이것, 저것 (This, That, These, Those): 지시어
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'this' and 'these' for things close to you, and 'that' and 'those' for things further away.
- Use 'this' for one thing nearby: 'This apple is sweet.'
- Use 'that' for one thing far away: 'That car is fast.'
- Use 'these' (near) and 'those' (far) for more than one item: 'Those stars are bright.'
Overview
this, that, these, those야.This phone is ringing.이라고 하면 될 걸 «지금 내 손에 들려 있는 전화기가 울리고 있어.»라고 말한다고 상상해 봐.this를 쓰고, 방을 가로질러 가야 얻을 수 있는 거라면 아마 that일 거야. 숫자 계산도 담당해.How This Grammar Works
- Physical Distance: 가장 흔한 용법이야. 스타벅스 컵을 들고 있다면
thiscoffee고, 친구가 테이블 건너편에서 컵을 들고 있다면thatcoffee야. - Time Distance: 시간에도 이 단어들을 써! 지금 일어나는 일이나 곧 일어날 일에는
this를 써.
처럼 말이야. 과거에 일어난 일에는Thisweek is crazy!that을 써.
라고 할 수 있지.Thatparty last Saturday was legendary. - Emotional Distance: 가끔은 싫어하는 것과 거리를 두기 위해
that을 쓰기도 해. "I don't likethatguy's vibe.«라고 하면 바로 옆에 서 있을지도 모르는 »thisguy"보다 더 멀게 느껴지거든.
that 투명 샌드위치를 원했으니까! 미안, 그냥 문법 공부나 계속하자.Formation Pattern
this를 사용해. (예시: 책상 위의 this 노트북).
that을 사용해. (예시: 하늘의 that 비행기).
these를 사용해. (예시: 화면의 these 알림들).
those를 사용해. (예시: 멀리 보이는 those 산들).
this | that
these | those
When To Use It
- On the Phone: 모르는 번호로 전화를 받을 때
Hello,
이라고 해. 누가 전화했는지 물어볼 때는thisis [이름].Who is
이라고 하고.that? - Social Media: 단톡방에 밈을 공유할 때
라고 칠 수도 있지.Thisis so me! - Online Shopping: 아마존 쇼핑 중이야? 룸메이트에게 "I really want
thoseheadphones, but they're so expensive."라고 말할 수 있어. - Introducing People: 파티에서 친구를 가리키며
라고 해. 물리적인 공간에서 처음 소개할 때는Thisis Sarah.She is Sarah라고 하지 않아. - Ordering Food: 푸드트럭이야? 메뉴를 가리키며 "I'll have
thistaco andthatburrito, please."라고 해봐.
That, please.라고 해. 생존(그리고 배고픔 해결)에 아주 유용해.Common Mistakes
- 1단복수 혼동: 가장 흔한 실수야.
대신theseshoes
라고 말하곤 하지. 기억해:thisshoesthis는 외톨이(단수)고,these는 북적이는 걸 좋아해(복수). - 2The
ItTrap:this를 써야 할 때it을 쓰는 경우야. 개념을 처음 소개하거나 대화를 시작할 때는this로 시작해. 처음 제안할 때는It is a great idea!
보다
가 더 좋아.Thisis a great idea! - 3발음:
this(fish처럼 짧은 'i')와these(cheese처럼 긴 'e'). 발음을 틀리면 상대방이 몇 개를 말하는지 헷갈릴 수 있어. - 4Overusing
That: 지금 들고 있는 물건에that을 쓰지 마. 마치 그 물건을 무서워하는 것처럼 들리거든. 자기 손을 가리키며What is
이라고 하면 벌레라도 발견한 것 같아.that?What is
를 써야 해.this?
Contrast With Similar Patterns
it, here, there 같은 다른 «포인터» 단어들과 어떻게 다를까?
this와 that이 더 구체적이야. 공간상의 특정 대상을 가리키지. it은 더 일반적이고, 이미 무엇에 대해 이야기하는지 알 때 사용해.Look at(thisdog!Itis so cute.
this로 가리키고, 그다음에 it으로 대화를 이어가기).here와 there는 장소 부사야. 명사를 대신하는 게 아니라 위치를 설명해.My phone is here. (위치)This is my phone. (정체 확인)these를 쓰면 사건이 지금 당장 일어나는 느낌을 줘. those는 «그 좋았던 시절» 같은 느낌을 주지.Quick FAQ
사람한테 this를 써도 돼?
응! 하지만 주로 소개할 때나 사진 속 누군가를 확인할 때 써.
This is my brother.
뒤에 항상 명사가 와야 해?
아니. 대명사로 단독 사용이 가능해.
I like this. 또는 형용사로 I like this song.처럼 쓸 수 있어.
손가락질하는 건 무례하지 않아?
어떤 문화권에서는 그래! 하지만 this와 that이라는 단어를 사용하는 건 아주 예의 바른 행동이야. 고급 레스토랑이라면 손가락 하나 대신 손바닥 전체를 사용해서 가리키면 돼.
Memory Trick
철자를 생각해 봐!
- THIS에는 I가 있어. I는 1개뿐이지. 그래서 this는 1개(단수)를 위한 거야.
- THESE에는 E가 많아. Extra(추가적인) 것들, 즉 복수를 위한 거지.
- THAT과 THOSE? T-H로 시작하고 길면 멀리 있는 거야. (좀 억지 같지만, 도움이 될지도 몰라!)
Real Conversations
Scenario 1: 옷가게에서
손님
these 청바지 얼마예요?점원
those 것들요? 50달러예요.손님
this 청바지요.점원
those는 세일 중이라 30달러예요.Scenario 2: 넷플릭스 시청 중
샘
this 쇼 본 적 있어?알렉스
that 다큐멘터리?샘
this 새 리얼리티 쇼 말이야.Progressive Practice
지금 방 안을 둘러봐. 물건 5개를 만지며
This is my...라고 말해봐.
창밖을 봐. 멀리 있는 것 3개를 가리키며
That is a...라고 말해봐.
사진 앱을 열어서 단체 사진을 찾아봐. 가리키면서
These are my friends.라고 해봐.
가전 매장에 있다고 상상해 봐. 방 건너편에 있는 노트북 가격을 물어봐:
How much is that?
이 문장을 고쳐봐:
I love this movies.(잠깐, 찾았어?
these movies가 되어야 해!)
The Demonstrative Grid
| Distance | Singular (1) | Plural (2+) |
|---|---|---|
|
Near (Close)
|
This
|
These
|
|
Far (Distant)
|
That
|
Those
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
|
That is
|
That's
|
Very common in speech
|
|
This is
|
None
|
Rarely contracted in writing
|
|
These are
|
None
|
Never contracted
|
|
Those are
|
None
|
Never contracted
|
Meanings
Words used to point to specific people or things in relation to the speaker in space or time.
Physical Distance
Pointing to objects based on their physical proximity to the speaker.
“This chair is comfortable.”
“That mountain is very high.”
Time Reference
Referring to events happening now or in the past/future.
“This week is very busy.”
“That was a great party last night.”
Introduction/Identification
Identifying people or things, often on the phone or when introducing someone.
“Hi, this is Sarah speaking.”
“Mom, this is my friend, Alex.”
Reference Table
| 지시 대명사 | 수량 | 거리 | 예시 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
this
|
단수
|
가까움
|
This is my phone.
|
|
that
|
단수
|
멈
|
That is a bird.
|
|
these
|
복수
|
가까움
|
These are my keys.
|
|
those
|
복수
|
멈
|
Those are stars.
|
|
this (형용사)
|
단수
|
가까움
|
I like this song.
|
|
those (형용사)
|
복수
|
멈
|
Look at those trees.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
Could you tell me what this item is? (Shopping or curiosity)
What is this? (Shopping or curiosity)
What's this? (Shopping or curiosity)
What's this thingy? (Shopping or curiosity)
지시 대명사의 세계
당신 근처
- this 단수
- these 복수
당신에게서 멀리
- that 단수
- those 복수
단수 vs 복수 비교
어떤 단어를 사용해야 할까요?
하나의 물건인가요?
당신에게 가까이 있나요?
가까이 있나요 (복수)?
현대적 사용 시나리오
전화 통화 시
- • This is Mark speaking.
- • Who is that?
카페에서
- • I'll have this muffin.
- • That latte looks good.
소셜 미디어에서
- • Look at these comments!
- • Those filters are weird.
수준별 예문
This is my cat.
This is my cat.
That is a big tree.
That is a big tree.
These are my friends.
These are my friends.
Are those your keys?
Are those your keys?
This coffee is very hot.
This coffee is very hot.
I don't like that movie.
I don't like that movie.
These sandwiches are delicious.
These sandwiches are delicious.
Who are those people over there?
Who are those people over there?
This is exactly what I was talking about.
This is exactly what I was talking about.
That was a difficult time for everyone.
That was a difficult time for everyone.
These rules are quite confusing.
These rules are quite confusing.
Those who finish early can leave.
Those who finish early can leave.
This new policy will affect all employees.
This new policy will affect all employees.
That is a very interesting point you've raised.
That is a very interesting point you've raised.
These findings suggest a need for further research.
These findings suggest a need for further research.
Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.
Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.
This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.
This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.
That the economy is failing is a common misconception.
That the economy is failing is a common misconception.
These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.
These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.
Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.
Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.
This, then, is the crux of the matter.
This, then, is the crux of the matter.
I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.
I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.
These are but a few of the challenges we face.
These are but a few of the challenges we face.
Those were the days of wine and roses.
Those were the days of wine and roses.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners use 'it' to point to things for the first time.
In relative clauses, learners aren't sure which one to use.
Using 'they' to point to specific objects.
자주 하는 실수
This books are good.
These books are good.
That is my keys.
Those are my keys.
Look at this!
Look at that!
I like these cake.
I like this cake.
In that days, life was hard.
In those days, life was hard.
Who is that?
Who is this?
This is a good news.
This is good news.
That people are waiting.
Those people are waiting.
This was a great party last week.
That was a great party last week.
Those present at the meeting was...
Those present at the meeting were...
문장 패턴
Is this ___?
I like those ___.
This is my friend, ___.
That was a ___ ___.
Real World Usage
How much is this shirt?
I'll take two of those croissants, please.
Hi, this is Mark. Is that Sarah?
This experience helped me develop leadership skills.
Check out this video! That was so funny.
Go past that building and turn left.
전화 통화 규칙
This is John (제가 존입니다), Is that you, Mary?(메리 맞아요?) 처럼요.
'-s'를 잊지 마세요!
these appleS처럼요.소개할 때 예절
This is my friend(제 친구입니다)라고 말하는 게 일반적이고 공손한 표현이에요.
Smart Tips
If you are touching the item, use 'this'. If the shopkeeper has to get it for you, use 'that'.
Always use 'these are' even if you are introducing them one by one as a group.
Use 'that' to show you were listening to their past experience.
Use 'this thing' or 'that thing' while pointing. It's a perfect survival strategy!
발음
The 'TH' sound
All four words start with the voiced 'th' sound /ð/. Your tongue should be between your teeth.
This vs. These Vowels
'This' has a short /ɪ/ (like 'sit'). 'These' has a long /iː/ (like 'see'). This is the most important distinction.
Emphasis on the demonstrative
I want THIS one, not THAT one.
Stressing the word shows a strong contrast between choices.
암기하기
기억법
THIS and THESE have an 'I' or 'E' like 'NEAR'. THAT and THOSE have an 'A' or 'O' like 'AFAR'.
시각적 연상
Imagine a circle around your feet. Anything inside the circle is 'This/These'. Anything outside the circle, where you have to stretch your arm to point, is 'That/Those'.
Rhyme
This and These are close to me, That and Those are far, you see!
Story
You are at a market. You hold an apple (This). You point to a mountain (That). You hold your keys (These). You point to the stars (Those).
Word Web
챌린지
Look around your room. Point to 3 things near you using 'This/These' and 3 things far away using 'That/Those'. Say them out loud!
문화 노트
When answering the phone, we say 'This is [Name].' We never say 'I am [Name]' or 'That is [Name]'.
In the UK, when asking who is on the other end of the phone, people often say 'Who is that?' whereas Americans might say 'Who is this?'
Pointing with a finger while saying 'that' can be considered rude in some cultures. Using the word alone is polite.
Demonstratives come from Old English 'þis' (this) and 'þæt' (that).
대화 시작하기
What is this in English?
Do you like these shoes I'm wearing?
Is that your car parked outside?
What do you think of this weather we're having?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
___ clouds look like sheep.
I can't believe I found ___ book in the trash!
Find and fix the mistake:
That shoes are very dirty.
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercises___ is my favorite book in my hand.
Look at ___ stars in the sky!
Find and fix the mistake:
These is my brother, Tom.
1. This 2. These 3. That 4. Those
are / keys / those / your / ?
___ was a great movie we saw last night.
Hello, ___ is Sarah. Is ___ John?
I want to buy ___ shoes over there.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises___ (near) are my favorite cookies.
is / laptop / mine / that
Translate: 'Dies sind meine Eltern.'
전화 통화하는 사람에게 적합한 문장을 고르세요:
지시 대명사를 그 범주에 맞게 연결하세요:
고쳐 쓰세요: 'I want those apple on the table.'
Look at ___ bird way up in the tree!
친구 마크를 어떻게 소개할까요?
Translate: 'Jene Häuser sind alt.'
expensive / are / those / glasses
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Yes, but mainly for introductions like `This is my friend` or on the phone. In other cases, use `he` or `she`.
We use `this` for the present or future (`this week`) and `that` for the past (`that year`).
English requires subject-verb agreement. `This` is singular, so it needs `is`. `These` is plural, so it needs `are`.
It is always `that's` with an apostrophe, which is short for `that is`.
Yes, `these ones` and `those ones` are very common in informal English to emphasize specific items.
Make sure the 'e' sound is long like in 'bee' and the 's' sounds like a 'z'.
Usually no. However, you might use it if you are referring to something the other person is holding.
No. In English, `this`, `that`, `these`, and `those` are the same for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
este / ese / aquel
English lacks the 'middle' distance word (ese).
ce / cette / ces
English demonstratives are gender-neutral.
dieser / jener
English forms are much simpler and don't change for case.
kore / sore / are
Japanese distinguishes between 'near you' and 'far from us'.
hadha / dhalika
English has no 'dual' form for exactly two things.
zhè / nà
English has unique plural words (these/those) rather than adding a suffix.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
관련 동영상
Which Sidekick Notepad Is For You?
What to know about orgasms: Sex Ed #13
Supreme Court BANS Faithless Electors…………?
The Parts of Speech: PRONOUNS | 8 Types of Pronouns | English Grammar for Beginners
Sparkle English
Pronouns for Kids | Grammar for Elementary Students
Homeschool Pop
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