A1 Pronouns 4 min read 简单

这个，那个 (This, That, These, Those): 指示代词

指示词根据物体离你的“远近”和“数量”（一个还是多个）来“指向”它们。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'this' and 'these' for things close to you, and 'that' and 'those' for things further away.

  • Use 'this' for one thing nearby: 'This apple is sweet.'
  • Use 'that' for one thing far away: 'That car is fast.'
  • Use 'these' (near) and 'those' (far) for more than one item: 'Those stars are bright.'
☝️ (Near/1) This | ☝️☝️ (Near/2+) These | 👉 (Far/1) That | 👉👉 (Far/2+) Those

Overview

曾经试过在面包店橱窗前想买某个点心却忘了它的名字吗？你可能只是指着它说：“我要那个(nà ge)。”我们每天都会这样做。指点是人类交流的终极秘诀。在英语中，我们使用四个被称为指示代词（demonstratives）的特殊单词来帮我们“指点”。这些词就是 this、that、these 和 those。当你网购、给朋友发关于奇怪 TikTok 的短信，或者向父母介绍室友时，它们就是你最好的朋友。没有它们，你得花太多时间去描述事物。想象一下，不说“This 手机(shǒu jī)在响”，而是说“目前在我手里的这部电话正在发出响声”。听起来就像 1970 年代科幻电影里的机器人。
指示代词告诉我们两件事：某物在哪里以及有多少个。把它们看作你句子的 GPS。它们追踪你（说话者）与物体之间的距离。如果你能摸到它，通常用 this。如果你得穿过房间才能拿到它，那大概就是 that。它们还负责计数。英语对单数和复数非常挑剔。你不能对一个披萨和五个披萨用同一个词。这是一个简单的系统，但它是现实世界中被理解的基础。无论你是在参加工作面试还是只是在 Discord 上闲逛，这四个词都起着关键作用。

How This Grammar Works

逻辑就是一个简单的 2x2 网格。你只需要问自己两个问题。问题一：它离我近还是远？问题二：是一个东西还是多个？
  • 物理距离(wù lǐ jù lí)：这是最常见的用法。如果你手里拿着星巴克杯子，那就是 this coffee。如果你的朋友在桌子对面拿着杯子，那就是 that coffee。
  • 时间距离(shí jiān jù lí)：我们也用这些词来表示时间！现在或很快发生的事情用 this。“This week is crazy!（这一周太疯狂了！）”过去发生的事情用 that。“That party last Saturday was legendary.（上周六那个派对简直是传奇。）”
  • 情感距离(qíng gǎn jù lí)：有时，我们用 that 来疏远我们不喜欢的东西。“I don't like that guy's vibe.（我不喜欢那家伙的感觉。）”这感觉比“this guy”远得多，而后者可能就站在你身边。
讲个笑话怎么样？为什么学生指着空盘子？因为他们想要 that 隐形(yǐn xíng)三明治！好吧，我还是老老实实讲语法吧。

Formation Pattern

1
学习这些形式就像学一段简单的舞蹈。只需要记住四个动作。
2
单数(dān shù) + 近：使用 this。（例如：桌子上的 this laptop）。
3
单数(dān shù) + 远：使用 that。（例如：天上的 that plane）。
4
复数(fù shù) + 近：使用 these。（例如：屏幕上的 these notifications）。
5
复数(fù shù) + 远：使用 those。（例如：远方的 those mountains）。
6
Conjugation Table (Agreement)
7
Number | Near | Far
8
--- | --- | ---
9
Singular | this | that
10
Plural | these | those
11
不像法语或西班牙语，英语指示代词不在乎性别。你不需要担心桌子是“男”还是“女”。你只需要关心是一个桌子还是整个宜家展厅的桌子。

When To Use It

你到处都会用到它们。让我们看一些现代场景。
  • 接电话：当你接到陌生号码的电话时，你会说：“Hello, this is [你的名字]。”问是谁打电话时，你会说：“Who is that?”
  • 社交媒体：如果你在群聊里分享一个表情包，你可能会打字：“This is so me!（这简直就是我！）”
  • 网购：逛亚马逊？你可能会告诉室友：“I really want those headphones, but they're so expensive.（我真的很想要那些耳机，但它们太贵了。）”
  • 介绍他人：当你在派对上时，你指着你的朋友说：“This is Sarah.” 在物理空间第一次介绍某人时，不要说“She is Sarah”。
  • 点餐：在餐车前？指着菜单说：“I'll have this taco and that burrito, please.（我要这个塔可和那个卷饼，谢谢。）”
专业提示：如果你在旅行，不知道当地市场里“章鱼”怎么说，只需指着它说“That, please.” 这能救命（也能止饿）。

Common Mistakes

尽管这是 A1 语法，但人们还是经常出错。
  1. 1混淆单复数：这是头号错误。人们会说“this shoes”而不是“these shoes”。记住：this 是单身汉（单数），these 喜欢热闹（复数）。
  2. 2“It”陷阱：该用 this 时用了 “it”。如果你正在引入一个概念或开始对话，请用 this 开头。“This is a great idea!（这是个好主意！）”在初次提出时比 “It is a great idea!” 更好。
  3. 3发音：this（短 'i'，像 'fish'）和 these（长 'e'，像 'cheese'）。如果你读错了，人们可能会搞不清你到底在说几个东西。
  4. 4过度使用“That”：不要对你正拿着的东西用 that。这听起来就像你害怕那个物体。“What is that?（指着你自己的手）”听起来就像你发现了一只虫子。用 “What is this?”

Contrast With Similar Patterns

这些词与 it、here 和 there 等其他“指向”词有什么区别？

This/That vs. It：this 和 that 更具体。它们指向空间中的特定事物。it 则更泛指，用于我们已经知道在讨论什么之后。
“Look at this dog! It is so cute.（用 this 来指，然后用 it 继续聊。）”
This/That vs. Here/There：here 和 there 是地点副词。它们不代替名词，它们描述的是位置。
“My phone is here.（位置）”
“This is my phone.（识别身份）”
故事中的 These vs. Those：讲故事时，these 感觉事件就发生在当下。those 感觉像“过去的美好时光”。

Quick FAQ

Q

我能对人使用 this 吗？

可以！但主要用于介绍或在照片中识别某人。“This is my brother.”

Q

我必须在它们后面加名词吗？

不必。它们可以作为代词独立存在。“I like this.” 或者它们可以是形容词：“I like this song.”

Q

指指点点没礼貌吗？

在某些文化中是这样！但使用 this 和 that 这些词是非常礼貌的。如果你在高级餐厅，也许可以用整只手而不是一个手指来指。

Memory Trick

想想字母！

- THIS 里面有个 I。只有一个 1 “I”。所以 this 是给 1 个东西用的。

- THESE 有很多个 E。它是给 Extra（额外/多个）东西用的（复数）。

- THAT 和 THOSE？如果以 “T-H” 开头且单词较长，那就是离得远。（好吧，这个有点牵强，但嘿，也许对你有用！）

Real Conversations

场景 1：在服装店

顾客：不好意思，请问 these jeans 多少钱？

店员：货架上的 Those 吗？50 美元。

顾客：不，我手里的 this pair。

店员：哦！Those 正在特价，30 美元。

场景 2：看 Netflix

Sam：你看过 this show 吗？

Alex：哪部？That 关于老虎的纪录片？

Sam：不，是主屏幕上 this 新的真人秀。

Progressive Practice

1

现在看看你房间四周。摸 5 样东西并说：“This is my...”

2

看向窗外。指着 3 样远方的东西并说：“That is a...”

3

打开你的相册。找一张合照。指着说：“These are my friends.”

4

想象你在一家科技商店。询问房间另一头的一台笔记本电脑的价格：“How much is that?”

5

纠正这个句子：“I love this movies.”（等等，你发现了吗？应该是 these movies！）

The Demonstrative Grid

Distance Singular (1) Plural (2+)
Near (Close)
This
These
Far (Distant)
That
Those

Common Contractions

Full Form Contraction Usage Note
That is
That's
Very common in speech
This is
None
Rarely contracted in writing
These are
None
Never contracted
Those are
None
Never contracted

Meanings

Words used to point to specific people or things in relation to the speaker in space or time.

1

Physical Distance

Pointing to objects based on their physical proximity to the speaker.

“This chair is comfortable.”

“That mountain is very high.”

2

Time Reference

Referring to events happening now or in the past/future.

“This week is very busy.”

“That was a great party last night.”

3

Introduction/Identification

Identifying people or things, often on the phone or when introducing someone.

“Hi, this is Sarah speaking.”

“Mom, this is my friend, Alex.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 这个，那个 (This, That, These, Those): 指示代词
指示词 数量 距离 例子
this
Singular
Near
This is my phone.
that
Singular
Far
That is a bird.
these
Plural
Near
These are my keys.
those
Plural
Far
Those are stars.
this (adjective)
Singular
Near
I like this song.
those (adjective)
Plural
Far
Look at those trees.

正式程度

正式
Could you tell me what this item is?

Could you tell me what this item is? (Shopping or curiosity)

中性
What is this?

What is this? (Shopping or curiosity)

非正式
What's this?

What's this? (Shopping or curiosity)

俚语
What's this thingy?

What's this thingy? (Shopping or curiosity)

指示词的世界

指示词

靠近你

  • this singular
  • these plural

远离你

  • that singular
  • those plural

单数与复数对比

单数 (1)
this 近
that 远
复数 (2+)
these 近
those 远

我该用哪个词？

1

是只有一个东西吗？

YES
转到“距离”
NO
转到“距离（复数）”
2

它离你近吗？

YES
用 THIS
NO
用 THAT
3

它近吗（复数）？

YES
用 THESE
NO ↓

现代使用场景

📱

打电话

  • • This is Mark speaking.
  • • Who is that?
☕

在咖啡馆

  • • I'll have this muffin.
  • • That latte looks good.
📸

社交媒体

  • • Look at these comments!
  • • Those filters are weird.
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按水平分级的例句

1

This is my cat.

This is my cat.

2

That is a big tree.

That is a big tree.

3

These are my friends.

These are my friends.

4

Are those your keys?

Are those your keys?

1

This coffee is very hot.

This coffee is very hot.

2

I don't like that movie.

I don't like that movie.

3

These sandwiches are delicious.

These sandwiches are delicious.

4

Who are those people over there?

Who are those people over there?

1

This is exactly what I was talking about.

This is exactly what I was talking about.

2

That was a difficult time for everyone.

That was a difficult time for everyone.

3

These rules are quite confusing.

These rules are quite confusing.

4

Those who finish early can leave.

Those who finish early can leave.

1

This new policy will affect all employees.

This new policy will affect all employees.

2

That is a very interesting point you've raised.

That is a very interesting point you've raised.

3

These findings suggest a need for further research.

These findings suggest a need for further research.

4

Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.

Those arguments are simply not valid in this context.

1

This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.

This brings us to the final conclusion of the report.

2

That the economy is failing is a common misconception.

That the economy is failing is a common misconception.

3

These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.

These are not merely suggestions; they are requirements.

4

Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.

Those present at the meeting agreed to the terms.

1

This, then, is the crux of the matter.

This, then, is the crux of the matter.

2

I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.

I simply cannot stand that constant whistling of his.

3

These are but a few of the challenges we face.

These are but a few of the challenges we face.

4

Those were the days of wine and roses.

Those were the days of wine and roses.

容易混淆

This, That, These, Those: Pointing Words 对比 This vs. It

Learners use 'it' to point to things for the first time.

This, That, These, Those: Pointing Words 对比 That vs. Which

In relative clauses, learners aren't sure which one to use.

This, That, These, Those: Pointing Words 对比 Those vs. They

Using 'they' to point to specific objects.

常见错误

✗

This books are good.

✓

These books are good.

You must use 'these' for plural nouns.
✗

That is my keys.

✓

Those are my keys.

Keys are plural, so use 'those' and 'are'.
✗

Look at this!

✓

Look at that!

If you are pointing to something far away, use 'that'.
✗

I like these cake.

✓

I like this cake.

Cake is singular here, so use 'this'.
✗

In that days, life was hard.

✓

In those days, life was hard.

Days is plural, so 'those' is required.
✗

Who is that?

✓

Who is this?

When introducing someone standing right next to you, use 'this'.
✗

This is a good news.

✓

This is good news.

News is uncountable, so 'a' is not used, but 'this' is correct.
✗

That people are waiting.

✓

Those people are waiting.

People is a plural noun.
✗

This was a great party last week.

✓

That was a great party last week.

Use 'that' for past events.
✗

Those present at the meeting was...

✓

Those present at the meeting were...

Subject-verb agreement with the plural 'those'.

句型

Is this ___?

I like those ___.

This is my friend, ___.

That was a ___ ___.

Real World Usage

Shopping at a Mall constant

How much is this shirt?

Ordering at a Bakery very common

I'll take two of those croissants, please.

Phone Conversations very common

Hi, this is Mark. Is that Sarah?

Job Interview common

This experience helped me develop leadership skills.

Social Media very common

Check out this video! That was so funny.

Giving Directions common

Go past that building and turn left.

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🎯

📞 电话规则

在打电话的时候，介绍自己总是用“this”：“This is John.”；问对方是不是某人时用“that”：“
Is that you, Mary?
”
⚠️

别忘了加“S”

如果你用了“these”或“those”，后面的名词一定要是复数（比如：“these apples”）。
💬

介绍礼仪

在英语里，介绍朋友时即使对方比你年长或在正式场合，我们通常说：“
This is my friend.
” 这是介绍别人的标准礼貌方式。

Smart Tips

If you are touching the item, use 'this'. If the shopkeeper has to get it for you, use 'that'.

I want that shirt (holding the shirt). → I want this shirt (holding the shirt).

Always use 'these are' even if you are introducing them one by one as a group.

This is my parents. → These are my parents.

Use 'that' to show you were listening to their past experience.

This was a crazy story! → That was a crazy story!

Use 'this thing' or 'that thing' while pointing. It's a perfect survival strategy!

(Silence because you forgot the word 'stapler') → Can I use this thing?

发音

/ðɪs/, /ðæt/, /ðiːz/, /ðəʊz/

The 'TH' sound

All four words start with the voiced 'th' sound /ð/. Your tongue should be between your teeth.

This /ðɪs/ vs These /ðiːz/

This vs. These Vowels

'This' has a short /ɪ/ (like 'sit'). 'These' has a long /iː/ (like 'see'). This is the most important distinction.

Emphasis on the demonstrative

I want THIS one, not THAT one.

Stressing the word shows a strong contrast between choices.

记住它

记忆技巧

THIS and THESE have an 'I' or 'E' like 'NEAR'. THAT and THOSE have an 'A' or 'O' like 'AFAR'.

视觉联想

Imagine a circle around your feet. Anything inside the circle is 'This/These'. Anything outside the circle, where you have to stretch your arm to point, is 'That/Those'.

Rhyme

This and These are close to me, That and Those are far, you see!

Story

You are at a market. You hold an apple (This). You point to a mountain (That). You hold your keys (These). You point to the stars (Those).

Word Web

thisthatthesethoseheretherenearfar

挑战

Look around your room. Point to 3 things near you using 'This/These' and 3 things far away using 'That/Those'. Say them out loud!

文化笔记

When answering the phone, we say 'This is [Name].' We never say 'I am [Name]' or 'That is [Name]'.

In the UK, when asking who is on the other end of the phone, people often say 'Who is that?' whereas Americans might say 'Who is this?'

Pointing with a finger while saying 'that' can be considered rude in some cultures. Using the word alone is polite.

Demonstratives come from Old English 'þis' (this) and 'þæt' (that).

对话开场白

“

What is this in English?

“

Do you like these shoes I'm wearing?

“

Is that your car parked outside?

“

What do you think of this weather we're having?

日记主题

Look at your desk. Write 5 sentences about the things you see using 'This' and 'These'.
Describe your dream house. Use 'that' and 'those' to describe things in the distance (e.g., the garden, the mountains).
Compare your life now with your life 5 years ago. Use 'these days' and 'those days'.
Write a short story about a mysterious object you found. Use 'this' to create a sense of mystery.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

哪个词正确描述了远处的多个事物？ 多项选择

___ clouds look like sheep.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those
“Clouds”是复数，而且在天空中很远，所以我们用“those”。
填空，描述你手里拿着的东西。

I can't believe I found ___ book in the trash!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: this
如果你找到了它，很可能正拿着或仔细看着它，那么对于一个单数物品用“this”。
修正句中的错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

That shoes are very dirty.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those shoes are very dirty.
“Shoes”是复数。“That”是单数。我们需要“those”（远）或“these”（近）。提供的选项中，“Those”是最好的修正。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence. 多项选择

___ is my favorite book in my hand.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: This
The book is singular and 'in my hand' (near).
Fill in the blank with 'this', 'that', 'these', or 'those'.

Look at ___ stars in the sky!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: those
Stars are plural and far away in the sky.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

These is my brother, Tom.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: These
Brother is singular, so it should be 'This'.
Match the demonstrative with the correct noun. Match Pairs

1. This 2. These 3. That 4. Those

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Apple, 2-Apples, 3-Cloud, 4-Clouds
This/That are singular; These/Those are plural.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

are / keys / those / your / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Are those your keys?
In questions, the verb 'are' comes before the subject 'those'.
Select the correct demonstrative for the time reference. 多项选择

___ was a great movie we saw last night.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: That
Use 'that' for events in the past.
Complete the phone introduction.

Hello, ___ is Sarah. Is ___ John?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: this / that
Use 'this' for yourself and 'that' for the other person on the phone.
Identify the correct plural form. 多项选择

I want to buy ___ shoes over there.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: those
Shoes are plural and 'over there' indicates distance.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
填空

___ (near) are my favorite cookies.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: These
Sentence Reorder

is / laptop / mine / that

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: That laptop is mine.
翻译

Translate: 'Dies sind meine Eltern.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: These are my parents.
多项选择

Identify the correct sentence for a person calling on the phone:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Who is that?
Match Pairs

Match the demonstrative to its category:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: this - Near/Singular
Error Correction

Fix: 'I want those apple on the table.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I want that apple on the table.
填空

Look at ___ bird way up in the tree!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
多项选择

How do you introduce your friend Mark?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: This is Mark.
翻译

Translate: 'Jene Häuser sind alt.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those houses are old.
Sentence Reorder

expensive / are / those / glasses

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Those glasses are expensive.

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

Yes, but mainly for introductions like `This is my friend` or on the phone. In other cases, use `he` or `she`.

We use `this` for the present or future (`this week`) and `that` for the past (`that year`).

English requires subject-verb agreement. `This` is singular, so it needs `is`. `These` is plural, so it needs `are`.

It is always `that's` with an apostrophe, which is short for `that is`.

Yes, `these ones` and `those ones` are very common in informal English to emphasize specific items.

Make sure the 'e' sound is long like in 'bee' and the 's' sounds like a 'z'.

Usually no. However, you might use it if you are referring to something the other person is holding.

No. In English, `this`, `that`, `these`, and `those` are the same for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

este / ese / aquel

English lacks the 'middle' distance word (ese).

French partial

ce / cette / ces

English demonstratives are gender-neutral.

German high

dieser / jener

English forms are much simpler and don't change for case.

Japanese moderate

kore / sore / are

Japanese distinguishes between 'near you' and 'far from us'.

Arabic moderate

hadha / dhalika

English has no 'dual' form for exactly two things.

Chinese high

zhè / nà

English has unique plural words (these/those) rather than adding a suffix.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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英语宾格代词：me, you, him, her（动作的接收者）

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