هذا وتلك (This, That, These, Those): أسماء الإشارة
this, that, these, those بتوريك مكان الأشياء، قريبة near ولا بعيدة far، وحاجات plural ولا حاجة singular واحدة بس.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'this' and 'these' for things close to you, and 'that' and 'those' for things further away.
- Use 'this' for one thing nearby: 'This apple is sweet.'
- Use 'that' for one thing far away: 'That car is fast.'
- Use 'these' (near) and 'those' (far) for more than one item: 'Those stars are bright.'
نظرة عامة
demonstratives) للقيام بمهمة الإشارة نيابة عنا. هذه الكلمات هي this، و that، و these، و those.This phone is ringingDemonstratives) بشيئين: أين يوجد الشيء وكم عدد الأشياء الموجودة. اعتبرها بمثابة نظام GPS لجملك. إنها تتبع المسافة بينك (المتحدث) وبين الشيء.this. وإذا كان عليك المشي عبر الغرفة للحصول عليه، فمن المحتمل أن يكون that. كما أنها تتولى عمليات الحساب.كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة
- Physical Distance: هذا هو الاستخدام الأكثر شيوعاً. إذا كنت تمسك كوب ستاربكس الخاص بك، فهذه
thiscoffee. إذا كان صديقك يمسك كوبه عبر الطاولة، فهذهthatcoffee. - Time Distance: نستخدم هذه للوقت أيضاً! الأشياء التي تحدث الآن أو قريباً جداً تستخدم
this. مثال:
(هذا الأسبوع مجنون!). الأشياء التي حدثت في الماضي تستخدمThisweek is crazy!that. مثال:
(تلك الحفلة السبت الماضي كانت أسطورية).Thatparty last Saturday was legendary - Emotional Distance: أحياناً، نستخدم
thatلإبعاد أنفسنا عن شيء لا نحبه. "I don't likethatguy's vibe«. يبدو هذا أبعد من قول »thisguy"، الذي قد يكون واقفاً بجوارك تماماً.
that invisible sandwich)! حسناً، سألتزم بالقواعد.
نمط التكوين
this. (مثال: this laptop on my desk).
that. (مثال: that plane in the sky).
these. (مثال: these notifications on my screen).
those. (مثال: those mountains in the distance).
this | that
these | those
متى نستخدمها
- On the Phone: عندما ترد على مكالمة من رقم غير معروف، تقول:
Hello,
. ولتسأل من المتصل، تقول:thisis [اسمك]Who is
.that? - Social Media: إذا كنت تشارك «ميم» (meme) في محادثة جماعية، قد تكتب:
.Thisis so me! - Online Shopping: تتصفح أمازون؟ قد تقول لشريكك في السكن: "I really want
thoseheadphones, but they're so expensive". - Introducing People: عندما تكون في حفلة، تشير إلى صديقتك وتقول:
. لا تقولThisis SarahShe is Sarahعند تقديمها لأول مرة في مكان فعلي. - Ordering Food: عند عربة طعام؟ أشر إلى القائمة وقل: "I'll have
thistaco andthatburrito, please".
That, please
الأخطاء الشائعة
- 1Mixing Singular and Plural: هذا هو الخطأ رقم 1. يقول الناس
بدلاً منthisshoes
. تذكر:theseshoesthisوحيدة (للمفرد).theseتحب الحشود (للجمع). - 2The
ItTrap: استخدامitعندما يجب عليك استخدامthis. إذا كنت تطرح مفهوماً أو تبدأ محادثة، ابدأ بـthis. جملة
أفضل منThisis a great idea!It is a great idea!
عندما تقدم الفكرة لأول مرة. - 3Pronunciation:
this(حرف 'i' قصير مثل 'fish') وthese(حرف 'e' طويل مثل 'cheese'). إذا نطقتها بشكل خاطئ، قد يرتبك الناس حول عدد الأشياء التي تتحدث عنها. - 4Overusing
That: لا تستخدمthatللأشياء التي تمسكها حالياً. يبدو الأمر وكأنك خائف من الشيء.What is
(مشيراً إلى يدك) يبدو وكأنك وجدت حشرة. استخدمthat?What is
.this?
مقارنة مع أنماط مشابهة
كيف تختلف هذه عن كلمات «المؤشر» الأخرى مثل it، و here، و there؟
this و that أكثر تحديداً. إنها تشير إلى شيء محدد في الفراغ. it أكثر عمومية وتستخدم بمجرد أن نعرف ما نتحدث عنه.Look at(استخدمthisdog!Itis so cute.
this للإشارة، ثم it لمواصلة الحديث).here و there هي ظروف مكان. إنها لا تحل محل الاسم؛ بل تصف الموقع.My phone is here. (موقع)This is my phone.these شعوراً بأن الأحداث تحدث الآن. بينما تعطي those شعوراً بـ «أيام الزمن الجميل».أسئلة شائعة
هل يمكنني استخدام this للأشخاص؟
نعم! ولكن غالباً للتقديم أو تحديد شخص ما في صورة.
This is my brother.هل يجب علي دائماً استخدام اسم (noun) بعدهم؟
كلا. يمكن أن تقف وحدها كضمائر.
I like this. أو يمكن أن تكون صفات: I like this song.
هل من الوقاحة الإشارة بالإصبع؟
في بعض الثقافات، نعم! لكن استخدام الكلمات this و that مهذب تماماً. ربما فقط استخدم يدك بالكامل بدلاً من إصبع واحد إذا كنت في مطعم فاخر.
حيلة للتذكر
فكر في الحروف!
- THIS بها حرف I. يوجد فقط 1 I. إذاً this لشيء 1 (واحد).
- THESE بها العديد من حروف E. إنها للأشياء الإضافية Extra (جمع).
- THAT و THOSE؟ إذا كانت تبدأ بـ T-H وطويلة، فهي للبعيد. (حسناً، هذا مبالغ فيه قليلاً، لكن مهلاً، قد ينجح معك!).
محادثات حقيقية
Scenario 1: At a Clothing Store
Customer
these jeans?Clerk
Those ones on the rack? They are $50.Customer
this pair in my hand.Clerk
Those are on sale for $30.Scenario 2: Watching Netflix
Sam
this show?Alex
That documentary about tigers?Sam
this new reality show on the home screen.تمارين تدريجية
انظر حول غرفتك الآن. المس 5 أشياء وقل
This is my...انظر من نافذتك. أشر إلى 3 أشياء بعيدة وقل
That is a...افتح تطبيق الصور الخاص بك. اعثر على صورة جماعية. أشر وقل
These are my friends.تخيل أنك في متجر تقني. اسأل عن سعر لابتوب في آخر الغرفة:
How much is that?
صحح هذه الجملة:
I love this movies.(لحظة، هل التقطتها؟ يجب أن تكون
these movies!)
The Demonstrative Grid
| Distance | Singular (1) | Plural (2+) |
|---|---|---|
|
Near (Close)
|
This
|
These
|
|
Far (Distant)
|
That
|
Those
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
|
That is
|
That's
|
Very common in speech
|
|
This is
|
None
|
Rarely contracted in writing
|
|
These are
|
None
|
Never contracted
|
|
Those are
|
None
|
Never contracted
|
Meanings
Words used to point to specific people or things in relation to the speaker in space or time.
Physical Distance
Pointing to objects based on their physical proximity to the speaker.
“This chair is comfortable.”
“That mountain is very high.”
Time Reference
Referring to events happening now or in the past/future.
“This week is very busy.”
“That was a great party last night.”
Introduction/Identification
Identifying people or things, often on the phone or when introducing someone.
“Hi, this is Sarah speaking.”
“Mom, this is my friend, Alex.”
Reference Table
| أداة الإشارة | العدد | المسافة | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
|
this
|
Singular
|
Near
|
This is my phone.
|
|
that
|
Singular
|
Far
|
That is a bird.
|
|
these
|
Plural
|
Near
|
These are my keys.
|
|
those
|
Plural
|
Far
|
Those are stars.
|
|
this (adjective)
|
Singular
|
Near
|
I like this song.
|
|
those (adjective)
|
Plural
|
Far
|
Look at those trees.
|
طيف الرسمية
Could you tell me what this item is? (Shopping or curiosity)
What is this? (Shopping or curiosity)
What's this? (Shopping or curiosity)
What's this thingy? (Shopping or curiosity)
عالم كلمات الإشارة
قريب منك
- this مفرد
- these جمع
بعيد عنك
- that مفرد
- those جمع
مقارنة المفرد بالجمع
أي كلمة يجب أن أستخدم؟
هل هو شيء واحد فقط؟
هل هو قريب منك؟
هل هو قريب (جمع)؟
سيناريوهات الاستخدام الحديثة
على الهاتف
- • This is Mark speaking.
- • Who is that?
في مقهى
- • I'll have this muffin.
- • That latte looks good.
وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي
- • Look at these comments!
- • Those filters are weird.
أمثلة حسب المستوى
This is my cat.
This is my cat.
That is a big tree.
That is a big tree.
These are my friends.
These are my friends.
Are those your keys?
Are those your keys?
This coffee is very hot.
This coffee is very hot.
I don't like that movie.
I don't like that movie.
These sandwiches are delicious.
These sandwiches are delicious.
Who are those people over there?
Who are those people over there?
This is exactly what I was talking about.
This is exactly what I was talking about.
That was a difficult time for everyone.
That was a difficult time for everyone.
These rules are quite confusing.
These rules are quite confusing.
Those who finish early can leave.
Those who finish early can leave.
This new policy will affect all employees.
This new policy will affect all employees.
That is a very interesting point you've raised.
That is a very interesting point you've raised.
These findings suggest a need for further research.
These findings suggest a need for further research.
Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.
Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.
This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.
This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.
That the economy is failing is a common misconception.
That the economy is failing is a common misconception.
These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.
These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.
Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.
Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.
This, then, is the crux of the matter.
This, then, is the crux of the matter.
I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.
I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.
These are but a few of the challenges we face.
These are but a few of the challenges we face.
Those were the days of wine and roses.
Those were the days of wine and roses.
سهل الخلط
Learners use 'it' to point to things for the first time.
In relative clauses, learners aren't sure which one to use.
Using 'they' to point to specific objects.
أخطاء شائعة
This books are good.
These books are good.
That is my keys.
Those are my keys.
Look at this!
Look at that!
I like these cake.
I like this cake.
In that days, life was hard.
In those days, life was hard.
Who is that?
Who is this?
This is a good news.
This is good news.
That people are waiting.
Those people are waiting.
This was a great party last week.
That was a great party last week.
Those present at the meeting was...
Those present at the meeting were...
أنماط الجُمل
Is this ___?
I like those ___.
This is my friend, ___.
That was a ___ ___.
Real World Usage
How much is this shirt?
I'll take two of those croissants, please.
Hi, this is Mark. Is that Sarah?
This experience helped me develop leadership skills.
Check out this video! That was so funny.
Go past that building and turn left.
قاعدة التليفون
this عشان تقدم نفسك (This is John) وthat عشان تسأل عن الشخص التاني (Is that you, Mary?).
لا تنسَ حرف الـ 'S'
these أو those، الاسم اللي بعدها لازم يكون جمع (فيه حرف 'S' في آخره)، زي these apples.آداب التقديم
This is my friendحتى لو الشخص أكبر منك أو في مكان رسمي. دي الطريقة اللائقة والمتعارف عليها عشان تقدم حد.
Smart Tips
If you are touching the item, use 'this'. If the shopkeeper has to get it for you, use 'that'.
Always use 'these are' even if you are introducing them one by one as a group.
Use 'that' to show you were listening to their past experience.
Use 'this thing' or 'that thing' while pointing. It's a perfect survival strategy!
النطق
The 'TH' sound
All four words start with the voiced 'th' sound /ð/. Your tongue should be between your teeth.
This vs. These Vowels
'This' has a short /ɪ/ (like 'sit'). 'These' has a long /iː/ (like 'see'). This is the most important distinction.
Emphasis on the demonstrative
I want THIS one, not THAT one.
Stressing the word shows a strong contrast between choices.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
THIS and THESE have an 'I' or 'E' like 'NEAR'. THAT and THOSE have an 'A' or 'O' like 'AFAR'.
ربط بصري
Imagine a circle around your feet. Anything inside the circle is 'This/These'. Anything outside the circle, where you have to stretch your arm to point, is 'That/Those'.
Rhyme
This and These are close to me, That and Those are far, you see!
Story
You are at a market. You hold an apple (This). You point to a mountain (That). You hold your keys (These). You point to the stars (Those).
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Look around your room. Point to 3 things near you using 'This/These' and 3 things far away using 'That/Those'. Say them out loud!
ملاحظات ثقافية
When answering the phone, we say 'This is [Name].' We never say 'I am [Name]' or 'That is [Name]'.
In the UK, when asking who is on the other end of the phone, people often say 'Who is that?' whereas Americans might say 'Who is this?'
Pointing with a finger while saying 'that' can be considered rude in some cultures. Using the word alone is polite.
Demonstratives come from Old English 'þis' (this) and 'þæt' (that).
بدايات محادثة
What is this in English?
Do you like these shoes I'm wearing?
Is that your car parked outside?
What do you think of this weather we're having?
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
أخطاء شائعة
Test Yourself
___ clouds look like sheep.
Clouds جمع وبعيدة في السماء، لذا نستخدم those.I can't believe I found ___ book in the trash!
this لشيء مفرد.Find and fix the mistake:
That shoes are very dirty.
Shoes جمع. That مفرد. نحتاج those (بعيد) أو these (قريب). Those هو أفضل تصحيح متوفر.Score: /3
تمارين تطبيقية
8 exercises___ is my favorite book in my hand.
Look at ___ stars in the sky!
Find and fix the mistake:
These is my brother, Tom.
1. This 2. These 3. That 4. Those
are / keys / those / your / ?
___ was a great movie we saw last night.
Hello, ___ is Sarah. Is ___ John?
I want to buy ___ shoes over there.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises___ (near) are my favorite cookies.
is / laptop / mine / that
Translate: 'Dies sind meine Eltern.'
Identify the correct sentence for a person calling on the phone:
Match the demonstrative to its category:
Fix: 'I want those apple on the table.'
Look at ___ bird way up in the tree!
How do you introduce your friend Mark?
Translate: 'Jene Häuser sind alt.'
expensive / are / those / glasses
Score: /10
الأسئلة الشائعة (8)
Yes, but mainly for introductions like `This is my friend` or on the phone. In other cases, use `he` or `she`.
We use `this` for the present or future (`this week`) and `that` for the past (`that year`).
English requires subject-verb agreement. `This` is singular, so it needs `is`. `These` is plural, so it needs `are`.
It is always `that's` with an apostrophe, which is short for `that is`.
Yes, `these ones` and `those ones` are very common in informal English to emphasize specific items.
Make sure the 'e' sound is long like in 'bee' and the 's' sounds like a 'z'.
Usually no. However, you might use it if you are referring to something the other person is holding.
No. In English, `this`, `that`, `these`, and `those` are the same for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
este / ese / aquel
English lacks the 'middle' distance word (ese).
ce / cette / ces
English demonstratives are gender-neutral.
dieser / jener
English forms are much simpler and don't change for case.
kore / sore / are
Japanese distinguishes between 'near you' and 'far from us'.
hadha / dhalika
English has no 'dual' form for exactly two things.
zhè / nà
English has unique plural words (these/those) rather than adding a suffix.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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