져 있으므로 'those'를 사용해요.
당신이 들고 있는 물건에 들어갈 빈칸을 채우세요.

I can't believe I found ___ book in the trash!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: this
찾았고 아마도 들고 있거나 가까이 보고 있는 단수 물건에는 'this'를 사용해요.
문장에서 틀린 부분을 고치세요. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

That shoes are very dirty.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those shoes are very dirty.
신발은 복수형이에요. 'That'은 단수이므로, 'those' (멀리 있는) 또는 'these' (가까이 있는)를 써야 해요. 주어진 선택지 중 'Those'가 가장 적절한 수정이에요.

Score: /3

연습 문제

8 exercises
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence. 객관식

___ is my favorite book in my hand.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: This
The book is singular and 'in my hand' (near).
Fill in the blank with 'this', 'that', 'these', or 'those'.

Look at ___ stars in the sky!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: those
Stars are plural and far away in the sky.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

These is my brother, Tom.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: These
Brother is singular, so it should be 'This'.
Match the demonstrative with the correct noun. Match Pairs

1. This 2. These 3. That 4. Those

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Apple, 2-Apples, 3-Cloud, 4-Clouds
This/That are singular; These/Those are plural.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

are / keys / those / your / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Are those your keys?
In questions, the verb 'are' comes before the subject 'those'.
Select the correct demonstrative for the time reference. 객관식

___ was a great movie we saw last night.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: That
Use 'that' for events in the past.
Complete the phone introduction.

Hello, ___ is Sarah. Is ___ John?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: this / that
Use 'this' for yourself and 'that' for the other person on the phone.
Identify the correct plural form. 객관식

I want to buy ___ shoes over there.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: those
Shoes are plural and 'over there' indicates distance.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
빈칸 채우기

___ (near) are my favorite cookies.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: These
Sentence Reorder

is / laptop / mine / that

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: That laptop is mine.
번역

Translate: 'Dies sind meine Eltern.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: These are my parents.
객관식

전화 통화하는 사람에게 적합한 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Who is that?
Match Pairs

지시 대명사를 그 범주에 맞게 연결하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: this - Near/Singular
Error Correction

고쳐 쓰세요: 'I want those apple on the table.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I want that apple on the table.
빈칸 채우기

Look at ___ bird way up in the tree!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
객관식

친구 마크를 어떻게 소개할까요?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: This is Mark.
번역

Translate: 'Jene Häuser sind alt.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those houses are old.
Sentence Reorder

expensive / are / those / glasses

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those glasses are expensive.

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

Yes, but mainly for introductions like `This is my friend` or on the phone. In other cases, use `he` or `she`.

We use `this` for the present or future (`this week`) and `that` for the past (`that year`).

English requires subject-verb agreement. `This` is singular, so it needs `is`. `These` is plural, so it needs `are`.

It is always `that's` with an apostrophe, which is short for `that is`.

Yes, `these ones` and `those ones` are very common in informal English to emphasize specific items.

Make sure the 'e' sound is long like in 'bee' and the 's' sounds like a 'z'.

Usually no. However, you might use it if you are referring to something the other person is holding.

No. In English, `this`, `that`, `these`, and `those` are the same for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns.

Scaffolded Practice

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2

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3

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4

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Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

este / ese / aquel

English lacks the 'middle' distance word (ese).

French partial

ce / cette / ces

English demonstratives are gender-neutral.

German high

dieser / jener

English forms are much simpler and don't change for case.

Japanese moderate

kore / sore / are

Japanese distinguishes between 'near you' and 'far from us'.

Arabic moderate

hadha / dhalika

English has no 'dual' form for exactly two things.

Chinese high

zhè / nà

English has unique plural words (these/those) rather than adding a suffix.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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